SALARY SURVEYS 2015 EMPLOYER SURVEY SALARY SURVEY FOR MEMBERS REPORT APRIL 2016 FOCUS MASTER OY

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1 SALARY SURVEYS 2015 EMPLOYER SURVEY SALARY SURVEY FOR MEMBERS REPORT APRIL 2016 FOCUS MASTER OY Unigrafia Helsinki 2016 Finnish Union of University Professors Rautatieläisenkatu 6 FI Helsinki Tel (0) Focus Master Oy P.O. Box 558 FI TAMPERE Tel (0) Fax +358 (0) info@focusmaster.fi INTRODUCTION The Finnish Union of University Professors has conducted two surveys regarding the salaries of professors in Finland. Through the Employer Survey, the Union received information about the salaries paid by universities to professors, as intended by the Universities Act, during September The Employer Survey also clarified the salaries paid to professors employed by State research institutes. The Union s Salary Survey for employed members was conducted in September 2015 by Yrjö Lauha, the Managing Director of Focus Master Oy. The Employer Survey was conducted by the Union, but the report was partly drawn up by Managing Director Lauha. Numbers and employment relationships of professors The number of full-time professors has decreased for six consecutive years. From November 2009 to September 2015, the total number of full-time professors has reduced by 294 professors (12.26%) for a figure of 2,104 in The number of part-time professors increased during the same period by about 31% for a figure of 379 in The proportion of professors with a fixed-term employment contract decreased during the year from 22% to 21%. As regards the academic universities, the range is from 4% to 27%. As was the case in 2014, up to 67% of the professors at the University of the Arts Helsinki were employed on a fixed-term basis. Salary development During the past two years, the salary development of professors has been modest. In 2015, the salaries of professors were raised by a 0.4% general increase in the university sector and State sector. The increase was allocated to the competence-requirement/task-specific component of the salary and is reflected in the other salary components. According to the Employer Survey, the total salary for all professors increased by 0.7% between September 2014 and September In the Employer Survey, the total salary for professors in September 2015 was 7,094 euro for permanently-employed professors and 6,390 euro for professors employed on a fixed-term basis. The mean total salary for all professors was 6,949 euro. The mean values of the professors VAATI assessments increased 8.71>8.75 and correspondingly the mean value for HENKI assessments decreased 6.15>6.14. The Salary Survey also showed that the mean salaries of professors increased by 0.8%. The mean salary of professors employed at State research institutes was 6,561 euro, which represents an increase of 2% in comparison to the previous year.

2 Comparison of university specific salaries Although the same salary system is applied by all universities in Finland (with Aalto University as an exception), there are large differences in the salary development of professors at different universities. On average, professors at the Lappeenranta University of Technology are paid 17% higher salaries than professors at Åbo Akademi University. Professors at the University of the Arts Helsinki received the lowest salaries. Large differences are also reflected in the university-specific salary development of professors when viewed over a longer period, such as the period from 2003 to During that period, professors salaries increased by about 70% in the Lappeenranta University of Technology and by about 41% at the universities in Vaasa and Tampere. Gender equality Over the past decade, the proportion of female professors has increased from 24.5% to 28.6% of all university professors. Altogether 73% of the female professors and 82% of the male professors were permanently employed in September The difference in salaries was 311 euro in favour of men. The salary difference remained relatively unchanged in comparison to the previous year. According to the Employer Survey, a euro paid to a female professor was equivalent to 95.6 cents as compared to a euro paid to a male professor. The value of the women s euro varies greatly between universities ( cents). The proportion of fixed-term professors is higher among women (26.8%) than among men (18%). The mean values for VAATI and HENKI assessments for female professors, regardless of whether they are employed on a permanent and fixed-term basis, are lower than those for the assessments of their male colleagues. According to the Salary Survey, the proportion of female professors receiving other remunerations and fees (director's fees for supplementary-funding projects, results-based/bonus/incentive pay, other separate compensations) has slightly increased in comparison to We are grateful to all our members who responded to the salary survey questionnaire, and wish to express our gratitude to Managing Director Yrjö Lauha, as well as the universities and research institutes as employers and providers of information for their excellent cooperation. Tarja Niemelä Executive Director, Finnish Union of University Professors DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL For the Employer Survey, the following information was requested: University-specific salary information, separately for professors employed on a permanent or fixed-term basis. Monthly salaries, itemized for the salary paid in accordance with the University Salary System YPJ (comprising the VAATI and HENKI pay or, alternatively, the guaranteed salary), competence-based requirement allowance and performance increase, which jointly make up the regular working-hour earnings. In addition, an itemization of academic director s fees and other regularly paid additional fees or extras was requested. The HENKI and VAATI levels specific to each university. All salary information was received as requested. The information concerns salaries paid in September The survey material contains the salary information for a total of 2,104 full-time professors. The salary information for part-time professors was excluded from the analysis. Employer surveys have been conducted since the year The State research institutes were also invited to contribute to the Employer Survey. Their response rate did not reach the same level as that of the universities. Salary information was thus available for 4 research institutes and a total of 19 full-time professors or research directors.

