SECTION III. Human Geography: Cultural, Population and Urban Geography

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1 SECTION III Human Geography: Cultural, Population and Urban Geography

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3 Film: How Geography Defines Culture INTRODUCTION 1) How one lives is partially determined by. 2) Culture is naturally acquired collective behaviour. True False 3) Define culture: 4) List the geographic factors that influence culture: a) b) c) 5) These geographical factors influence how people to their surroundings. TOPOGRAPHY 6) Define topography: 7) How do cultures that live in mountainous regions adapt their food production methods to the steep slopes of their region? 8) Give an example of a human-made topographical feature: 9) How do bridges impact local economies? 10) Describe how humans have altered topography to meet their needs in the situations below: TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURE ALTERATION RESULT Shoreline Dry inland regions Wetlands

4 CLIMATE 11) Describe the impact of climate on forms of adaptation for the cultures: CULTURE CLIMATE ADAPTATION METHOD Sammi, Sweden Aborigines, Australia Bhutanese, Bhutan 12) How are the spiritual beliefs of the Bhutanese people shaped by geographical elements? NATURAL RESOURCES 13) Give three examples of natural resources: a) b) c) 14) Subsistence needs are necessary for. 15) Why is Sweden a leading producer of furniture? 16) Non-renewable resources can be harvested more than once. True False 17) What advantages do cities offer people? REFLECTION How does the topography of Bhutan effect how its people build their homes? DISCUSSION QUESTION Which of the following perspectives on the relationship between culture and environment is reflected in this film? Environmental Determinism Possiblism Give evidence from the film to support your answer:

5 Introduction: Human Geography Assignment This assignment has three parts dealing with different areas of Human Geography. In each part, you will use the concepts we have discussed in class as well as your mapping and GIS skills to analyze different issues in Cultural, Population and Urban Geography. PART A: MAPPING THE MIDDLE EAST CULTURE REALM In this section, you will use a GIS to look at a series of map layers that portray different aspects of the Middle East. By examining the maps and by overlaying them, you will define your own composite culture realm. 1. In ArcExplorer, open the country.shp layer and zoom in so that on your screen you can see from the Atlantic Ocean coast of Africa on the left to India on the right, with the Mediterranean Sea near the middle of your map. Turn on MapTips to show country names. a. On the map provided, label the countries that are not shaded dark. b. Name three cultural traits or environmental factors that you think define the Middle East. c. Draw on the map a thick black line representing the boundaries of the Middle East culture realm. Don t worry about whether your boundaries are correct you cannot lose marks for this (unless you do not draw any line at all the purpose is simply to make think about your preconceptions of the region before you look at some regional data. 2. In ArcExplorer, open the following layers: Language Language and Language Families Religion Main and Sects (make those within a religion similar colours) Köppen Climate Dry climate (Desert or Steppe) in climate.shp Water Water scarcity < 1000 m 3 /person/year; Water stress < 1700 Population Total Fertility Rate (TFR): high is > 3) Literacy Rate Total and Female (low is < 60% Urbanization (High is >75%, Low is < 20%) Crude Oil Production are the countries oil producers? Pigs are there any? Camels per 1000 population (CAMELS_POP) Remember the first layer is shown on top of the others change the order of the layers and make them transparent to see patterns.

6 Answer the following questions (use MapTips or QueryBuilder as required) for the countries not shaded dark: a. How many countries are predominantly: in the Afro-Asiatic language family; in the Semitic subfamily; and have Arabic as the main language spoken? b. How many countries are: predominantly Islamic (Sunni and Shiite), Christian (Catholic and Orthodox) and Jewish? c. What major Köppen climate category and subcategory is most common? d. In what four countries is water scarcity most serious? e. Which three countries have the highest and lowest TFR? f. How many countries have urbanization levels: >75% or <20%? g. Which three countries produce the most oil? How many produce none? h. How many countries farm no pigs? Why? i. What countries have > 50 camels per 1000 population? 3. After completing question 2: a. Name three cultural traits or environmental factors that you think define the Middle East. b. On the second map provided, redraw what you now think are the boundaries of the Middle East with a thick black line. c. In ArcExplorer, build a query that combines these three traits. For example, if your traits were that the Middle East was characterized by countries that produce oil, have no pigs and speak an Afro-Asiatic language, you would query as follows: ( CRUDE_OIL > 0 and PIGS = 0 and LANGUAGE = Afro-Asiatic) Print this map (with a proper title, legend and source). 4. After you have completed question 3, your teacher will provide you with a map of the classic definition of the Middle East. Compare your map to this one. Write a paragraph (300 words) describing the differences and similarities. Does the traditionally defined Middle East make sense as a culture realm?

