Towards More Cooperative Classrooms

Transcription

1 Towards More Cooperative Classrooms Aylin Köyalan İzmir University, Department of English Language Teaching, İzmir, Turkey Abstract Action research is an effective way of exploring the problems, challenges and obstacles that prevent teachers from providing a classroom atmosphere conducive to solving these problems. This way of looking into what is happening in the classroom can enable a teacher to build a more sincere relationship with students who, as a result, feel valued and appreciate the teacher more. The focus of this study is a very common classroom management issue: the creation of positive classroom dynamics through the use of team building activities. The results of the qualitative and quantitative data show that the students enjoy such activities, and consider them very helpful in providing a more positive relationship with peers. The students report that such tasks are not only very informative, but also entertaining. Keywords: Action research, classroom management, group work, team building activities, cooperative learning. 1. Introduction Action research is defined as the study of a social situation with a view to improving the quality of action within it (Elliott, 1991, 69). Improving the quality of teaching and learning is an essential goal of conducting action research. In this study, the overall aim is to improve the quality of the teaching-learning experience. For most teachers, ideal classrooms are those in which students are homogeneous (Richards & Renandya, 2002). However, instead of such classes, we often see less student centeredness and less cooperation. Research shows the value of learners working in groups as it improves the task quality in the classroom. It is a common belief that cooperative learning can lead to a more dynamic classroom interaction that promotes more learning (Richards & Renandya, 2002, 49). Through cooperative learning, students develop self-esteem and motivation, and their level of anxiety is lowered. In order to provide cognitive and affective learning, we need to enhance interaction among students and research made it clear that this can be achieved through group work and peer interaction (Christie, Tolmie, Thurston, Howe & Topping, 2009, 141). When working in pairs or groups, learners help each other and thus learn more effectively. In order to achieve goals, they have to work together as a successful team (Brown, 2002). Furthermore, Jones and Jones (1990, 230) believe that students will be less egocentric and more social and successful mastery, retention, and transfer of concepts, rules, and principles is higher in cooperatively structured learning than in competitive or 29

2 individualistic learning. Johnson (1979) believes that in cooperative learning, students have more respect for teachers, perceiving them as more supportive and understanding. In the present study, the aim is to increase the level of positive group dynamics and provide an environment that better facilitates learning, both for the instructor and the learners. 2. Literature Review The literature contains much research on the advantages of encouraging students to work cooperatively and the value of group work. The research conducted by Krečič and Grmek (2008) is a good example of the importance of collaborative learning and team culture in schools. With the help of the reforms in elementary school, teachers were able to develop professionally through projects and training. As a result, teachers seemed to value group work more and became aware of the importance of collaborative learning and team work. In another study, Christie et al. (2009) focus on the benefits of group work, which was essentially an organized device (and) allowed appropriate differentiation of ability levels in classroom activities (143). While not denying the existence of group work, they argue that it is (often) not planned effectively and that by improving the quality of group work, it is possible to provide better learning environments and create students who are effective contributors and responsible citizens (155). Dinc Artut s (2009) study proved the benefits of cooperative learning at kindergarten level. One of the aims of her study was to investigate the effects of cooperative learning on the mathematics ability of kindergarten children. The results showed that cooperative learning has positive effects on the improvement of mathematics abilities. In a similar study, Candas Karababa (2009) looked at the correlation between cooperative learning and the achievement of 80 (40 in experimental, 40 in control group) Turkish elementary school prospective teachers learning of the Turkish language and the social interaction among the students. In terms of academic achievement, no correlation was found, however, positive and supportive relationships improved among the participants in the experimental group. Bölükbaş, Keskin and Polat (2011) also studied the effects of cooperative learning on the reading skills of students of Turkish as a second language at İstanbul University Language Center. 40 students (20 in each group) took part in this experimental study and the cooperative learning techniques were compared with the traditional ones. The results showed that the former improved the learners reading skills. Some researchers highlight the difference between group work and cooperative learning. Gillies (2006, 271) mentions that teachers who implement cooperative learning in their classrooms engage in more mediated-learning interactions and make fewer disciplinary comments than teachers who implement group work only. Furthermore, the students model many of these interactions in their groups. Cooperative learning has benefits for culturallydiverse groups as well. Baker and Clark (2010) examined experiences with cooperative learning in multilingual groups in New Zealand. The findings showed that cooperative learning was beneficial, and that lecturers and students were positive about its social benefits. Without cooperation... it is extremely difficult to satisfy the cognitive requirements (Bennett & Dunne, 1992 in Russell, 2010, 208) and quality conversation is essential if the group is to work effectively (Kutnick, 1994 in Russell, 2010, 208). In Russell s study, 94% of Biology students expressed the belief that working with the right students in class was very important. As one student stated, people work best when they are comfortable with the 30