3 The Union s Salary Survey was implemented by means of an questionnaire in September The questionnaire was sent to the majority of the employed members of the Finnish Union of University Professors. A total of 502 members responded to the questionnaire, thus the response rate was approximately 34%. Material for comparison is provided by the earlier salary surveys conducted among the membership in EMPLOYER SURVEY 2.1. Number of professors Table 1: Number of professors by university, universities in alphabetical order by the Finnish names UNIVERSITY Full-time professors in 2015 Part-time professors in 2015 Change in , full-time professors Change in , full-time professors Aalto University University of Helsinki University of Eastern Finland University of Jyväskylä University of Lapland Lappeenranta University of Technology University of Oulu Hanken School of Economics University of the Arts Helsinki Tampere University of Technology University of Tampere University of Turku University of Vaasa Åbo Akademi University Total The universities employed a total of 2,104 full-time professors and 379 part-time professors. Assuming that the part-time professors working hours equal 50% of the full-time professors working hours, the work input of all professors amounts to 2,294 person-years.

4 Table 2: Number of professors in Year Full-time Part-time Total Table 3: Change in the number of professors in Year Full-time professors, annual change All professors, annual change % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % Total in % % The number of full-time professors declined for the sixth successive year. In more detailed analyses, presented in sections , the material is limited to include full-time professors only.

5 2.2. Proportion of fixed-term professors by university Table 4: Proportional shares of fixed-term professors by university, arranged by the order of the year 2015 Proportion of fixed-term professors (%) University University of the Arts Helsinki University of Tampere Lappeenranta University of Technology University of Lapland University of Oulu University of Turku Aalto University University of Helsinki Åbo Akademi University University of Jyväskylä University of Eastern Finland Tampere University of Technology University of Vaasa Hanken School of Economics All Total salary in September 2015 and change in salaries Table 5: Total salaries of professors employed on a permanent or fixed-term basis in 2015, all universities 1 Total salary ( ) in 2015 All professors Permanent professors Fixed-term professors Mean st decile Lower quartile Median Upper quartile th decile Total salary is comprised of the regular working-hour earnings, the academic director s fee and other additional remunerations and fees paid on a regular basis. The regular working-hour earnings include the VAATI and HENKI pay, competence-requirement allowance and performance increase or, alternatively, the guaranteed salary. The salary does not include hourly teaching pay, project management fees or other remunerations for commercial services, fees for expert opinions or statements, or any other remuneration that does not recur on a regular basis. Alternatively, a professor s salary may be comprised of an individually negotiated salary that exceeds the YPJ salary. N=2104.

