Unit 8 Settlement Geography: Urban and Rural, Cities and City Life

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1 Unit 8 Settlement Geography: Urban and Rural, Cities and City Life 38:180 Human Geography Settlement Geography Principally urban, but a continuum: Hamlet Village Town City plus rural World is predominantly urban (50%+ since 2007) 2 dimensions: A spatial means of organizing the economy Complex social organisation Rapid growth in 20 th C. 1

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3 Urban Geography Two levels of analysis: Urban System Internal Structure Framing urban geography: How to define urban How to delimit cities How to define urban Archaeological: an agglomeration of people and activities relatively large based upon non-primary activities Legal: creatures of the state Functional: a daily urban system based on links to a central city Census: defined by (national) government 3

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5 Czechoslovakia: defined large town as usually 5,000 + population, more than 100 persons per hectare of built-up area, 3 or more living quarters in at least 15% of the houses, piped water and a sewage system for the major part of the town, at least 5 physicians and a pharmacy, a 9 year secondary school, a hotel with at least 20 beds, a network of trade and distributive services which serve more than one town, job opportunities for the population of the surrounding area, the terminal of a system of bus lines, and not more than 10% of the total population active in agriculture. 5

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7 Origin and Growth of Cities 2 requirements: 1) Agricultural surplus 2) Social Stratification (leadership class) The First Urban Revolution independent innovation in several places Origin and Growth of Cities 5 primary reasons for establishment of cities: 1) Agricultural surplus 2) Hydraulic Theory (Irrigation) 3) Marketplace (exchange, and longdistance trade) 4) Military, defensive, administrative function 5) Religious function 7

8 Trade city sites/situations Defensive city sites 8

9 Origin and Growth of Cities 5 Urban Hearths : Mesopotamia (ca BC) Nile River Valley (ca BC) Indus River Valley (ca BC) Huang He and Wei River Valleys (Yellow and Yangtze Rivers) (ca BC) Mesoamerica (ca. 200 BC) 9

10 Urban Hearths 10

11 The Ziggurat of Ur Plan of Mohenjo Daro 11

12 Mohenjo Daro Plan of Teotihuacan 12

13 Temple of the Moon, Teotihuacan 13

14 Plaza de los Tres Culturas, Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) Palimpsest 14

15 Subsequent Spread and Growth of Cities Greek Cities Roman Cities Dark Ages, then Mercantile cities New network of cities, linked by trade, coastal orientation Emergence of downtown Mercantile class rises in importance Early (commercial) Capitalism, parallels decline of feudalism 15

16 Greek Cities 16

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18 Roman Cities (Imperial Cities) 18

19 Functional linkages 19

20 Roman Forum 20

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22 What have the Romans ever done for us? 22

23 The Silk Road 23

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25 Brugge, Belgium, 1562 Subsequent Spread and Growth of Cities The Second Urban Revolution : Industrialization Rapid rural to urban migration Not all mercantile cities became important industrial cities Reinforces primacy of Capitalist economic system, and power of Capitalist class 25

26 Urban Systems Rank-Size rule: Population of a city is inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy (logarithmic scale ie. 2nd rank is 1/2 size, 3rd rank is 1/3 size, etc.) 26

27 Central Place Theory All cities act as central place for a surrounding hinterland CPT is a model that explains the number, size, and spacing of the system of cities based on the functions they perform (services they provide) for the regions they serve Walter Christaller (1933): Die zentralen Orte in Süddeutschland [Central Places in Southern Germany] 27

28 Central Place Theory Key Concepts: Range Threshold Order 28

29 Central Place Theory Key Concepts: Range Threshold Order Assumptions: Isotropic Plain Rational Action of Consumers Triangular Arrangement of Market Centres > results in hexagonal trade areas 29

30 The Triangular Lattice Hexagonal Trade Areas 30

31 Central Place Theory There are different Christaller systems: 1) k=3 (aka market principle ) customers go to the closest seller 2) k=4 (aka transport principle ) customers are served by a transportation system linking them and the centres 3) k=7 (aka administrative principle ) centres (& market areas) are bounded by administrative jurisdictions 31

32 Compound Central Place System Central Place Theory Real World Examples? China polders of the Netherlands (reclaimed land) East Anglia, UK Indiana Saskatchewan 32

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35 Spatial Patterns of Centres in an Urban System linear / transport centres cluster / specialised activities uniform / service centres 35

36 Rural Settlements Defining rural? Typical spatial arrangements Typical spatial arrangements 36

37 Gonggar, Tibet Northern Switzerland 37

38 Sakha Republic, Russia 38

39 Grid Survey - Iowa 39

40 Northwestern Iceland Northern Iceland 40

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42 Settlement system in rural China Rural Landscape, China 42

43 Rural Settlements Defining rural? Typical spatial arrangements Relationship with urban Depopulation Counter-urbanization and rural gentrification Urban sprawl Rural-urban fringe 43

44 Internal Structure of Cities Classic Models: Burgess Concentric Zone Model Hoyt s Sector Model Harris and Ullman s Multiple Nuclei Model New Models: Ford s Latin American City Model Decentralized City Model African/Apartheid City Model, Colonial City Model, Southeast Asian City, etc. 44

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46 Urban Processes Shaping Cities Zoning (urban regulation and governance) Redlining Blockbusting Suburbanization Commercialization Gentrification Tear-downs and McMansions Urban Sprawl, and the New Urbanism 46

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48 Windy Ridge 48

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52 Explaining gentrification: Economic Factors Social Factors Political Factors Sexuality 52

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55 Seaside, Florida 55

56 New Urban Spaces Gated Communities Edge Cities (e.g. Tyson s Corner, VA) Ethnic Neighbourhoods ( enclaves ) 56

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