The Grim Reaper's road map: An atlas of mortality in Britain

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1 The Grim Reaper's road map: An atlas of mortality in Britain by Mary Shaw, Bethan Thomas, George Davey Smith and Daniel Dorling. Published by The Policy Press on 20 October, 2008 Bethan and Danny, together with Mary Shaw and George Davey Smith from the Department of Social Medicine at the University of Bristol, have created this impressive atlas of death in Britain. The Grim Reaper's road map analyses over 14 million deaths over the 24 year period in Britain. It gives a comprehensive overview of the geographical pattern of mortality in Britain and features: The most common causes of death at different ages 10 groups of death mapped - all deaths, and deaths from cardiovascular, cancer, respiratory, infections, mental disorder, transport, suicide or undetermined, homicide and external causes. 99 separate causes of death mapped, including individual cancers, suicides, assault by firearms, multiple sclerosis, pneumonia, hypothermia, falls, and Parkinson's disease Each map is accompanied by a detailed description and brief geographical analysis, together with the number of people who have died from that cause, the average age of death and ratio of male to female deaths The Grim Reaper's road map is essential reading for academics and students of social medicine, sociology of health and illness, and epidemiology. It will also be valuable for anyone who wants a better understanding of patterns of mortality within Britain, including medical and healthcare practitioners, policy makers and researchers.

2 The Grim Reaper s road map 1 All deaths This category includes all deaths in Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) between 1981 and 2004 inclusive. 14,833,696 cases 100% of all deaths average age = 74.4 male:female ratio = 48:52 The map of mortality rates from all causes combines in a single image all the influences on our survival. Having taken into account the distribution of the population according to age and sex, the map shows that across these areas a person s chances of dying in a particular year varied from being more than 50% above the national average (an SMR of 150 as shown on the key) to less than 76% of the national average (with SMRs ranging from 71 to 76 in the lowest mortality category). Thus, depending on where you were living over the last quarter of a century, there are neighbourhoods of Britain containing populations of tens of thousands of people where you were more than twice as likely to die than had you lived in other places. The 1,282 neighbourhoods shown here both physically and statistically collect groups of people together whose rates of dying vary considerably at the extremes. For the large majority in the middle, however, living in the areas with an SMR between 90 and 110, mortality rates do not appear to vary greatly. However, before concluding that this variation is low it is worth remembering that it is compound. If every year in certain towns in Britain an extra 10% of the population die than on average, whereas in another some 10% fewer die than you would expect given their ages and sexes, then the life expectancies of people in those two towns will diverge by several years. Age Males Females 1,500,000 1,000, , ,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 Across much of the south of England outside London, and in a few isolated enclaves of prosperity in the north, Wales and Scotland, people s chances of dying each year have been at least 10%, often 20% and at the extremes almost 30% lower than average since Over this 24-year period, the average age of death in Britain was 74.4 years, 71.2 for men and 77.4 for women. The average age of death in our neighbourhoods varied between 66.4 years (in Glasgow Easterhouse) and 80.6 years (in Eastbourne ). These are averages. The lower figures are due to many people dying much younger; the higher due to many people living longer. Over this period 42.0% of people who died were over 80 years old, while 12.4% were under 60 years old. In the worst neighbourhood 25.0% were under 60 years old. 2 The Grim Reaper_text_3.9.indd 2 23/09/ :07:33

3 All deaths map 1 All deaths 3 The Grim Reaper_text_3.9.indd 3 23/09/ :07:33

4 The Grim Reaper s road map 18 Assault by cutting This cause of death comes under the external causes of death category (see Map 5) and falls into the sub-category of Homicide and injury purposely inflicted by other persons, along with a range of other methods of murder/assault, such as use of firearms or poisoning. See also Map 39 Suicide/undetermined by cutting. 2,645 cases 0.02% of all deaths average age = 34.8 male:female ratio = 75:25 Three quarters of those who have died due to this cause are males. As the age sex bar chart shows, younger males are at a much higher risk. The rates in Glasgow and the south west of Scotland are immediately striking. London and other English urban centres follow with the next highest SMRs. Much of the remainder of rural and provincial Britain has substantially lower rates. This cause of death includes killing by cutting or stabbing using a sharp object, most commonly a knife or broken glass. It includes killing which may be intentional or unintentional; many of these assaults are impulsive, related to alcohol and drug misuse, and assailants use whatever weapon is to hand. Often the knife used is a kitchen knife in a domestic incident. Women are more commonly murdered by their partners. Men are more commonly murdered by someone to whom they are unrelated. Blunt-ended table knives were introduced in the 18th century to reduce the injuries resulting from arguments over the dinner table in public eateries (Hern et al, 2005). Many domestic kitchen knives, however, are of the dagger variety with a pointed tip and they often have a long blade. In contrast to a knife with a short blade these can penetrate deeply and can easily cause serious injury or death. Hern and colleagues argue that there is no culinary necessity for knives of this type and that banning them would drastically reduce their availability and therefore their use in personal attacks Males Females Broken drinking glasses and bottles are also used as weapons, often in fights in public places where alcohol has been consumed. This is known as glassing and can lead to severe facial injuries. In these situations the assault and any resulting homicide is usually unplanned: the intention may be to cause injury, but not necessarily to kill. Hern, E., Glazebrook, W. and Beckett, M. (2005) Reducing knife crime, BMJ, no 330, pp ICD-9 codes: E966 ICD-10 codes: X99 ICD-9 ICD-9 name % of cases ICD-10 ICD-10 name E966 Assault by cutting and piercing instrument X99 Assault by sharp object % of cases 38 The Grim Reaper_text_3.9.indd 38 23/09/ :07:58