7 PART B POPULATION GEOGRAPHY Section I Natural Change of Population by World Region in For each region, calculate the 2006 birth rate, death rate and rate of natural increase. Record these on the table provided. 2. Based on the birth and death rates, determine in which stage of the Demographic Transition Model each region falls (see the graph in your textbook). Record this on the table provided. 3. Use ArcExplorer to create a choropleth map showing World Total Fertility Rates by Country in Use the field TFR2007, found in the cntry07_demog layer. Manually make four equal-sized intervals with the following breaks: 0, 2.1, 3.5 Change the labels for the four intervals to: No Data, Low (<2.1), Medium ( ), High (>3.5) Use the Query Builder to find and highlight the countries with low rates of Female Literacy (LIT_F) -- i.e. greater than 0%, to exclude the No Data category (-99), or less than 60% Use this exact formula: (LIT_F >0) AND (LIT_F <60) Print a properly formatted copy of the resulting map and submit it with your assignment. 4. Answer the following on the answer sheet provided: a. Do fertility rates tend to be highest in the Core or the Periphery? b. Do countries with low female literacy tend to have high or low levels of fertility? Section II Interpreting Population Pyramids Complete the table on the answer sheet as follows: Find the total population for each country (add the males and females of all age groups) Divide each age-sex category (e.g. Males 15-29) by the total population and multiply the result by 100 to get the percentage of each age-sex group represents within that population Construct three population pyramids on one sheet of graph paper. The bars must show each age group by sex as a percent of the total population. Remember to properly label the diagram axes (including units) and add a proper title and source. Answer the following questions: 1. Which country s population is: Rapidly growing Slowly growing/stable Declining 2. Identify which country is most likely to be: Core Semi-Periphery Periphery 3. What percentage of each country s population (both sexes) is aged: a. <15 (young dependents) b. >60 (old dependents) c (labour force) 4. In the next 20 years, which country is most likely: a. To have trouble supporting an aging population b. To have trouble educating and finding work for a young population Page 3-7

8 PART C WORLD URBANIZATION Instructions: Section I - World Urbanization Map 1. Using the % Urbanization from the World Geographical Information Table, 2006 in the back of the Workbook, group the 18 world regions into 3 intervals by urbanization level according to the three stages of the urbanization curve (0 to 19.9%, 20 to 74.9%, and 75 to 100%). 2. Prepare a properly formatted choropleth map with using these three intervals. 3. Identify in which regions the highest and lowest levels of urbanization are located and link these findings to whether they are in the Core or Periphery. Note: You may use ArcExplorer to make this map. Use the URB_PCT field, found in the cntry07_demog layer, and manually set the four intervals (including No Data) and breaks. Remember that your map will be by Country, not Region and the title should reflect this. All the usual map rules apply (see pp. iv-v). Section II - The Growth of the World s Largest Cities, From the table provided, locate the world s 25 largest cities, find their world region and calculate the percentage growth of from 2000 to their population in the year % growth = [ ( 2015 pop 2000 pop ) 2000 pop ] 100 e.g. Mexico City = [ ( ) 18.1 ] 100 world region= Central America = [( 3.5) / 18.1 ] 100 = = 19.3 % 2. On the map from Part A, draw a circle centred on each city proportional to its % growth: If the % Growth is: Make the circle the size of: > 75% - a quarter 50.1 to 75% - a nickel 25.1 to 50 % - the end of a pencil 25% - a small dot The circles will overlap in some areas. 3. Describe the regional distribution and socio-economic development (Core/Periphery) of the five most rapidly growing cities and also of the five slowest growing cities on this list. Page 3-8

9 Name: Human Geography Assignment Teacher: PART A: MAPPING THE MIDDLE EAST CULTURE REALM 1. a & c. Attach your map with countries labeled and a thick black line showing your initial boundaries of the Middle East culture realm. Include a proper title and legend. b. Name the three initial cultural traits/ environmental factors defining the Middle East. 2. a. How many countries are predominantly: Afro-Asiatic family Semitic subfamily Arabic language b. How many countries are: predominantly: Islamic Sunni Shiite Christian Catholic Orthodox Jewish c. What Köppen climate category and subcategory are most common? d. In what four countries is water scarcity most serious? e. Which three countries have the highest and lowest TFR? Highest: Lowest: f. How many countries have urbanization levels: >75% or <20%? g. Which three countries produce the most oil? How many produce none? h. How many countries farm no pigs? Why? i. What countries have > 50 camels per 1000 population? 3. After completing question 2: Page 3-9

