USE OF ALCOHOL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL IN DIESEL ENGINE

Transcription

1 Udayaumar, Prabhjot Singh / Mechanica Confab ISSN: US OF ALCOHOL AS AN ALTRNATIV FUL IN DISL NGIN Dr. Udayaumar 1, Prabhjot Singh 2 1 Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Dubai Campus, Dubai International Academic City, Dubai, United Arab mirates 2 M. Sc. Tech. ngineering Technology, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Dubai Campus, Dubai International Academic City, Dubai, United Arab mirates udaya@bits-dubai.ac.ae, singhprabhjot55@yahoo.com Abstract In this research, we have conducted experiments on two cylinder, four stroe diesel engine with use of standard Diesel and Alcohol Butanol and Diethyl ether on the engine. Study has shown that with the use of these alternate fuels, combustion was found satisfactory when Butanol was injected with Diesel and Diethyl ether was mixed with Diesel in the existing engine. It was found that the Brae Mean ffective Pressure BMP and Brae thermal efficiency BT% were higher, when.6ml./sec. of butanol was injected in the intae air, whereas Brae Specific nergy Consumption BSC was lower. For other flow rates the results are similar that of pure diesel. So it is concluded that.6 ml./sec. seems to be the optimum rate of butanol to be supplied with diesel. On the other hand, when Diethyl ether was mixed with diesel and tested in the engine, it gives almost similar performance that of the diesel and it is giving slightly less efficiency and more energy consumption. Keywords: Internal Combustion ngines, Diesel, Butanol, Diethyl ther 1. Introduction Alternative fuel is one of the sources of energy used in Internal Combustion ngines. Depletion of fossil fuels, increase in emissions and greenhouse gases has been observed by scientists globally. This research is done to find out the suitability of a bio fuel which is renewable and can be used in Internal Combustion ngines. It focuses on the employment of short chain alcohol fuel Butanol and Diethyl ether on two cylinders, four stroe diesel engine. During the conduct of experiments engine functions have been monitored and the following parameters lie Brae Mean ffective Pressure BMP, Air to Fuel Ratio A/F, Brae Specific nergy Consumption BSC, Brea Thermal efficiency BT. %, Volumetric fficiency Vol. % and Brae Power BP were measured. Study has shown that the use of these alternate fuels combination was found satisfactory when Butanol was injected with Diesel and Diethyl ether was mixed with Diesel in the existing engine. Vol. 2, No. 5, August-September 213 1

2 Udayaumar, Prabhjot Singh / Mechanica Confab ISSN: Since, Butanol is not easily mixable with diesel, it was injected at the inlet manifold of various quantities and testing was carried out. Whereas Diethyl ether which is easily mixed with the diesel, various combination of diethyl ether was mixed with diesel and testing was carried out. Results have shown that when Butanol was injected with diesel, it was found that the BMP and Brae thermal efficiency were higher, whereas BSC was lower when.6ml/sec. of Butanol was injected in the intae air. For other flow rates the results are similar that of pure diesel. So it is concluded that.6 ml./sec. seems to be the optimum rate of Butanol to be supplied with diesel. On the other hand, when Diethyl ether was mixed with diesel and tested in the engine, it gives almost similar performance that of the diesel and it is giving slightly less efficiency and more energy consumption. This research has proved that the Butanol & Diethyl ether can be successfully used in the diesel engine and can be used to partially replace the usage of the fossil fuel considerably without any major modifications in the existing engine. Fossil fuels which are mostly used in today s internal combustion engines, engines produces harmful and toxic gases which pollutes atmosphere and results in several diseases. These harmful products of fossil fuels are mainly: CO 2, CO, Sox, HC and NOx and related emissions. Studies have shown that big cities emit more harmful emissions in the atmosphere from the exhaust emissions of the internal combustion engines. [1] Table 1. Fuel Properties for Petrol, Diesel, Butanol and D Diethyl ther S. No. Fuel Properties Petrol Diesel Butanol D 1 Flash point 43 C >62 C 24 C -45 C 2 Fire Point -53 C 68 C 45 C 37.8 C 3 Density of Oil 749 g/m.cu. 84 g/m.cu. 88 g/m.cu. 713 g/m.cu. 4 Flammability Limit %.6 5.5% 11.2% 5.1% 5 Calorific Values 5, J/g 45,3 J/g 3, J/g 28, J/g 6 Octane number Cetane number Auto Ignition Temp. 28 C 21 C 39 C 16 C Due to vehicles population growing around the world, awareness for use of alternative fuel is being done to save fast depletion of fossil fuels. It has been studied that when alternative fuels lie Butanol, Diethyl ether, thanol, Pentanol are mixed with Vol. 2, No. 5, August-September 213 2