5 Individual causes of death map 18 Assault by cutting 39 The Grim Reaper_text_3.9.indd 39 23/09/ :07:58

6 The Grim Reaper s road map 41 Pedestrian hit by vehicle This category includes deaths to pedestrians due to collision with a vehicle of some kind. See also Map 25 Pedal cyclist hit by vehicle, and Map 22 Motor vehicle accidents, which covers the deaths of the occupants of motor vehicles and motorcyclists. 29,008 cases 0.20% of all deaths average age = 51.8 male:female ratio = 61:39 The highest SMRs are found in urban areas, while rural south west England has the lowest rates. Contrast this with Map 22, which covers the deaths of those who are drivers or passengers: on that map, the highest SMRs are found in rural areas. The age distribution for this cause of death is unusual in that for both men and women there are two peaks in the teenage years/ early 20s and later in the 70s and 80s (see age sex bar chart). The peak in the younger age group is likely to reflect activity patterns going out a lot and perhaps also not observing the Green Cross Code of their childhood. The more children are sheltered from cars when they are young, the less experience they will have of dealing with them; there is a tendency to blame victims of the road for their early deaths. The peak for the older age groups indicates the vulnerability of older people they can generally move less quickly and their bodies are more fragile and less likely to heal. For each mile travelled there are nearly 30 times more child pedestrian deaths than there are deaths to child car occupants (Sonkin et al, 2006). The children who are more likely to be pedestrians are those from lower-income families who are less likely to have a car. Strategies to reduce the number of pedestrian deaths include education, 20mph speed limits and speed bumps. Philosopher Roland Barthes died from this cause. 90+ Males Females ,000 1, ,000 2,000 Sonkin, B., Edwards, P., Roberts, I. and Green, J. (2006) Walking, cycling and transport safety: an analysis of child road deaths, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, no 99, pp ICD-9 codes: E812.7, E813.7, E814.7, E815.7, E816.7, E817.7, E818.7, E819.7, E821.7, E822.7, E823.7, E824.7, E825.7, E826.0 ICD-10 codes: V01-V04, V06, V09.0-V09.3 ICD-9 ICD-9 name % of cases ICD-10 ICD-10 name E814.7 Motor vehicle traffic accident involving collision 97.1 V03.1 Pedestrian injured in collision with car, pick-up with pedestrian Pedestrian truck or van Traffic accident V04.1 Pedestrian injured in collision with heavy transport vehicle or bus Traffic accident V09.2 Pedestrian injured in traffic accident involving other and unspecified motor vehicles % of cases 49.0 V09.3 Pedestrian injured in unspecified traffic accident 9.7 Other causes in group 2.9 Other causes in group The Grim Reaper_text_3.9.indd 84 23/09/ :08:20

7 Individual causes of death map 41 Pedestrian hit by vehicle 85 The Grim Reaper_text_3.9.indd 85 23/09/ :08:21

8 The Grim Reaper s road map 54 Skin cancer This is a sub-category of all cancer deaths (see Map 7) and includes only the form of skin cancer known as malignant melanoma. See also Other neoplasms (Map 61), which includes other forms of skin cancer. 32,884 cases 0.22% of all deaths average age = 63.4 male:female ratio = 49:51 There is an obvious north-south divide on the map, with a gradient from higher rates on the south coast to lower rates in northern parts. This probably reflects the British climate, and also where those who can afford to holiday in the sun reside Malignant melanoma, the form of skin cancer that we map here, is the most serious type of skin cancer as it can spread to other parts of the body. The leading cause of skin cancer is over-exposure to sunlight. Rates have been increasing in recent years, thought to be due to increasing numbers of people taking increasing numbers of holidays abroad, and the popularity of the tanned look and the use of tanning booths and sun lamps to achieve that look. Skin cancer is very evenly distributed between males and females (see age sex bar chart) although the age distributions are slightly different. For both males and females mortality increases incrementally with age until the 70s, reflecting, possibly, accumulated sun exposure over the life course Males Females 0 3,000 2,000 1, ,000 2,000 3,000 ICD-9 codes: 172 ICD-10 codes: C43 ICD-9 ICD-9 name % of cases ICD-10 ICD-10 name 172 Malignant melanoma of skin C43 Malignant melanoma of skin % of cases 110 The Grim Reaper_text_3.9.indd /09/ :08:33