6 Table 6: Change in total salary in , all professors Comparison Change in Change in mean % Change in median % Table 7: Change in total salary in by the type of employment Comparison Permanent Fixed-term Change in mean % % Figure 1. Mean salary for all full-time professors in Table 8: Annual change in mean salary since the year 2003 Year Annual change in mean salary % % % % % % % % % % % % Total in % 2.4. University-specific salaries Table 9: University-specific total salaries, mean and median, universities in alphabetical order by the Finnish names 3 All professors Permanent professors Fixed-term professors Difference in favour of permanent professors UNIVERSITY Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Difference of means 2 Total salary is comprised of the regular working-hour earnings and the academic director s fee. 3 Total salary is comprised of the regular working-hour earnings and the academic director s fee. N=2104.

7 Aalto University University of Helsinki University of Eastern Finland University of Jyväskylä University of Lapland Lappeenranta University of Technology University of Oulu Hanken School of Economics University of the Arts Helsinki Tampere University of Technology University of Tampere University of Turku University of Vaasa Åbo Akademi University All The State research institutes also have professors in their service. 4 For professors employed by the research institutes, the mean salary is 6,561 euro and the median salary is 6,208 euro. Table 10: Universities in the order of the mean total salary of all professors 5, 6 UNIVERSITY Mean 2015 Lappeenranta University of Technology Change 2014 > 2015 Change 2003 > % % Aalto University % % Hanken School of Economics % % 4 The following State research institutes are included: Finnish Food Safety Authority (Evira), National Land Survey of Finland (NLS), Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, and VATT Institute for Economic Research (total N = 19). A more detailed clarification of the salaries paid by research institutes is presented in Section Total salary is comprised of the regular working-hour earnings and the academic director s fee (for managing the duties of, for example, a dean or department head). 6 For the year 2003, the comparison figures for the merged universities have been recalculated using the original material. For Aalto University, the comparison figure is based on the salaries paid by the Helsinki School of Economics, the University Art and Design Helsinki and the Helsinki University of Technology. The University of Turku in the 2003 material includes the University of Turku and Turku School of Economics and Business Administration. The University of the Arts in the material for includes the Sibelius Academy, the Finnish Academy of Fine Arts and the Theatre Academy. The University of Eastern Finland in the 2003 material includes the University of Joensuu and the University of Kuopio.

8 University of Helsinki % % University of Oulu % % University of Jyväskylä % % University of Eastern Finland % % University of Vaasa % % Tampere University of Technology % % University of Tampere % % University of Turku % % University of Lapland % % Åbo Akademi University % % University of the Arts Helsinki % % All % % Table 11: Universities in the order of the mean total salary of permanently employed professors 7 UNIVERSITY Mean 2015 Lappeenranta University of Technology 7939 Aalto University 7793 University of Oulu 7298 Hanken School of Economics 7210 University of Helsinki 7160 University of Jyväskylä 6957 University of Tampere 6944 University of Vaasa 6853 University of Turku 6851 University of Eastern Finland 6848 University of Lapland 6815 Tampere University of Technology 6797 University of the Arts Helsinki 6756 Åbo Akademi University 6685 All Total salary is comprised of the regular working-hour earnings, the academic director s fee and other additional remunerations and fees paid on a regular basis.

9 2.5. Composition of the total salary and development of the academic director s fee Table 12: Composition of the total salaries of professors employed on a permanent or fixed-term basis Mean salary components Salary (task-specific component, personal performance salary component, competencerequirement allowance and performance increase) or, alternatively, guaranteed salary All professors Permanent professors Fixed-term professors Academic director s fee Regularly paid extras (personal allowance, transition bonus, fringe benefits) Total salary Table 13: Development of the academic director s fee in Year Proportion of professors receiving the fee Mean fee Estimated total sum (euro/month) % % % % % % % % % % % VAATI an HENKI levels by university Table 14: VAATI and HENKI levels, university-specific mean values and change from 2014, all professors, universities in alphabetical order by the Finnish names 10 University ALL PROFESSORS 8 An estimate of the academic director s fee. When calculating the mean value, even those individuals are included who have not received the fee in question. 9 Starting from the year 2012, the material includes all universities (N2015=2104). The fee was referred to as the supervisory fee up until 2012, as the fee for administrative tasks in 2012, and as the academic director s fee since In the material, N=1810. Aalto University is not included in the table. At Aalto University, the salaries of academic staff are based on local agreements without any explicit VAATI or HENKI levels.