3 others in the group (Russell, 2010, 215). Students should therefore be encouraged to talk about their worries, problems, ideas and solutions concerning working in groups, and teachers should provide a supportive atmosphere and a sense of belonging in the classroom (McKinney, McKinney, Franiuk & Schweitzer, 2006 in Shimazoe & Aldrich, 2010, 56). In another piece of research conducted by Yamarik (2007, 259) on the effect of smallgroup learning on student learning outcomes in economic instruction, the researcher found that students taught by cooperative learning achieved greater academic performance in the form of higher exam scores. Ghaith (2003, 456, 460) s study investigated the effects of the Learning Together Cooperative Learning model in promoting learners achievement, enhancing their academic self-esteem, and decreasing their feelings of school alienation. Although no statistically significant differences were found between the groups, it was concluded that, when compared to traditional textbook instruction, the Learning Together Cooperative Learning Model was more effective in improving the English as a Foreign Language reading achievement of high school students. 3. Context The study was conducted at a university in Turkey with twenty-two freshman students from the Department of English Language Teaching (ELT). It came out as a result of a series of circumstances. In the fourth week of the first semester, the researcher took over the Introduction to Educational Sciences course from a colleague. The classroom contained students from two departments, ELT and American Culture and Literature (ACL). The researcher immediately noticed that the students from two different departments were not integrating and were reluctant to cooperate in group work. The negative atmosphere caused by a disagreement at the beginning of the course could still be sensed when the researcher met them, causing a prolonged negative effect on group dynamics. The instructor tried different techniques, ranging from lecturing, power point presentations, cooperative learning and discussions, to various individual and group work tasks. It was decided that cooperative learning tasks were one of the priorities because they allow students to teach each other, which was an important potential benefit for these trainee teachers. The use of cooperative learning tasks such as working in groups and trying to solve discipline problems that teachers are faced with, and jigsaw reading passages, can help students experience the techniques they will be expected to apply in their own teaching. In addition, as many researchers mention, cooperative learning helps develop a sense of positive interdependence and responsibility (Kelly & Fetherston, 2008, 104), both of which are essential for prospective English language teachers. As the classroom teacher and the researcher believed that it was necessary for students to feel responsible for the learning of their peers, and later, for that of their own students. Similar to the aims of Doveston and Keenaghan (2006, 5) s action research, to show teachers and students how to create an effective and satisfying interpersonal relationship in the classroom, this study s aim was to create a shift in practice through action research, the action being the aim to improve both relationships among students and the atmosphere in the classroom. As there were only ten weeks to the end of the semester, time was a crucial factor in developing the interpersonal relationships. 31