9 Individual causes of death map 54 Skin cancer 111 The Grim Reaper_text_3.9.indd /09/ :08:33

10 The Grim Reaper s road map 68 Lung cancer 872,127 cases This category is a sub-category of All cancer deaths (see Map 7). Lung cancer is the second most common specific cause of death of men aged between 45 and 74 after heart disease. It is the third most common cause for women aged % of all deaths average age = 70.5 See also Map 61 Other neoplasms. male:female ratio = 67:33 Smoking is strongly linked to deprivation. The map shows a north south gradient with lower rates in the south. Scotland, and particularly Glasgow, has the highest rates; Scotland also has the highest smoking rates. Clusters are found in Liverpool and Manchester, in Tyneside and along the north east coast, and in central London. Within central London, the neighbourhoods covering the cities of minster and London, and Kensington and Chelsea more affluent areas have lower rates than their neighbours. The maps for male and female deaths are similar, except for higher rates for men in the Midlands. This category includes cancer of the lung and the bronchi, the airways of the lungs. It accounts for more than one in 20 of all deaths in the period covered in this atlas (1981 to 2004 inclusive). 90+ Males Females , ,000 50, , ,000 Most lung cancer is caused by smoking. Lung cancer has been more common in men as traditionally they have had higher rates of smoking. However, as rates of smoking in women increased so did their rates of lung cancer. The musicians George Melly and George Harrison died of lung cancer. Lung cancer is often diagnosed at an advanced stage of disease. It is one of the most difficult cancers to treat and has one of the lowest survival outcomes of any form of cancer. ICD-9 codes: 162 ICD-10 codes: C33-C34 ICD-9 ICD-9 name % of cases 162 Malignant neoplasm of trachea, bronchus and lung ICD-10 ICD-10 name C34 Malignant neoplasm of bronchus and lung Other causes in group % of cases The Grim Reaper_text_3.9.indd /09/ :08:44

11 Individual causes of death map 68 Lung cancer 139 The Grim Reaper_text_3.9.indd /09/ :08:44

12 The Grim Reaper s road map 84 Heart attack and chronic heart disease 3,741,101 cases Heart attack and chronic heart disease are a sub-category of All cardiovascular deaths (See Map 9). 95% of the deaths here are due to atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries % of all deaths average age = 75.3 See also Map 89 Aortic aneurysm and Map 100 Other heart disease. male:female ratio = 54:46 As a cause of death is more specifically defined, the map of its topography becomes smoother. The neighbourhoods where rates are highest tend to be surrounded by areas with the next highest rates. These are almost all in the north, and rates peak in Scotland, particularly both in and around Glasgow, which is surrounded by a ring of slightly lower rates. Further south, in Wales, Stoke and south Yorkshire are similar rings that highlight the peaks of risk in those areas. Around these areas are found in turn neighbourhoods where rates are average, and next to them areas where you are less likely than most people to die from this most common of causes. Only a few such areas of low risk are found in the north of England, in Scotland and in Wales. Such areas are ubiquitous in the south, where the very lowest rates are found. There are rarely great differences between adjoining areas. Where there are, within the centre of London, is where very rich and very poor live almost side by side. Heart disease is a major cause of death in Britain and accounts for one quarter of all deaths over the total period studied here. Smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, obesity, low physical activity levels and diabetes are important causes of this condition. Ischaemic heart disease is when there is a build-up of plaques within the walls of the arteries that supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients. People are often not aware that they have the condition until the disease is at an advanced stage; often a sudden heart attack is the first symptom. A heart attack occurs when the blood supply to part of the heart is interrupted, often from complete blockage of an artery by broken-off plaque. The author Douglas Adams and the educationalist Ted Wragg are among the millions of people to have died of this cause. Although a heart attack is often thought to be something that happens to men, almost half of the deaths from this cause are of women (46%), although they tend to die at a slightly older age than do men. ICD-9 codes: , 429 ICD-10 codes: I20-I22, I24-I25, I51 ICD-9 ICD-9 name % of cases ICD-10 ICD-10 name % of cases Acute myocardial infarction Other forms of chronic ischaemic heart disease I21 I25.1 I25.9 Other causes in group Acute myocardial infarction Atherosclerotic heart disease Chronic ischaemic heart disease, unspecified Other causes in group 170 The Grim Reaper_text_3.9.indd /09/ :09:08

13 Individual causes of death map 84 Heart attack and chronic heart disease 171 The Grim Reaper_text_3.9.indd /09/ :09:09

14 Figure 2: Selected towns and cities Figure 1: Regions and countries of Britain The Grim Reaper s road map xii

15 the Grim Reaper s road map An atlas of mortality in Britain Online Appendix Mary Shaw, Bethan Thomas, George Davey Smith and Daniel Dorling