10 VAATI, mean value and change HENKI, mean value and change Aalto University University of Helsinki University of Eastern Finland University of Jyväskylä University of Lapland Lappeenranta University of Technology University of Oulu Hanken School of Economics University of the Arts Helsinki Tampere University of Technology University of Tampere University of Turku University of Vaasa Åbo Akademi University All universities Table 15: VAATI levels by university in , all professors, universities in alphabetical order by the Finnish names 11 VAATI, MEAN VALUE University University of Helsinki University of Eastern Finland University of Jyväskylä University of Lapland Lappeenranta University of Technology University of Oulu Hanken School of Economics University of the Arts Helsinki Tampere University of Technology University of Tampere In the material, N2015=1810, N2014=1872, N2013=1932, N2012=1956, N2011=1280 and N2010=1425. Aalto University is not included in the table. At Aalto University, the salaries of academic staff are based on local agreements without any explicit VAATI or HENKI levels.

11 University of Turku University of Vaasa Åbo Akademi University All universities Table 16: HENKI levels by university in , all professors, universities in alphabetical order by the Finnish names HENKI, MEAN VALUE University University of Helsinki University of Eastern Finland University of Jyväskylä University of Lapland Lappeenranta University of Technology University of Oulu Hanken School of Economics University of the Arts Helsinki Tampere University of Technology University of Tampere University of Turku University of Vaasa Åbo Akademi University All universities Table 17: VAATI and HENKI levels by university, separately for professors employed on a permanent or fixed-term basis 12 University Aalto University PERMANENT PROFESSORS VAATI, mean value HENKI, mean value FIXED TERM PROFESSORS VAATI, mean value HENKI, mean value University of Helsinki University of Eastern Finland University of Jyväskylä University of Lapland In the material, N=1810. Aalto University is not included in the figures. At Aalto University, the salaries of academic staff are based on local agreements without any explicit VAATI or HENKI levels.

12 Lappeenranta University of Technology University of Oulu Hanken School of Economics Tampere University of Technology University of Tampere University of the Arts Helsinki University of Turku University of Vaasa Åbo Akademi University All universities Table 18: VAATI and HENKI levels, change in , separately for professors employed on a permanent or fixed-term basis 13 PERMANENT PROFESSORS FIXED TERM PROFESSORS VAATI, mean value HENKI, mean value VAATI, mean value HENKI, mean value Change in Table 19: Positioning of professors at various VAATI levels, by university (universities in alphabetical order by the Finnish names) 14 University VAATI LEVEL Aalto University University of Helsinki University of Eastern Finland University of Jyväskylä University of Lapland Lappeenranta University of Technology University of Oulu Hanken School of Economics Tampere University of Technology In the material, N2015=1810 and N2014= In the material, N=1810. Aalto University is not included in the figures. At Aalto University, the salaries of academic staff are based on local agreements without any explicit VAATI or HENKI levels.

13 University of Tampere University of the Arts Helsinki University of Turku University of Vaasa Åbo Akademi University All universities 6 0 % % % % 18 1 % Table 20: Positioning of professors at various HENKI levels, by university (universities in alphabetical order by the Finnish names) 15 University HENKI LEVEL Aalto University University of Helsinki University of Eastern Finland University of Jyväskylä University of Lapland Lappeenranta University of Technology University of Oulu University of the Arts Helsinki Hanken School of Economics Tampere University of Technology University of Tampere University of Turku University of Vaasa Åbo Akademi University All universities 31 2 % % % % % % 67 4 % 2.7. Positioning of professors at various VAATI and HENKI levels Table 21: Positioning of professors for combinations of VAATI and HENKI levels (all professors, n) 16 HENKI 15 In the material, N=1810. Aalto University is not included in the figures. At Aalto University, the salaries of academic staff are based on local agreements without any explicit VAATI or HENKI levels. 16 In the material, N=1810. Aalto University is not included in the figures. At Aalto University, the salaries of academic staff are based on local agreements without any explicit VAATI or HENKI levels.