3 Udayaumar, Prabhjot Singh / Mechanica Confab ISSN: Diesel/Gasoline fuel found better Brae thermal efficiency and Brae mean effective pressure because of complete combustion of fuel in engine and also reduces smoe, HC and CO emissions. Researchers from their studies have shown the amount of emissions coming from the engine is reduced as a whole when diesel was blended with various alcohol fuels. These studies have shown changes in engine and supplementary systems which are useful in reducing emissions to some extent. Alternative fuels which produce less harmful emissions attract the growing attention in past years [1]. Butanol is a fuel which can be used in an Internal Combustion ngines. It is having lengthy hydrocarbon chain. lt is having higher energy density, good atomization and strong hydrophobic properties. This maes butanol as a reliable fuel which can be used in single or blended conventional fuels and helps to reduce the excessive depletion of fossil fuels. Butanol has four lin hydrocarbons and can be produced from Biomass as biobutanol as well as fossil fuels as petrobutanol ; but petrobutanol and biobutanol have the same chemical properties. Diethyl ether is nown as simple ether and ethyl ether. It is highly volatile flammable liquid and colorless. As a fuel Diethyl ether has high cetane number In previous studies, D was tested for some common emissions and results have shown that PM and NOx emissions were reduced. When diesel was blended with Diethyl ether with some proportion at higher loads found better air to fuel ratio, brae mean effective pressure and volumetric efficiency. [2] Interestingly, history tells us that the first ever successfully tested, the very famous Otto ngine designed by Niolaus Otto in 1877 was developed and tested to run on Alcohol Gasoline was still not discovered. Due to this fact the early 2 th century has seen a lot of motors and trucs being run on Alcohol.[3] But as time went on, the petroleum industry - which was organized and thus more powerful than the independent, often farm-based alcohol producers - lobbied successfully for the wholesale use of "superior" gasoline fuels [3]. The basic theme of the wor done by the Turish researchers is to improve the diesel engine emissions. For this purpose, 2-butanol is volumetrically added into diesel fuel and the injector spraying pressures were changed. Four stroe single cylinder compressions ignited direct injection engine experimentally tested with a DC dynamometer. 2-Butanol-Diesel fuel mixture prepared with adding volumetrically 3%, 5%, 8% and 1% of 2-butanol into the standard diesel fuel. Injector injection pressure was arranged as 18 bar, 2 bar original, 22 bar and the results are illustrated in graphics [4]. 2. xperimental Setup 2.1. Present Setup For the experiments, the setup used is a two cylinder, four stroe, water cooled Diesel engine. The engine is connected to the Brae Rope Type Dynamometer and a load sensor. Vol. 2, No. 5, August-September 213 3