16 This appendix contains the locational maps of the parliamentary constituencies and neighbourhoods used throughout the atlas, together with look-up tables of neighbourhood and constituency names and numbers, and in which constituencies neighbourhoods are located. Note that constituency numbers are preceded by the letter C to enable them to be easily distinguished from neighbourhood numbers. The tables include in which town or city, if any, a neighbourhood falls. This is only done for selected towns in Britain, which are also those whose boundaries, as approximated by built up areas, are shown on each map. To locate a particular constituency or neighbourhood on the map: in the appropriate regional section, find the constituency or neighbourhood in the look-up table. Note the constituency name or neighbourhood code and then locate these on the maps. For example, to find Sheffield Central constituency, consult the Yorkshire and The Humber table. Sheffield Central (constituency C129) is composed of the two neighbourhoods Sheffield Central and Sheffield Central East, respectively neighbourhood numbers 1257 and These can then be located on the relevant maps. To find out which constituency or neighbourhood a particular place on the map is, the reverse process applies. Match the hexagon or half hexagon representing a constituency or neighbourhood to the appropriate region/country map, ascertain the constituency name or neighbourhood number, and reference from the table. The maps are arranged by regions and countries: All of Great Britain East Yorkshire and The Humber East Midlands Midlands East of England London East Scotland Wales

17 All constituencies and neighbourhoods All constituencies

18 The Grim Reaper s road map Online Appendix All constituencies and neighbourhoods All neighbourhoods

19 East East constituencies Berwick -upon -Tweed Newcastle upon Tyne Tyneside Blyth Valley Durham Tyne Bridge Bishop Auckland Durham Tynemouth Newcastle Newcastle Hexham Wansbeck upon Tyne Central upon Tyne East & Shields Wallsend Gateshead East & Jarrow Washington Houghton Sunderland Blaydon & Durham, City of Washington East Sunderland Stockton Sedgefield Darlington Easington Hartlepool Stockton Redcar Middles -brough Middlesbrough & East Cleveland 5

20 East East neighbourhoods

21 East table Neighbourhood number Neighbourhood Parliamentary constituency Constituency code Town 1267 Blaydon Blaydon C Blaydon East Blaydon C Gateshead East Gateshead East and Washington C Washington Gateshead East and Washington C Washington East Houghton and Washington East C Houghton Houghton and Washington East C Jarrow Jarrow C Jarrow Jarrow C Newcastle Fenham Newcastle upon Tyne Central C138 Newcastle 1276 Newcastle Jesmond Newcastle upon Tyne Central C138 Newcastle 1277 Newcastle East Newcastle upon Tyne East and Wallsend C139 Newcastle 1278 Wallsend Newcastle upon Tyne East and Wallsend C139 Newcastle 1279 Newcastle Newburn Newcastle upon Tyne C140 Newcastle 1280 Newcastle Dinnington Newcastle upon Tyne C140 Newcastle 1281 Longbenton Tyneside C Howdon Tyneside C Shields Shields C Shields East Shields C wick Sunderland C143 Sunderland 1286 Sunderland Central Sunderland C143 Sunderland 1287 Hylton Sunderland C144 Sunderland 1288 Sunderland Hendon Sunderland C144 Sunderland 1289 Tyne Bridge Tyne Bridge C145 Newcastle 1290 Tyne Bridge East Tyne Bridge C145 Newcastle 1291 Shields Tynemouth C Whitley Bay Tynemouth C Barnard Castle Bishop Auckland C Spennymoor Bishop Auckland C Durham City Durham, City of C Durham City Durham, City of C Darlington Darlington C Darlington East Darlington C Peterlee Easington C Seaham Easington C Hartlepool Hartlepool C Hartlepool East Hartlepool C Stanley (Durham) Durham C Chester-Le-Street Durham C Crook Durham C Consett Durham C Sedgefield Sedgefield C Sedgefield East Sedgefield C Stockton Norton Stockton C Billingham Stockton C291 7

22 East table continued Neighbourhood number Neighbourhood Parliamentary constituency Constituency code Town 1583 Eaglescliffe Stockton C Stockton Fairfield Stockton C Berwick Berwick-upon-Tweed C Berwick Berwick-upon-Tweed C Cramlington Blyth Valley C Blyth Blyth Valley C Hexham Hexham C Hexham East Hexham C Morpeth Wansbeck C Ashington Wansbeck C Middlesbrough Middlesbrough C433 Middlesbrough 1866 Middlesbrough East Middlesbrough C433 Middlesbrough 1867 East Cleveland Middlesbrough and East Cleveland C434 Middlesbrough 1868 Middlesbrough Middlesbrough and East Cleveland C434 Middlesbrough 1869 Redcar Redcar C Redcar East Redcar C435 8

23 constituencies Carlisle Penrith & The Border Workington Copeland port Knowsley & Sefton East Knowsley Crosby Bootle St Helens Liverpool Walton St Helens Blackpool Lancashire Liverpool Derby Wigan Leigh Ribble Makerfield Worsley Lancaster & Wyre Blackpool & Fleetwood Bolton Bolton East Chorley Bolton East Salford Fylde Blackburn Bury Preston Bury Barrow & Furness Morecambe & Lunesdale Ribble Valley Rossen -dale & Darwen Hyndburn Manchester Blackley morland & Lonsdale Manchester Ashton Central under Lyne Pendle Rochdale Heywood & Middleton Burnley Oldham & Royton Oldham East & Saddleworth Wallasey Birkenhead Wirral Wirral Liverpool Riverside Liverpool Garston Liverpool Wavertree Halton Stretford & Urmston Eccles Manchester Gorton Stockport Altrincham & Sale Manchester Cheadle Withington Wythenshawe & Warrington Warrington Sale East Denton & Reddish Hazel Grove Stalybridge & Hyde Ellesmere Port & Neston Eddisbury Weaver Vale Tatton Maccles -field Chester, City of Congleton Crewe & Nantwich 9