14 Total 9 VAATI VAATI VAATI VAATI VAATI Total Gender differences in salaries paid to university professors Table 22: Difference in salaries paid to male and female university professors, universities arranged in the order of salary difference 17 University Men Women Difference in favour of men (+) or women (-) Women s euro Lappeenranta University of Technology Åbo Akademi University University of Tampere Aalto University University of Jyväskylä University of Helsinki University of Eastern Finland University of Turku Tampere University of Technology University of Oulu Hanken School of Economics University of Lapland University of the Arts Helsinki University of Vaasa Total The analysis concerns total salaries. The analysis includes both permanently employed professors and those employed on a fixed-term basis, N=2104. In material as a whole, the mean value of the women s euro is The comparison figure for 2014 is

15 Table 23: VAATI and HENKI levels by gender, mean values and change in , separately for professors employed on a permanent or fixed-term basis 18 University PERMANENT PROFESSORS VAATI, mean value HENKI, mean value FIXED TERM PROFESSORS VAATI, mean value HENKI, mean value Female Male ALL PROFESSORS Table 24: Proportional shares of male and female professors, by university, N=2104 University Situation in September 2014 Male % Female % Female % Comparison with the year 2010 Change in Tampere University of Technology Aalto University Lappeenranta University of Technology Åbo Akademi University University of Oulu University of Vaasa Hanken School of Economics University of Helsinki University of Eastern Finland University of Turku University of Jyväskylä University of Tampere University of the Arts Helsinki University of Lapland Total In the material, N=1810. Aalto University is not included in the figures. At Aalto University, the salaries of academic staff are based on local agreements without any explicit VAATI or HENKI levels.

16 Table 25: Gender distribution of professors employed on a permanent or fixed-term basis, N=2104 Gender Type of professorship Permanent % Fixed-term % Female Male All professors Salaries of professors employed by research institutes Table 26: Comparison of the salaries of professors employed by research institutes versus universities 19 Salary in 2015 RESEARCH INSTITUTES UNIVERSITIES Mean Lower quartile Median Upper quartile Table 27: Salaries paid at research institutes, by gender and type of employment Gender Mean Median Female Male Type of employment Mean Median Valid until further notice Fixed-term Table 28: Change in salaries paid at research institutes in Change in Change in mean % Change in median % 19 The following State research institutes are included: Finnish Food Safety Authority (Evira), National Land Survey of Finland (NLS), Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, and VATT Institute for Economic Research (total N = 19). The comparison figure for the universities is based on the key figures (total salaries) presented in Section 2.3, and the calculation included all universities (N=2104). 20 In 2014, partly different research institutes participated, and the number of observations was different (N2014=72).

17 3. UNION S SALARY SURVEY (MEMBERSHIP SURVEY) 3.1. Respondent profile Gender % Female 28.0 Male 72.0 Age % Under 40 years years years years or more 31.4 Scientific field (discipline) % Natural sciences 21.1 Humanities 12.7 Technology and engineering 12.1 Social sciences 10.8 Business and economics 8.0 Educational sciences 7.6 Medicine 5.5 Law 3.6 Agricultural and forest sciences 2.7 Psychology 2.5 Health sciences 2.3 Theology 2.1 Veterinary medicine 1.7 Music 1.3 Sports science 1.1 Industrial art and design 1.1 Dentistry 1.1

18 Pharmacy 0.9 Theatre and dance 0.9 Visual arts 0.2 Other 0.6 Workplace % University of Helsinki 22.2 University of Turku 11.7 University of Eastern Finland 11.0 University of Jyväskylä 10.8 University of Tampere 10.0 Aalto University 8.0 University of Oulu 6.3 Tampere University of Technology 4.4 Åbo Akademi University 4.4 Research institutes 3.0 University of Vaasa 2.1 University of the Arts Helsinki 1.9 Lappeenranta University of Technology 1.7 Hanken School of Economics 1.3 University of Lapland 1.3 Other - Working hours % Full-time 96.6 Part-time 2.8 Part-time pensioner 0.6 Salary agreement % University Salary System YPJ 95.8 Individual agreement 4.2 Position or task 21 %