4 Udayaumar, Prabhjot Singh / Mechanica Confab ISSN: A Pressure sensor is mounted on the top of cylinder to detect the pressure. Output shaft of the engine is coupled to cran angle sensor which is used for determining the RPM of the output shaft and used for detecting cran angles at different points. The Rope Brae Dynamometer along with the Brae Drum, which is coupled to the engine shaft are used to vary the load in the experiment. By varying the rope tension on the brae drum, the load can be increased or decreased. A real time data acquisition can be done by interfacing the setup with computer using software. The software is capable to tabulate the sample readings according to the requirement of the software under study and results obtained can be compared. The software is capable of storing data, printing data and preparing spread sheet in xcel xperimental Investigation xperiments were conducted on a two cylinder, four stroe diesel engine. In this current research, Load performance and Heat Balance tests were conducted firstly using pure Diesel in the engine and then Butanol was injected with the intae air flow at the flow rate of.3,.6,.9 ml./sec. Compared to base engine operation, the BSC of the engine got reduced when different quantities of Butanol was injected in the inlet manifold. At.6 ml./sec. of Butanol injection, the energy consumption was minimum and at the same percentage brae thermal efficiency was the highest. Hence, it was concluded that the optimum quantity of fuel injection was found to be.6 ml./second. From the heat balance calculations, it was found that the exhaust heat loss and coolant heat loss was also highest when the engine was operating with.6 ml./sec. of butanol injection. In another experiment, 5ml of Diethyl ether was mixed with diesel 95 ml. and 1ml of Diethyl ether with 9 ml of diesel. It was observed that the BMP produced by the engine was almost similar at different loads. However, it was found that the brae thermal efficiency reduced and BSC consumption got slightly increased. From the heat balance calculations, it was found that the heat lost in the exhaust and in the coolant was almost similar when the engine was running with D. Though there is a slight decrease in efficiency. Our research proved that Diethyl ether can be used to replace the diesel to certain extent as compared to conducted test for pure Diesel without any modifications. Figure 1. Diesel ngine Test Rig For xperimentation Vol. 2, No. 5, August-September 213 4

5 Udayaumar, Prabhjot Singh / Mechanica Confab ISSN: Table 2. xperimental Diesel ngine Specifications S. No. Description ngine Specifications 1 ngine Two cylinder, 4 stroe, vertical, water Cooled 2 H.P. 14 HP 3 Bore Diameter 87.5 mm 4 Stroe Length 11 mm 5 Brand Kirlosar 3. Results and Discussion This section will summarize the findings of the used alternative fuels. B M P N / s q m BP W pbm KN/sq m Diesel pbm N/sq m -.3 pbm N/sq m -.6 pbm N/sq m -.9 Figure 2. Variations for BMP with Brae Power for Diesel and Butanol In Figure 2, Diesel and Butanol flow rate at.3 and.9 are both producing almost same and identical brae mean effective pressure. However, there is not so much of difference in between them. But in case of Alcohol flow rate at.6ml./sec. it produces higher BMP than other flow rates and hence.6 ml/sec flow rate was found to be optimum. Vol. 2, No. 5, August-September 213 5

6 Udayaumar, Prabhjot Singh / Mechanica Confab ISSN: A / F BPW A/F -Diesel A/ F -.3 A/F -.6 A/F -.9 Figure 3. Variations for Air to Fuel Ratio with Brae Power for Diesel and Butanol In Figure 3, Diesel air to fuel ratio is much above than flow rate at of.3,.6,.9 ml./sec. Butanol required richer air fuel mixtures for combustion. Stoichiometric ratio for Diesel is 14.6:1 and for Alcohol is 9:1 to 1:1. Hence, amount of air is decreased for.6 flow rate and require more air to burn the fuel. B S C J / w - 6, 5, 4, h r3, 2, 1, BP W BSC J/Whr -Diesel BSC J/Whr -.3 BSC J/Whr -.6 BSC J/Whr -.9 Figure 4. Variations for BSC with Brae Power for Diesel and Butanol In Figure 4, BSC is higher when pure diesel was used because of higher calorific value. However, In case of Butanol injection with Diesel at various volumes it consumes only lesser BSC when alcohol was injected with intae air flow. It has been concluded that for same amount of power, Butanol with.6 ml./sec. found to be better as it consumes less Vol. 2, No. 5, August-September 213 6

7 Udayaumar, Prabhjot Singh / Mechanica Confab ISSN: amount of energy for producing same amount of power. fficiency is better at flow rate of.6 ml./sec. due to higher combustion characteristics. B T f f. % BPW eff bt % - Diesel eff bt % -.3 eff bt % -.6 Figure 5. Variations for Brae Thermal fficiency with Brae Power for Diesel and Butanol In Figure 5, Alcohol flow rate at.6 ml. / sec. brae thermal efficiency is higher than the other fuel mixtures. Pure diesel and Butanol of.3ml./sec. and.9 ml./sec are having almost same characteristics. Hence, using lower and higher flow rates of alcohol and diesel will not provide better brae thermal efficiency as it has been provided by flow rate at.6 ml. /sec. which is optimum. V o l. f f. % BP W eff vol % - Diesel eff vol % -.3 eff vol % -.6 Figure 6. Variations for Volumetric fficiency with Brae Power for Diesel and Butanol In Figure 6, it has been observed that when pure Diesel was tested in Diesel engine has given higher volumetric efficiency whereas in the case of Butanol injection at different volumes with intae air flow found similar volumetric efficiency. This has been concluded Vol. 2, No. 5, August-September 213 7