24 10 The Grim Reaper s road map Online Appendix neighbourhoods

25 table Neighbourhood number Neighbourhood Parliamentary constituency Constituency code Town 1149 Altrincham Altrincham and Sale C Sale Altrincham and Sale C Ashton Ashton under Lyne C Ashton East Ashton under Lyne C Bradshaw Bolton East C77 Bolton 1154 Bolton Central Bolton East C77 Bolton 1155 Bolton Daubhill Bolton East C78 Bolton 1156 Little Lever Bolton East C78 Bolton 1157 Horwich Bolton C79 Bolton 1158 Deane-Cum-Heaton Bolton C79 Bolton 1159 Tottington Bury C Bury Central Bury C Radcliffe Bury C Prestwich Bury C Cheadle Hulme Cheadle C Bramhall Cheadle C Reddish Denton and Reddish C Denton Denton and Reddish C Irlam Eccles C Swinton Eccles C Romiley Hazel Grove C Marple Hazel Grove C Middleton Heywood and Middleton C Heywood Heywood and Middleton C Leigh Leigh C Leigh Leigh C Makerfield Makerfield C Makerfield East Makerfield C Blackley Manchester Blackley C89 Manchester 1178 Blackley Manchester Blackley C89 Manchester 1179 Moss Side Manchester Central C90 Manchester 1180 Ardwick Manchester Central C90 Manchester 1181 Gorton Manchester Gorton C91 Manchester 1182 Gorton East Manchester Gorton C91 Manchester 1183 Didsbury Manchester Withington C92 Manchester 1184 Burnage Manchester Withington C92 Manchester 1185 Oldham East Oldham East and Saddleworth C Saddleworth Oldham East and Saddleworth C Royton Oldham and Royton C Oldham Oldham and Royton C Rochdale Rochdale C Rochdale Rochdale C Salford Salford C Salford East Salford C Hyde Stalybridge and Hyde C Stalybridge Stalybridge and Hyde C

26 table continued Neighbourhood number Neighbourhood Parliamentary constituency Constituency code Town 1195 Stockport Stockport C Stockport East Stockport C Urmston Stretford and Urmston C Stretford Stretford and Urmston C Wigan Wigan C Wigan Wigan C Tyldesley Worsley C Walkden Worsley C Sale East Wythenshawe and Sale East C102 Manchester 1204 Wythenshawe Wythenshawe and Sale East C102 Manchester 1205 Birkenhead - Birkenhead C Birkenhead -East Birkenhead C Bootle Bootle C Bootle East Bootle C Crosby Crosby C Crosby Crosby C Sefton East Knowsley and Sefton East C Knowsley Knowsley and Sefton East C Huyton Knowsley C Halewood Knowsley C Garston Liverpool Garston C108 Liverpool 1216 Garston Liverpool Garston C108 Liverpool 1217 Liverpool Riverside Liverpool Riverside C109 Liverpool 1218 Liverpool Riverside Liverpool Riverside C109 Liverpool 1219 Walton Liverpool Walton C110 Liverpool 1220 Walton Liverpool Walton C110 Liverpool 1221 Wavertree Liverpool Wavertree C111 Liverpool 1222 Wavertree East Liverpool Wavertree C111 Liverpool 1223 Derby Liverpool Derby C112 Liverpool 1224 Derby East Liverpool Derby C112 Liverpool 1225 Rainford St Helens C Newton-Le-Willows St Helens C St Helens Eccleston St Helens C St Helens Sutton St Helens C port port C port East port C Wallasey Wallasey C Wallasey East Wallasey C Bebington Wirral C Wirral Bromborough Wirral C Hoylake Wirral C Wirral Upton Wirral C Chester Chester, City of C Chester Chester, City of C Congleton Congleton C Congleton Congleton C233 12

27 table continued Neighbourhood number Neighbourhood Parliamentary constituency Constituency code Town 1467 Crewe Urban Crewe and Nantwich C Crewe Rural Crewe and Nantwich C Winsford Rural Eddisbury C Winsford Urban Eddisbury C Ellesmere Port Ellesmere Port and Neston C Ellesmere Port East Ellesmere Port and Neston C Runcorn Halton C Widnes Halton C Macclesfield Urban Macclesfield C Macclesfield Rural Macclesfield C Knutsford Tatton C Wilmslow Tatton C Warrington Orford Warrington C Culcheth Warrington C Warrington Latchford Warrington C Lymm Warrington C Weaver Vale Weaver Vale C Weaver Vale Weaver Vale C Barrow-in-Furness Barrow and Furness C Ulverston Barrow and Furness C Carlisle Carlisle C Carlisle East Carlisle C Whitehaven Copeland C Copeland Rural Copeland C Penrith Urban Penrith and The Border C Penrith Rural Penrith and The Border C morland Rural morland and Lonsdale C morland Urban morland and Lonsdale C Workington Workington C Workington East Workington C Blackburn Blackburn C Blackburn East Blackburn C Blackpool Blackpool and Fleetwood C379 Blackpool 1758 Fleetwood Blackpool and Fleetwood C379 Blackpool 1759 Blackpool Marton Blackpool C380 Blackpool 1760 Blackpool Shore Blackpool C380 Blackpool 1761 Burnley Burnley C Burnley East Burnley C Chorley Rural Chorley C Chorley Urban Chorley C Lytham St Anne s Fylde C Kirkham Fylde C Great Harwood Hyndburn C Accrington Hyndburn C