19 Permanent professorship without deadline 80.3 Fixed-term professorship Professor-pool grant recipient 2.3 Assistant professor, associate professor or similar within the tenure track system On a research period granted by the university Academy professor 0.4 Full-time rector / president 0.2 Full-time deputy rector / vice president 1.1 Full-time dean 0.6 Full-time research group director/principal investigator Other full-time directorship at the university 0,2 1.3 Other type of task 2.5 Leave of absence or similar from professorship Salary in September 2015 For the salary analysis, the material was restricted to include data on full-time professors only. Consequently, union members working on a professor-pool grant, those on a leave of absence or similar, and members working in other tasks (not as professors) were excluded from the analysis. 23 Thus, the analysed material comprises 465 respondents. Table 29: Salaries of Union members in Salary Septemb er 2015 Septemb er 2014 October 2013 Decembe r 2012 Decembe r 2011 Decembe r 2010 Novemb er In the analysis of professors salaries in Sections , the material is limited to include only those members who serve as professors employed permanently until further notice (without deadline) or with a fixed-term contract. 22 Fixed-term professors were requested to give the reason for the time limit. In this field, the professors mentioned the following grounds: 5-year agreement period assuming an open position until filled visiting professor donated professorship non-tenured personal request initiation of research and teaching in my own field funding for focal area discipline Professor of Practise funding (9) substitution (2) agreement normal practice in the field of fine arts (2) new position (2) 23 Part-time professors are included in the analysed material, but their salaries have been adjusted to correspond to full-time salaries, provided that the percentage of part-time hours in relation to full working hours is known. Additionally, some exceptionally small or large salaries that were the result of the respondent s unusual job description or salary level were excluded from the analysis.

20 Mean Median Lower quartile Upper quartile Table 30: Salary in September 2015 and the change from 2014, 2013, 2012 and 2011 Salary Septem ber 2015 Change Change Change Change Mean % % % % Median % % % % Lower quartile Upper quartile % % % % % % % % In September 2015, the mean salary of professors was 6,798 euro and median salary 6,695 euro. As compared to September 2014, the median salary was 28 euro higher and mean salary 71 euro higher in September The salary is comprised of the VAATI and HENKI pay, competence-requirement allowance and performance increase or, alternatively, of the guaranteed salary. It does not include any academic director s fees (for management tasks, such as dean or department head duties) 24, results-based pay (or similar), hourly teaching pay, director s fees in externally funded projects, pay for any expert opinions or statements, or other remuneration that does not recur on a regular basis Those employed at research institutes have reported their pay as determined by the pay system applicable to their post. Figure 2. Salary in September 2014, histogram Figure 3. Mean salary in comparison Table 31: Annual change in mean salary since 2001 Change % Change % Change % Change % Change % Change % Change % Change % Change % 24 When comparing the Union s Salary Survey and the Employer Survey, it must be borne in mind that, in the material provided by the universities, the academic director s fee is included in the total salary.

21 Change % Change % Change % Change % Change % Change % 3.3. Respondent groups in comparison Table 32: Workplaces arranged by the order of the mean salaries of professors in September Workplace Mean Median Lappeenranta University of Technology Aalto University University of Lapland Hanken School of Economics University of Helsinki University of Oulu University of Tampere University of Jyväskylä University of Eastern Finland University of the Arts Helsinki University of Vaasa Åbo Akademi University University of Turku Tampere University of Technology Research institute All respondents Table 33: Scientific fields (disciplines) arranged by the order of the mean salaries of professors 26 Scientific field Mean Median Change in the mean, Business and economics % 25 Universities with N<10 in 2015 are marked with an asterisk. 26 Disciplines with N<10 in 2015 are marked with an asterisk.