8 Udayaumar, Prabhjot Singh / Mechanica Confab ISSN: that use of diesel will give higher volumetric efficiency as compared to injection of Butanol with Diesel which may cause caused breathing issue to the tested engine. Below are results and discussion for Butanol injected with air intae in Diesel ngine for Heat Balance Test. H e x h W BPW Hexh W -Diesel Hexh W -.3 Hexh W -.6 Hexh W -.9 Figure 7. Heat Lost in xhaust Gases for Diesel and Butanol In Figure 7, it has been observed that heat in exhaust increases with the increase in brae power. Also we can see in the above graph that a lot of the heat is lost in exhaust gases for flow rate at.6 ml./second which is higher than rest. Hence, exhausted heat can be used for turbochargers to boost the power from the engine. 6 H e c w W Hecw W-Diesel Hecw W-.3 Hecw W-.6 Hecw W BP W Figure 8. %Heat Carried by Cooling Water for Diesel and Butanol In Figure 8, it has been observed that the heat lost through the exhaust gases is similar when pure Diesel and Butanol flow rate at.3 and.9 ml. / sec. injected in diesel engine. In case of flow rate at.6 ml./sec. cooling water carried lot of heat from engine due to generation of high temperature in engine. Vol. 2, No. 5, August-September 213 8

9 Udayaumar, Prabhjot Singh / Mechanica Confab ISSN: Below results and discussions are for Diethyl ether at 5 ml. and 1 ml. mixed with Diesel at 95 ml. for Load Performance Test. B M P N / s q m BP W pbm N/sq m - Diesel pbm N/sq m - 5 ml. D pbm N/sq m - 1 ml. D Figure 9. Variations for BMP with Brae Power for Diesel and D In Figure 9, Diesel and Diethyl ether at 5 ml. and 1 ml. are having same characteristics and all are producing same and identical brae mean effective pressures. However there is no difference in between them as brae thermal efficiency is almost same. A i r t o F u e l R a t i o BP W A/F- Diesel A/F -5 ml. D A/F-1 ml. - D Figure 1. Variations for Air to Fuel Ratio with Brae Power for Diesel and D In Figure 1, air fuel ratio is compared for the pure diesel and Diethyl ether operations and it found that there are not many variations in them. Vol. 2, No. 5, August-September 213 9

10 Udayaumar, Prabhjot Singh / Mechanica Confab ISSN: B S C J / W h r 5, 45, 4, 35, 3, 25, 2, 15, 1, 5, 5 1 BP W BSC J/W-hr - Diesel BSC J/W-hr - 5 ml. -D BSC J/W-hr - 1 ml. -D Figure 11. Variations for BSC with Brae Power for Diesel and D In Figure 11, brae specific energy consumption was slightly high when Diethyl ether was mixed with diesel because of low calorific value. Its characteristics were found higher because for same amount of power less amount of energy was consumed. B T. F F eff bt % -Diesel eff bt % -5 ml. D eff bt % -1 ml. -D % BP W Figure 12. Variations for Brae Thermal fficiency with Brae Power Figure 12 compares the brae thermal efficiency of different combinations. As discussed earlier the usage of Diethyl ether results in reduction in efficiency. Below results and discussions are Diethyl ether 5 ml. and 1 ml. mixed with Diesel 95 ml. for Heat Balance Test Vol. 2, No. 5, August-September 213 1