28 table continued Neighbourhood number Neighbourhood Parliamentary constituency Constituency code Town 1769 Poulton-le-Fylde Lancaster and Wyre C Lancaster Lancaster and Wyre C Morecambe Morecambe and Lunesdale C Carnforth Morecambe and Lunesdale C Barnoldswick Pendle C Nelson Pendle C Preston - Preston C Preston East Preston C Preston Ribble Valley C Clitheroe Ribble Valley C Darwen Rossendale and Darwen C Rawtenstall Rossendale and Darwen C Preston Middleforth Ribble C Leyland Ribble C Ormskirk Lancashire C Skelmersdale Lancashire C392 14

29 Yorkshire and The Humber Yorkshire and The Humber constituencies Skipton & Ripon Keighley Harrogate & Knares -borough Pudsey Shipley Halifax Leeds Bradford Calder Valley Leeds Leeds Central Bradford Colne Valley Vale of York Leeds East Bradford Hudders -field Sheffield Hallam York, City of Morley & Rothwell Batley & Spen Richmond (Yorks) Leeds East Ryedale Elmet Selby East Yorkshire Kingston Beverley upon Hull Doncaster Wakefield Normanton & Holderness & Hessle Hems -worth Dewsbury Sheffield Brightside Sheffield Hills -borough Sheffield Heeley Sheffield Central Scar -borough & Whitby Pontefract Doncaster & Central Castleford Rother Valley Barnsley & Penistone Sheffield Attercliffe Rother -ham Barnsley Central Don Valley Barnsley East & Scunthorpe Clee -thorpes Mexborough Wentworth Kingston upon Hull Haltem -price & Howden Brigg & Goole Kingston upon Hull East Great Grimsby 15 15

30 Yorkshire and The Humber Yorkshire and The Humber neighbourhoods

31 Yorkshire and The Humber table Neighbourhood number Neighbourhood Parliamentary constituency Constituency code Town 1237 Barnsley Ardsley Barnsley Central C Barnsley Cudworth Barnsley Central C Barnsley East Barnsley East and Mexborough C Mexborough Barnsley East and Mexborough C Penistone Barnsley and Penistone C Barnsley Barnsley and Penistone C Doncaster Town Doncaster Central C Doncaster Armthorpe Doncaster Central C Doncaster Adwick Doncaster C Doncaster Stainforth Doncaster C Don Valley Don Valley C Don Valley East Don Valley C Anston Rother Valley C Maltby Rother Valley C Rotherham Rotherham C Rotherham East Rotherham C Darnall Sheffield Attercliffe C127 Sheffield 1254 Mosborough Sheffield Attercliffe C127 Sheffield 1255 Owlerton Sheffield Brightside C128 Sheffield 1256 Firth Park Sheffield Brightside C128 Sheffield 1257 Sheffield City Sheffield Central C129 Sheffield 1258 Sheffield City East Sheffield Central C129 Sheffield 1259 Hallam Moors Sheffield Hallam C130 Sheffield 1260 Ecclesall Sheffield Hallam C130 Sheffield 1261 Norton Sheffield Heeley C131 Sheffield 1262 Intake Sheffield Heeley C131 Sheffield 1263 Stocksbridge Sheffield Hillsborough C132 Sheffield 1264 Walkley Sheffield Hillsborough C132 Sheffield 1265 Wentworth Wentworth C Wentworth East Wentworth C Spen Batley and Spen C Batley Batley and Spen C Undercliffe Bradford C177 Bradford 1354 Eccleshill Bradford C177 Bradford 1355 Queensbury (Bradford) Bradford C178 Bradford 1356 Tong Bradford C178 Bradford 1357 Thornton Bradford C179 Bradford 1358 Bradford University Bradford C179 Bradford 1359 Todmorden Calder Valley C Brighouse Calder Valley C Marsden Colne Valley C Holme Valley Colne Valley C Dewsbury Dewsbury C Dewsbury East Dewsbury C Garforth Elmet C183 Leeds 1366 Wetherby Elmet C183 Leeds 17 17