10 a. Name three cultural traits or environmental factors that you think define the Middle East. b. On the second map provided, redraw what you now think are the boundaries of the Middle East with a thick black line. c. Attach your map showing a query combining your three traits (properly formatted). 4. Attach your comparison (300 words) of the classic definition of the Middle East and your map. Answer the question Does the traditionally defined Middle East make sense as a culture realm? Page 3-10

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13 PART B POPULATION GEOGRAPHY Section I Natural Change in Population by Region in and 2. Complete the following table: World Region 2006 Population (1,000,000s) Births (1000s) Birth rate (per 1000) Deaths (1000s) Death rate (per 1000) Rate of Natural Change (per 1000) (2) Stage of Demo. Transition N. Africa W. Africa E. Africa M. Africa S. Africa N. America C. America Caribbean S. America W. Asia S-C Asia SE Asia E. Asia N. Europe W. Europe E. Europe S. Europe Oceania 3. Attach your properly formatted map of World Total Fertility Rates by country in 2007, with the countries having low Female Literacy highlighted. 4. a. Fertility rates tend to be highest in the (circle one): Core Periphery b. Countries with low levels of female literacy tend to have levels of fertility that are: Low High Page 3-13

14 Section II Interpreting Population Pyramids Complete the table below (Source: US Census Bureau, 2000): Age Country A Country B Country C Males Females Males Females Males Females Age < , ,046 5,474 5,219 9,581 9,110 < , ,840 3,299 3,115 13, , ,073 1,955 1,843 12, ,670 92,177 1,027 1,007 13, ,856 49, ,625 12, , , , ,662 16, ,099 5, Total (1000s) (1000s) (1000s) Total Attach your three properly labelled and formatted population pyramids (on one sheet) 1. Which country s population is : a. rapidly growing b. slowly growing / stable c. declining 2. Which country is most likely to be: a. Core b. Semi-Periphery c. Periphery 3. Complete the following table: % of Population Country A Country B Country C Young dependents Old dependents Labour Force 4. In the next 20 years, which country is country most likely: a. To have trouble supporting an aging population b. To have trouble educating and finding work for a young population Page 3-14

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19 PART C WORLD URBANIZATION 1. List the world regions that were in each stage of the urbanization curve in 2006 and use these three classes to make your choropleth map of world urbanization. a. World Regions in the Initial Stage of urbanization (0 to 19.9%): b. World Regions in the Acceleration Stage of urbanization (20 to 74.9%): c. World Regions in the Terminal Stage of urbanization (75 to 100%): 2. The highest levels of urbanization tend to be in (circle one): Core Periphery 3. Complete the table on the back of this page. 4. Attach your properly formatted map showing world urbanization levels in 2006 and the World s Largest Cities. 2. The five fastest growing cities on this list are located in which world regions? 3. The five slowest growing cities on this list are located in which world regions? Page 3-19

20 Population of the 25 Largest Cities of the World in 2015 and 2000 City Country World Region 2015 Population (Millions) 2015 rank 2000 Population (Millions) 2000 rank % Growth Tokyo Japan Mumbai India Mexico City Mexico Sao Paulo Brazil New York USA Delhi India Shanghai China Kolkata India Dhaka Bangladesh Jakarta Indonesia Lagos Nigeria Karachi Pakistan Buenos Aires Argentina Cairo Egypt Los Angeles USA Manila Philippines Beijing China Rio de Janeiro Brazil Osaka-Kobe Japan Istanbul Turkey Moscow Russia Guangzhou China Paris France Seoul South Korea Chicago USA Source: UN Populations Division (2005) World Urbanization Prospects: The 2005 Revision. Accessed on the WWW June 27, Table A-11. Page 3-20