11 Udayaumar, Prabhjot Singh / Mechanica Confab ISSN: H e x h W Hexh W -Diesel Hexh W -5 ml.- D Hexh W -1 ml. -D BP W Figure 13. Heat Lost in xhaust Gases for Diesel and D In Figure 13, heat lost in exhaust gases is similar when diesel and diethyl ether fuel mixtures burnt in Diesel ngine. Both fuel mixtures are having same characteristics which leads to the same percentage of heat lost in exhaust gases. 6 H e c w W Hecw W -Diesel Hecw W -5 ml. -D Hecw W -1 ml.-d BP W Figure 14. % Heat carried by cooling water for Diesel and D In Figure 14, heat carried by cooling water is similar when diesel and diethyl ether fuel mixtures were burnt in Diesel ngine. Both fuel mixtures are having same characteristics which leads to the same percentage of heat is being carried out by water. 4. Conclusion The major objective of this study was to test diesel engine operating with Diesel and Alcohol fuels. Amongst the methods previously investigated by other researchers, successful Vol. 2, No. 5, August-September

12 Udayaumar, Prabhjot Singh / Mechanica Confab ISSN: solutions appeared both costly and complex. In current study, Load Performance and Heat Balance tests were conducted and data were collected with the engine setup available in the prime movers laboratory. ngine functions have been monitored and the following parameters lie Brae Mean ffective Pressure BMP, Air to Fuel Ratio A/F, Brae Specific nergy Consumption BSC, Brea Thermal efficiency BT. %, Volumetric fficiency Vol. % and Brae Power BP were measured. We have conducted experiments on two cylinder, four stroe diesel engine with use of standard Diesel and Alcohol Butanol and Diethyl ether on the engine. It was found that engine was woring satisfactorily. In this research, the effects of Butanol as an alternative fuel in diesel engine were investigated for different injection volumes and at different loads. Compared to base engine operation, the BSC of the engine got reduced when different quantities of Butanol were injected in the inlet manifold. At.6 ml./sec. of Butanol injection, the energy consumption was minimum and at the same percentage brae thermal efficiency was the highest. Hence, it was concluded that the optimum quantity of fuel injection was found to be.6 ml./second. From the heat balance calculations, it was found that the exhaust heat loss and coolant heat loss were also highest when the engine was operating with.6 ml./sec. of butanol injection. In case of Diethyl ether mixed with diesel 95 ml. at 5 ml. and 1 ml. It was observed that the BMP produced by the engine was almost similar at different loads. However, it was found that the brae thermal efficiency got reduced and BSC consumption got slightly increased. From the heat balance calculations, it was found that the heat lost in the exhaust and in the coolant was almost similar when the engine was running with D., though there is a slight decrease in efficiency. Our research proved that Diethyl ether can be used to replace the diesel to certain extent. In our research, it has been proved that Butanol and Diethyl ether and can be used to partially replace the usage of the fossil fuel considerably without any major modifications in the existing Diesel engine. 5. Future Scope Because of non-availability of the emissions testing facilities in the laboratory, it was not possible for us to record the emission readings when engine was run with different alternative fuels. It is suggested that emission test may also be carried out in future by varying the quantities of the alternative fuels and optimum percentage of Butanol and Diethyl ether may be arrived after comparing the emissions and performance characteristics. Vol. 2, No. 5, August-September

13 Udayaumar, Prabhjot Singh / Mechanica Confab ISSN: References [1] Bulent Ozdalyan & Salih Ozer 211. The effects of using 2-Butanol fuel mixture on a compression ignition engine at different injector spraying pressures. Technology, arabu University, Turey,141, [2] Mahdi Shahbahti, Ahmad Ghazimirsaied, Adrian Audet & Charles Robert Koch, 21. Combustion characteristics of Butanol/n-Heptane blend fuels in an HCCI engine. Proceedings of Combustion Institute Canadian Section, Spring Technical Meeting, Carleton University, Ottawa, May 9-12, 21. [3] Maing Alcohol fuel. Mother s Alcohol fuel seminar 198. [Online] Available: [4] D.D. Nagdeote & M.M. Deshmuh, 212. xperimental setup of Diethyl ether & thanol Additives with Biodiesel-Diesel blended fuel engine. International journal of emerging technology and advanced engineering. Volume 2, Issue 3. Vol. 2, No. 5, August-September