Tsunamis. Brian Marcinkiewicz Colt Puterbaugh

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1 Tsunamis Brian Marcinkiewicz Colt Puterbaugh

2 What is a Tsunami? A tsunami (from Japanese meaning "harbor wave"), also called a tsunami wave train, and at one time referred to as a tidal wave, is a series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, usually an ocean, though it can occur in large lakes. Owing to the immense volumes of water and the high energy involved, tsunamis can devastate coastal regions.

3 Causes of Tsunamis Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations of underwater nuclear devices), landslides, sciorrucks (underwater landslides), glacier calvings and other mass movements, meteorite ocean impacts or similar impact events, and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami.

4 Earthquake Propagated Tsunami Step 1: Initiation Near the source of submarine earthquakes, the seafloor is "permanently" uplifted and down-dropped, pushing the entire water column up and down. The potential energy that results from pushing water above mean sea level is then transferred to horizontal propagation of the tsunami wave

5 Earthquake Propagated Tsunami Step 2: Split Within several minutes of the earthquake, the initial tsunami is split into a tsunami that travels out to the deep ocean and another tsunami that travels towards the nearby coast. The height above mean sea level of the two oppositely traveling tsunamis is approximately half that of the original tsunami. The speed at which both tsunamis travel varies as the square root of the water depth. Therefore, the deep-ocean tsunami travels faster than the local tsunami near shore.

6 Earthquake Propagated Tsunami Step 3: Amplification As the tsunami travels over the continental slope, the amplitude increases. In addition, the wavelength decreases. This results in steepening of the leading wave. Note that the first part of the wave reaching the local shore is a trough, which will appear as the sea receding far from shore. This is a common natural warning sign for tsunamis. Note also that the deep ocean tsunami has traveled much farther than the local tsunami because of the higher propagation speed. As the deep ocean tsunami approaches a distant shore, amplification and shortening of the wave will occur, just as with the local tsunami shown above.

7 Earthquake Propagated Tsunami Step 4: Runup Tsunami runup occurs when a peak in the tsunami wave travels from the near-shore region onto shore. Runup is a measurement of the height of the water onshore observed above a reference sea level.

8 Landslide Tsunamis Submarine landslides, which often accompany large earthquakes, as well as collapses of volcanic edifices, can also disturb the overlying water column as sediment and rock slump downslope and are redistributed across the sea floor. Conversely, supermarine landslides disturb the water from above, as momentum from falling debris is transferred to the water into which the debris falls. Generally speaking, tsunamis generated from these mechanisms, unlike the Pacific-wide tsunamis caused by some earthquakes, dissipate quickly and rarely affect coastlines distant from the source area.

9 Landslide Tsunami Exception to the Rule Lituya Bay, Alaska, July 9, 1958: After a huge earthquakeinduced rockslide, the largest tsunami on record occurred. Shown in upper right-hand corner of the image on the next frame, the rockslide generated a 525 m splash-up immediately across the bay, and razed trees along the bay and across LaChausse Spit before leaving the bay and dissipating in the open waters of the Gulf of Alaska. Lituya Bay is a fjord located on the Fairweather Fault in the northeastern part of the Gulf of Alaska. It is a T-shaped bay with a width of two miles and a length of seven miles. Lituya Bay is an ice-scoured tidal inlet with a maximum depth of 220 m.

10

11 Videos b3bc mc Ho

12 Deadliest Tsunamis: Hoei Tsunami One of the many tsunamis in Japan's history, the Oct. 28, 1707, disaster was triggered by an 8.6-magnitude earthquake and has been studied in connection to the subsequent Fuji Volcano eruptions. Death toll: 30,000

13 Krakatoa Tsunami The May 1883, the eruption of Indonesia's Krakatoa volcano destroyed two-thirds of the island nation and created 130- foot-high waves. Death toll: 36,000

14 Lisbon Tsunami On All Saints Day 1755, the Portuguese city of Lisbon faced three earthquakes in a mere 10 minutes, leading to several tsunami waves nearly 100 feet high. Death toll: 60,000 to 100,000

15 Messina Tsunami The Messina earthquake and the tsunami's 40-foot waves struck southern Italy on Dec. 28, 1908, making it one of the deadliest natural disasters in European history. Death toll: 123,000

16 Indian Ocean Tsunami On Dec. 26, 2004, a 9.2-magnitude earthquake struck the west coast of Indonesia, generating a series of tsunamis leading to casualties in at least 14 countries with waves over 100 feet high. Death toll: 230,000

17 Works Cited ami physics/other.html

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