32 Yorkshire and The Humber table continued Neighbourhood number Neighbourhood Parliamentary constituency Constituency code Town 1367 Halifax Halifax C Halifax Halifax C Featherstone Hemsworth C Elmsall Hemsworth C Huddersfield Huddersfield C Huddersfield Huddersfield C Keighley Keighley C187 Bradford 1374 Keighley Keighley C187 Bradford 1375 Leeds City Leeds Central C188 Leeds 1376 Hunslet Leeds Central C188 Leeds 1377 Harehills Leeds East C189 Leeds 1378 Halton Leeds East C189 Leeds 1379 Chapel Allerton Leeds East C190 Leeds 1380 Roundhay Leeds East C190 Leeds 1381 Otley Leeds C191 Leeds 1382 Headingley Leeds C191 Leeds 1383 Kirkstall Leeds C192 Leeds 1384 Armley Leeds C192 Leeds 1385 Morley Morley and Rothwell C193 Leeds 1386 Rothwell Morley and Rothwell C193 Leeds 1387 Ossett Normanton C Stanley (Yorkshire) Normanton C Castleford Pontefract and Castleford C Pontefract Pontefract and Castleford C Pudsey Pudsey C196 Leeds 1392 Pudsey Pudsey C196 Leeds 1393 Bingley Shipley C197 Bradford 1394 Baildon Shipley C197 Bradford 1395 Denby Dale Wakefield C Wakefield Central Wakefield C Beverley Beverley and Holderness C Humberside Coast Beverley and Holderness C East Yorkshire Rural East Yorkshire C East Yorkshire Coast East Yorkshire C Howden Haltemprice and Howden C Cottingham Haltemprice and Howden C Sutton-On-Hull Kingston upon Hull East C296 Hull 1592 Hull Marfleet Kingston upon Hull East C296 Hull 1593 Hull University Kingston upon Hull C297 Hull 1594 Hull Bransholme Kingston upon Hull C297 Hull 1595 Hessle Kingston upon Hull and Hessle C298 Hull 1596 Hull Kingston upon Hull and Hessle C298 Hull 1805 Goole Brigg and Goole C Brigg Brigg and Goole C Cleethorpes Cleethorpes C Cleethorpes East Cleethorpes C404 18

33 Yorkshire and The Humber table continued Neighbourhood number Neighbourhood Parliamentary constituency Constituency code Town 1813 Grimsby Great Grimsby C Grimsby Great Grimsby C Scunthorpe Scunthorpe C Scunthorpe Scunthorpe C York City York, City of C York City East York, City of C Harrogate Harrogate and Knaresborough C Knaresborough Harrogate and Knaresborough C Richmond (Yorks) East Richmond (Yorks) C Richmond (Yorks) Richmond (Yorks) C Rydale York Ryedale C Rydale Rural Ryedale C Scarborough Rural Scarborough and Whitby C Scarborough Urban Scarborough and Whitby C Selby Selby C Selby Selby C Skipton Skipton and Ripon C Ripon Skipton and Ripon C Vale of York Rural Vale of York C Vale of York Urban Vale of York C

34 East Midlands East Midlands constituencies East Derby -shire Chester -field Nottingham Nottingham East Derby -shire Amber Valley High Peak Bolsover Mansfield Sherwood Newark Bassetlaw Erewash Derby -shire Broxtowe Blaby Derby Kettering Ashfield Derby Har -borough Welling -borough Lough Leicester -borough -shire Rutland & Melton Bosworth Charnwood Corby Grantham & Stamford Rushcliffe Gedling Leicester East Leicester Holland & The Deepings Nottingham Louth & Horncastle Leicester Boston & Skegness Gains -borough Lincoln Sleaford & Hykeham ampton ampton Daventry 20

35 East Midlands East Midlands neighbourhoods

36 East Midlands table Neighbourhood number Neighbourhood Parliamentary constituency Constituency code Town 1507 Amber Valley Amber Valley C Amber Valley East Amber Valley C Clowne Bolsover C Shirebrook Bolsover C Chesterfield Chesterfield C Chesterfield East Chesterfield C Allestree Derby C257 Derby 1514 Chaddesden Derby C257 Derby 1515 Mickleover Derby C258 Derby 1516 Alvaston Derby C258 Derby 1517 Ilkeston Erewash C Long Eaton Erewash C Glossop High Peak C Buxton High Peak C Dronfield East Derbyshire C Clay Cross East Derbyshire C Swadlincote Derbyshire C Repton Derbyshire C Belper Derbyshire C Matlock Derbyshire C Lutterworth Blaby C Narborough Blaby C Bosworth Bosworth C Bosworth East Bosworth C Charnwood Charnwood C Charnwood East Charnwood C Wigston Harborough C Market Harborough Harborough C Belgrave Leicester East C397 Leicester 1794 Evington Leicester East C397 Leicester 1795 Aylestone Leicester C398 Leicester 1796 Knighton Leicester C398 Leicester 1797 Braunstone Leicester C399 Leicester 1798 Beaumont Leys Leicester C399 Leicester 1799 Loughborough Loughborough C Loughborough East Loughborough C Ashby de la Zouch Leicestershire C Castle Donington Leicestershire C Boston Boston and Skegness C Skegness Boston and Skegness C Gainsborough Gainsborough C Gainsborough East Gainsborough C Grantham Grantham and Stamford C Stamford Grantham and Stamford C Lincoln Lincoln C Lincoln Lincoln C408 22