22 Pharmacy (*) % Natural sciences % Technology and engineering % Sports science (*) % Health sciences % Agricultural and forest sciences % Law % Veterinary medicine (*) % Psychology % Industrial art and design (*) % Medicine % Social sciences % Theology % Educational sciences % Music (*) % Humanities % Theatre and dance (*) % Dentistry (*) % Visual arts (*) % All respondents % Table 34: Professors salaries by gender Gender Mean Median Women Men Table 35: Professors salaries by age Age Mean Median Under 40 years years years years or older Table 36: Professors salaries by type of salary agreement

23 Salary agreement Mean ( ) Median ( ) University Salary System YPJ Individual agreement Table 37: Professors salaries by position or task Position or task Mean ( ) Median ( ) Permanent professorship without deadline Fixed-term professorship Other remunerations and fees As regard the other salary components or forms of remuneration, the following were included in the analysis: Academic director s fee (e.g., dean or department head duties) was received by 23% of the respondents (23% for women and 24% for men), and the monetary amount in euro was available for 108 respondents; Director s fee in externally funded projects (supplementary-funded project management) was received by 6% of the respondents (1% for women and 9% for men), and the monetary amount in euro was available for 23 respondents; Performance-related pay, bonus pay or incentive fee was received by 12% of the respondents (8% of women and 14% of men), and the monetary amount in euro was available for 50 respondents; Separate compensation for continued education or part-time hourly teaching was received by 10% of the respondents (10% of women and 10% of men), and the monetary amount in euro was available for 42 respondents). Academic director s fee in September 2015 Euro Mean 758 Median 600 Director s fees in externally funded projects in 2015 Euro Mean 4498 Median 3500 Performance-related pay, bonus pay or incentive fee in 2015 Euro Mean 3571 Median 2012 Separate compensation for continued education or part-time hourly teaching in 2015 Euro Mean 2473 Median 1500

24 Table 38: Composition of the total salary for professors in September 2015 Components of total salary in September 2015 Salary including the VAATI and HENKI pay, competencerequirement allowance and performance increase or, alternatively, the guaranteed salary Euro 6782 Academic director s fee 174 TOTAL SALARY Change of salaries by workplace Table 39: Salaries and their changes by workplace in and , arranged in the order of the mean values in Workplace Mean 2015 Change Change Lappeenranta University of Technology % % Aalto University % % University of Lapland % % Hanken School of Economics % % University of Helsinki % % University of Tampere % % University of Jyväskylä % % University of Eastern Finland % % University of Oulu % % University of the Arts Helsinki % % University of Vaasa % % Åbo Akademi University % % University of Turku % % Tampere University of Technology % % Research institute % % All respondents % % When evaluating the changes, one must bear in mind that the individual respondents vary from one year to another. Especially for smaller universities with a limited number of respondents, the variation may be rather extensive between two consecutive surveys. Long-term changes in the period reflect the development of salaries more reliably. 27 Universities with N< 10 in 2015 are marked with an asterisk.

25 3.6. Gender difference in salaries Figure 4: Mean salary ( ) of male and female professors in The difference in salaries paid to male and female professors is now 237 euro in favour of men. Table 40: Salaries paid to male and female professors and salary development since 2001 Salary Male Annual change Salary Female Annual change Salary difference in favour of men % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 237 Change % % Figure 5. Proportional ratio between the salaries paid to male and female professors (a.k.a. women s euro) in Professors secondary earnings Fees paid by other universities for expert statements in 2015 Share of fee recipients Mean Median Provided an opinion on the competence of a professor 20.6 % The salaries paid to female professors were 96.2% of the salaries paid to male professors in September The analysis is based on the mean salaries in Figure 4.

26 Provided an opinion on the granting of the title of docent Provided an opinion on the examination of a dissertation 15.0 % % Fees paid by external parties Share of fee recipients Mean Median Author s fees paid by external parties in %