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23 Film: In Search of the First Language 1. How many languages are spoken on earth? 2. In the Christian Bible story of the Tower of Babel, why did God shatter the unity of one language? 3. What language family includes English? 4. Sir William Jones saw the resemblances between what three ancient languages? 5. What regions speaks languages descended from Proto-Indo-European? 6. What method do linguists use to find common language families? 7. Why are most Indo-European languages (such as English) relatively easy to study and classify? 8. How many Indo-European languages are there? What % of the world s population? 9. How many Sino-Tibetan languages are there? What % of the world s population? 10. Why are languages in this family more difficult to study? 11. How many language families in total are there worldwide? 12. How many people today speak Salish? How many in 18 th century? 13. How many languages are in the Salishan language family? How many have disappeared? 14. Why did this happen? 15. How many Native American languages were there? How many still exist today? 16. How did Joseph Greenberg change our understanding of African languages? 17. How did he determine this? Page 3-23

24 18. How many Native American language families did Greenberg believe there are? Name them: 19. What modern European language is a language isolate? 20. How can genetics help us understand the origin and diffusion of languages? 21. Why couldn t we use this method to determine the language of the United States? 22. What pattern does English follow as it changes in the USA? 23. What ancient superfamily are some linguists trying to recreate? 24. What was the word for water 6000 years ago in this language? 25. What modern language families do they believe are descended from this superfamily? 26. How are they doing this reconstruction? 27. Why do other linguists reject this? 28. How far back do they believe we can go in scientifically reconstructing proto-languages? 29. When do some linguists believe the original mother tongue may have existed? Page 3-24

25 INDIA Film: The Population Paradox 1. Uttar Pradesh s population is million, larger than all but countries in the world. 2. Fertility rates in India have dropped from per woman to. 3. Why are birth rates lower in Southern India? _ 4. Why are husbands and mother-in-laws considered gatekeepers of health services for women? 5. Explain why son-preference is one of the major reasons behind the large family sizes in India. 6. What proportion of India s population are under 25 years old? 7. Why are daughters seen as an economic liability? _ 8. Due to sex-selective abortions, there are fewer women than men in India today. 9. Explain how access to jobs and education for women can reduce fertility rates. JAPAN 10. What is the current fertility rate in Japan? children per woman. 11. Who are parasite singles and how do they contribute to low fertility rates? 12. In the 1970s, Japanese women were considered if they were not married by 25 years old. 13. List some of the reasons why Japanese women today have fewer children at an older age. 14. What proportion of the Japanese population will be over 65 in 2050? 15. List some of the problems facing the rural elderly in Japan. 16. Describe the problems facing aging countries such as Japan today: THE UNITED STATES Page 3-25

26 17. Why will the United States population grow by 100 million over the next 50 years? 18. One American child consumes and pollutes more over a lifetime than Indian children. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 19. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the average family has children. 20. Why does the population of Sub-Saharan Africa continue to grow despite high mortality rates due to HIV-AIDS infections. 21. List some challenges that this population growth creates for Sub-Saharan African countries. 22. Family planning programs in Kenya cut fertility rates from to child per woman. 23. What happens to a country that stays in Stage 2 (Early Expanding) of the Demographic Transition too long? 24. Describe how HIV-AIDS infection and population growth are linked. 25. What cohort of the population is being lost to HIV-AIDS in this region? 26. Sub-Saharan African women are most likely to contact HIV from 27. What proportion of women in Sub-Saharan Africa use birth control? 28. Why have many family planning clinics in developing countries closed over the last decade? 29. What do Kenya and India have in common? Page 3-26

27 Film: No Fitting Habitat Answer the following questions as you watch the film: 1. What human activity led to the creation of the first cities? 2. Why did this activity necessitate the creation of cities? 3. What was the main function of early cities? 4. What other human factor greatly influenced the development of the city? 5. Give two examples of cities established for this reason: 6. Where and when did the first industrial cities appear? 7. How long might the average male industrial labourer expect to live in the 1800s? 8. Suburbia was born when what two types of transportation became available? 9. Our modern cities are built for what mode of transport? Page 3-27

28 Answer the following questions as you watch the film: Film: Population Pressure Mexico City 1. What is the population of Mexico City - gov't est. M UN est. M 2. Why is its population growing so quickly? 3. What factors are pushing people out of the country? 4. What factors pull people to cities? 5. What is meant by step migration? 6. Describe housing conditions for new migrants: 7. What is the average wage of manual workers $ / day 8. What types of jobs are available to them? 9. Relate education, employment and birth control to poverty: 10. What was Mexico City's population in 1941? million 11. Where are the jobs located in relation to where the poor live? 12. How many cars are registered? million 13. What are some of the consequences of air pollution? 14. How much garbage and sewage is produced and what problems do they cause? Page 3-28