4 In order to solve the problem, a seminar was designed with the help of a colleague with expertise in Human Resources Management. The involvement of an outsider is suggested by some experts in action research (Bassey, 1986; Doveston & Keenaghan, 2006). However, in contrast to Doveston and Keenaghan (2006), in the present study, an expert was invited to help implement team building activities rather than perform the research itself. A specially-designed three hour workshop was organised, in which the students were actively involved in various team building activities. 3.1 Brief summary of the activities Warm Up The students were asked to imagine they were teachers, and explain the areas in which they thought they needed to improve. Answers were elicited and written on the board and the points were then, discussed one by one. Activity 1 The students were asked how they felt during pair and group work activities they had experienced up until then. They posted on the board their negative and positive feelings on blue and yellow post-its respectively. All the students participated in this activity and they discussed each point separately. Later, the students were provided with some theoretical information on team work. In the next step, the students learned the meaning of being proficient. Activity 2 In this team activity, all the groups were active and in order for each group to be successful, all members had to complete different tasks. Each group of four to six was given a long string with as many knots as the number of students in the group, e.g. six knots for a group of six. The aim was to untie all knots as quickly as possible. The second student was not allowed to start until the first had finished. Another rule was that the string had to be held with the left hand, and the untying done with the right hand only. In the next stage of the seminar, more theory was given about the barriers which decrease the quality of team work in business life. The presenter talked about three types of theory: organizational (such as a sense of belonging, mission and vision of the company, motivation, and hierarchy); administrative (such as administrative skills, leadership, and feedback); and personal (such as self-confidence, interpersonal communication skills, professional background, prejudices, beliefs, habits, responsibilities, and team work skills). Activity 3 In this part of the seminar, different groups were given different types of activities according to their interests. While some groups decided to draw a world map, another played with lego bricks and another with play doh. In each group, a leader was chosen, and given directions on how to lead their team to success in the given tasks. 3.2 Research Questions The present study tried to answer the following research questions: (1) How can we improve the relationships among students and have a better atmosphere in the classroom? (2) Are cooperative learning and team building activities effective in establishing a better classroom atmosphere? 4. Methodology 32

5 At the end of the three-hour seminar, the students were given a questionnaire with ten questions; the first six questions were 5-point scale likert type, 1- Completely disagree, 5- Completely agree, questions 7-9 were open-ended and the last one was a Yes-No question. Moreover, after completing the questionnaires, the twenty-two participating students were also asked to write a paragraph explaining their feelings about the seminar. 5. Results 5.1 Results of the quantitative data Question 1 Table 1. Frequencies 33 I found the seminar interesting % 18% 64% As can be seen from the table, approximately 82 %, i.e., 18 students out of 22 found the seminar interesting. Question 2 Table 2. Frequencies I found the materials and visuals used in the seminar effective 9% - 9% 28% 54% Table 2 shows that 82 % of the students thought that the materials and visuals used in the seminar were effective. Question 3 Table 3. Frequencies The seminar conveyed important messages to me 5% - 23% 18% 54% We can understand from the above table that 72 % of the students thought that the messages the seminar intended to convey were important. Question 4 Table 4. Frequencies

6 The seminar was boring 72% 14% 5% 9% - It can be seen that very few students, only 14 %, found the seminar boring. Question 5 Table 5. Frequencies I appreciated the trainer s performance 5% - 5% 18% 72% It is clear from Table 5 that 90 % of students, almost all, appreciated the performance of the trainer. Question 6 Table 6. Frequencies The seminar was just theory, with no application 71% 14% 5% 5% 5% As can be seen from the table, 85 % of the students disagreed with the statement that the seminar was only theory, showing that it provided them with practice as well. Question 7 This question was an open-ended one: I was active in the seminar because out of 22 students reported that they were active. Some reasons were as follows: I like group work. I had previous knowledge and it s a topic I m interested in. They were interesting. I believe they were useful Instructions were clear (two students), We knew what we were expected to do. They were easy. Interesting, these exercises relax our minds, I m happy. They were fun, I did them with pleasure. Question 8 This question was an open-ended one as well: I was not active in the seminar because... 3 students stated they were not active for the following reasons: It s difficult to put things to practice. I m not good at drawing. Some exercises were difficult. 34