37 East Midlands table continued Neighbourhood number Neighbourhood Parliamentary constituency Constituency code Town 1817 Louth Louth and Horncastle C Louth East Louth and Horncastle C Sleaford Sleaford and Hykeham C Sleaford East Sleaford and Hykeham C Spalding Holland and The Deepings C Spalding East Holland and The Deepings C Corby Rural Corby C Corby Urban Corby C Daventry Daventry C Daventry Daventry C Kettering Rural Kettering C Kettering Urban Kettering C ampton - ampton C ampton -East ampton C ampton Duston ampton C Roade ampton C Wellingborough Wellingborough C Wellingborough East Wellingborough C Eastwood Ashfield C Sutton in Ashfield Ashfield C Bassetlaw Bassetlaw C Bassetlaw East Bassetlaw C Kimberley Broxtowe C Beeston Broxtowe C Gedling Gedling C Gedling Gedling C Mansfield Mansfield C Mansfield Mansfield C Newark Newark C Newark Newark C Nottingham New Basford Nottingham East C448 Nottingham 1896 Nottingham Sherwood Nottingham East C448 Nottingham 1897 Nottingham Bilborough Nottingham C449 Nottingham 1898 Nottingham Bulwell Nottingham C449 Nottingham 1899 Nottingham Clifton Nottingham C450 Nottingham 1900 Nottingham Lenton Nottingham C450 Nottingham 1901 Nottingham Bridgford Rushcliffe C Nottingham Bingham Rushcliffe C Hucknall Sherwood C Sherwood East Sherwood C Melton Mowbray Rutland and Melton C Rutland Rutland and Melton C

38 Midlands Midlands constituencies Shropshire Telford Ludlow Wrekin, The Shrewsbury & Atcham Stoke-on -Trent Central Stafford -shire Leominster Wyre Forest Dudley Stour -bridge Stafford Newcastle -under -Lyme Stoke-on -Trent Stoke-on -Trent Dudley Birming -ham field Stone Wolver -hampton East Wolver -hampton Bromwich Halesowen & Rowley Regis Warley Walsall Wolver -hampton East Walsall Bromwich East Birming -ham Selly Oak Stafford -shire Moorlands Birming -ham Edgbaston Solihull Burton Aldridge - Brownhills Meriden Cannock Chase Sutton Coldfield Coventry Coventry Lichfield Birming Birmingham Tamworth -ham Perry Barr Erdington Birming -ham Ladywood Birmingham Birming Sparkbrook -ham & Small Yardley Heath Birming -ham Hall Green Birming -ham Hodge Hill Coventry East Warwick -shire Nuneaton Rugby & Kenilworth Warwick & Leamington Hereford Worcester Worcester -shire Broms -grove Mid Worcester -shire Redditch Stratford -on-avon 24

39 Midlands Midlands neighbourhoods

40 Midlands table Neighbourhood number Neighbourhood Parliamentary constituency Constituency code Town 1293 Brownhills Aldridge Brownhills C Aldridge Aldridge Brownhills C Edgbaston Birmingham Edgbaston C148 Birmingham 1296 Edgbaston East Birmingham Edgbaston C148 Birmingham 1297 Erdington Birmingham Erdington C149 Birmingham 1298 Erdington East Birmingham Erdington C149 Birmingham 1299 Hall Green Birmingham Hall Green C150 Birmingham 1300 Hall Green East Birmingham Hall Green C150 Birmingham 1301 Hodge Hill Birmingham Hodge Hill C151 Birmingham 1302 Hodge Hill East Birmingham Hodge Hill C151 Birmingham 1303 Ladywood Birmingham Ladywood C152 Birmingham 1304 Ladywood East Birmingham Ladywood C152 Birmingham 1305 Longbridge Birmingham field C153 Birmingham 1306 field Birmingham field C153 Birmingham 1307 Handsworth Birmingham Perry Barr C154 Birmingham 1308 Oscott Birmingham Perry Barr C154 Birmingham 1309 Bournville Birmingham Selly Oak C155 Birmingham 1310 Moseley Birmingham Selly Oak C155 Birmingham 1311 Fox Hollies Birmingham Sparkbrook and Small Heath C156 Birmingham 1312 Sparkbrook Birmingham Sparkbrook and Small Heath C156 Birmingham 1313 Yardley Birmingham Yardley C157 Birmingham 1314 Yardley East Birmingham Yardley C157 Birmingham 1315 Coventry Longford Coventry East C158 Coventry 1316 Coventry Wyken Coventry East C158 Coventry 1317 Coventry Allesley Coventry C159 Coventry 1318 Coventry Radford Coventry C159 Coventry 1319 Coventry Earlsdon Coventry C160 Coventry 1320 Coventry Cheylesmore Coventry C160 Coventry 1321 Gornal Dudley C Dudley Castle Dudley C Kingswinford Dudley C Brierley Hill Dudley C Halesowen Halesowen and Rowley Regis C Rowley Halesowen and Rowley Regis C Meriden Meriden C Meriden Meriden C Solihull Solihull C Solihull East Solihull C Stourbridge Stourbridge C Stourbridge Stourbridge C Sutton Sutton Coldfield C167 Birmingham 1334 Sutton East Sutton Coldfield C167 Birmingham 1335 Willenhall Walsall C Bloxwich Walsall C168 26

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