7 Question 9 The question was designed to discover the topics the students needed more practice on. The topics were as follows: How to teach in an effective way Effective listening How to speak in front of others Stress management Gain skills in teaching Time management Student psychology Team work Group work (3 students) Motivation Question 10 The last question was a Yes-No Question Table 7. Number of students Yes No I want to have more seminars like this 21 1 All students except one requested similar seminars. 5.2 Results of the qualitative data Twenty paragraphs (two students did not submit feedback paragraphs) were collected, all of which contained positive comments. Two colleagues were asked to analyse the papers. They were instructors working at the School of Foreign Languages, giving the Academic Writing course. They volunteered to take part in the evaluation and they agreed on the following three main topics: Table 8. Common topics taken from feedback forms The seminar was The seminar was Both informative & informative entertaining entertaining Some comments were: I understood the benefits of group work. This was real team work. I understood that working in groups makes us more creative. We are convinced about the benefits of group work. I think today the interpersonal relations got better; we can communicate with each other. I had some doubts about being a teacher but after this lesson, I feel that I ve made the right decision. I am going to use these activities when I become a teacher. Today we did things in harmony; we should always do such things. 6. Conclusion 35

8 A plethora of research studies has found cooperative learning to be effective in promoting positive academic atmosphere with students of all ages. It has been suggested that key elements of cooperative learning are individual accountability and positive interdependence (Hornby, 2009, 161). Although the term cooperative learning has been used to cover a wide range of different strategies and approaches, the following main characteristics are included in all: positive relationships, individual and group accountability, and motivation through group collaboration. Johnson and Johnson (1991), Kagan (1990) and Slavin (1999) all consider cooperative learning in terms which go beyond mere contact and sharing in small groups. They insist that the term cooperative learning can only be applied to activities where there is individual accountability and positive interdependence linked to group rewards or goals. Such positive interdependence enables the establishment of a positive atmosphere. This study demonstrates that when teachers apply cooperative learning in the classroom, they provide an atmosphere which is more supportive of learning. Moreover, greater cooperation allows easier classroom management. Another conclusion from this research is the awareness given to students that similar activities used in their own teaching in the future will foster a more positive atmosphere. Gillies (2006) also mentions that such implementations can help the participating students model the interactions experienced during cooperative learning activities for others. If contact is maintained with these students as they begin their careers, it might be possible to assess the extent to which they apply what they have learned at university, and how successful they are in modelling their experiences in their classrooms. Acknowledgements I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Zeynep Çiftçioğlu, who, with her high level of expertise, helped me with the project, and also my dear freshman students who I believe will be great teachers in the future. References Artut Dinç, P. (2009). Experimental evaluation of the effects of cooperative learning on kindergarten children s mathematics ability. International Journal of Educational Research, 48, Baker, T. & Clark, J. (2010). Cooperative learning - a double-edged sword: a cooperative learning model for use with diverse student groups. Intercultural Education, 21 (3), Bennett, N. & Dunne, E. (1992). Managing classroom groups. Hemel Hempstead: Simon and Schuster Education. Bölükbaş, F., Keskin, F. & Polat, M. (2011). The effectiveness of cooperative learning on the reading comprehension skills in Turkish as a foreign language. TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 10, 4, Brown, H. D. (2002). Teaching by principles an interactive approach to language pedagogy. (2nd Ed.) San Francisco: Longman. 36

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10 McKinney, J. P., McKinney, K. G., Franiuk, R., & Schweitzer, J. (2006). The college classroom as a community. College Teaching, 54 (3), Richards, J. C. & Renandya, W. A. (Eds.) (2002). Methodology in language teaching an anthology of current practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Russell, M. (2010). The formation of effective work groups within an FE classroom. Research in Post-Compulsory Education, 15 (2), Shimazoe, J. & Aldrich, H. (2010). Group work can be gratifying: understanding & overcoming resistance to cooperative learning. College Teaching, 58, Slavin, R. E. (1999). Comprehensive approaches to cooperative learning. Theory into Practice, 38 (2), Yamarik, S. (2007). Does cooperative learning improve student learning outcomes? The Journal of Economic Education, 38 (3),