The Role of Hydrogen Technology as a Clean, Zero Emission Alternative for Solar/Wind Energy Storage, Vehicle/Generator Fuel, and Local Emergency Power

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1 The Role of Hydrogen Technology as a Clean, Zero Emission Alternative for Solar/Wind Energy Storage, Vehicle/Generator Fuel, and Local Emergency Power PRESENTED BY: Thomas G. Lewis, P.E., J.D Louis Berger/General Motors Strategic Alliance Senior VP Envir. Engineering, Louis Berger Group, Inc. tlewis@louisberger.com June 2011 Source:

2 Key Drivers and Issues -Generally: Renewable Energy Drivers: Currently driven largely by the green movement and/or incentives/mandates. Comparative Cost of RenewablesvsNon-Renewables: Technology has greatly advanced in recent years, including in China. Full cost equality is only a handful of years away. Role of Storage and/or Transmission Technology: Since wind and solar source is not constant and may at times produce more than you need for power, storage technology and/or transmission to the grid can be critical. Role for Energy Security and Contingency Power: Providing power for critical missions/situations... Even in remote areas. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology/Vehicles: Can be synergistic with solar, wind, hydro power, etc. Addresses storage, emergency power and security needs as well as providing vehicular transportation. Infrastructure needs are critical.

3 Key Green Development Drivers in China Urban Population Growth Degraded Air Quality Petroleum Import Constraints Vehicle Technology/ Industry and Roadway Infrastructure Growth Green Development!

4 Comparison of Renewables(cost, etc) Method Cents/kW-h Limitations and Externalities Wind Currently supplies approximately 1.4% of the global electricity demand. Wind is considered to be about 30% reliable. Geothermal Currently supplies approximately 0.23% of the global electricity demand. Geothermal is considered 90-95% reliable Cents/kW-h Cents/kW-h Wind is currently the only cost-effective alternative energy method, but has a number of problems. Wind farms are highly subject to lightning strikes, have high mechanical fatigue failure, are limited in size by hub stress, do not function well, if at all, under conditions of heavy rain, icing conditions or very cold climates, and are noisy and cannot be insulated for sound reduction due to their size and subsequent loss of wind velocity and power. New low temperature conversion of heat to electricity is likely to make geothermal substantially more plausible (more shallow drilling possible) and less expensive. Generally, the bigger the plant, the less the cost and cost also depends upon the depth to be drilled and the temperature at the depth. The higher the temperature, the lower the cost per kwh. Cost may also be affect by where the drilling is to take place as concerns distance from the grid and another factor may be the permeability of the rock. Hydro Currently supplies around 19.9% of the global electricity demand. Hydro is considered to be 60% reliable. Solar Currently supplies approximately 0.8% of the global electricity demand Cents/kW-h Cents/kW-h Hydro is currently the only source of renewable energy making substantive contributions to global energy demand. Hydro plants, however, can (obviously) only be built in a limited number of places, and can significantly damage aquatic ecosystems. Solar power has been expensive, but soon is expected to drop to as low as 3.5 cents/kw-h. Once the silicon shortage is remedied through artificial silicon, a solar energy revolution is expected.

5 Emerging Options for Compact/Mobile Waste/Biomass to H2 Gas and Power Example of Compact Compact gasification units (NOT incinerators) that can convert energy stored in wastes and/or other biomass into gas, heat, and/or direct electrical energy (local power generator): Inner chamber of the gasifieris heated to 2,000 F (1,100 C) without access to oxygen. Pre-processed (crushed, pelletized and dried biomass) feedstock Small amount of outside fuel for heating during start-up. High-temperature, anaerobic environment creates System: thermochemical conversion. BME Systems Waste Gasifier Material break-down into mixture of environmentally safe gases called syngas -which includes abundant amounts of hydrogen. Only other byproduct is a small quantity of ash, which has beneficial use.

6 Comparison to Conventional Power Generation (and their hidden cost): Coal, Oil and Gas typically cost 4 to 6 cents/kw-h, Nuclear costs 11 to 15 cents/kw-h But Natural Resources Defense Council: Unlike the coal, oil and nuclear industries, solar and wind power have no hidden costs -- environmental and public health costs are not subsidized for solar and wind generation...

7 Renewables: The storage problem How do you economically store the energy generated or transmit it from remote sites to the grid? Intermittent production Sun does not always shine Wind does not always blow Energy there when NOT needed Energy NOT there when needed

8 Plug-in Electric Vehicles: The grid problem What would happen if a large number of people in any one place owned plug-in electric vehicles? Power transmission and distribution grid in most places are already undersized and aging for the current and future power needs Brown-outs and black-outs will more frequently occur during peak demand

9 Hydrogen: A Green Development Solution Abundantly available, H2O + Electricity = Hydrogen Hydrogen powered vehicles (HPVs) Green fuel Also can be backup generator ( microgrid power) JUST PLUG IT IN HPVs as generators Security: can be contained entirely within a secure installation (plant, government facility, etc.)

10 Conceptual Integration of Renewable Energy & Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Transportation Wind INPUT Wind Turbines PRODUCTION STORAGE DISTRIBUTION Electrolyzer Underground H 2 Storage Fuel Station Micro- Grid H 2 Off-Base Grid H 2 H 2 Fuel Cell Bank HPV HPV in EPTO mode Facilities

11 Hydrogen as Vehicle Fuel Is it Dangerous? Only One Known Incident (Rochester NY): August two Praxair tanks exploded, injuring two people, but no environmental impacts. The Hindenberg Fallacy: Famous 1937 lightning strike and disaster in NJ - blamed on H2 gas. Fireball actually more likely the result of chemicals used on skin for waterproofing (NASA Study). Much Safer for Humans and the Environment Compared to Gasoline/Diesel

12 Hydrogen Vehicles The biggest problem? Countries, regional/municpalgovernments and/or the private sector need to find a way to get hydrogen fueling infrastructure in place by 2015 when fuel cell vehicles will be in production and widely available A Green Development challenge!

13 Hydrogen Vehicles Currently Many Models Under Development/Demonstration GM: Cadillac Provoq; Chevy Equinox FC; Chevy Volt FC; Electrovan; H2H Hummer SUT; Hy-wire Concept; HydroGen Minivan; GM Sequel Concept Ford: Airstream Concept; Explorer Fuel Cell; Flexible Series Edge; Focus FCV; Model U; Super Chief Truck Honda: FCX; FCX Clarity; Puyo Hyundai: Blue2; I-Blue; Tucson FCEV Mercedes: B-Class FCell; BlueZero FCell; F600 Hygenius Toyota: FCHV SUV; Fine-T (Fine-X) Volkswagen: HyMotion; Tiguan; Passat Lingyu FCV; Space Up Blue And over 10 other companies

14 Hydrogen Fueling and Highway Programs Many Government Inititatives in Development Hawaii Hydrogen Fueling Infrastructure Development An ongoing collaborative project that includes GM, LouisBerger,Aloha Petroleum, US Military,State of Hawaii Many Others: Sunhydro US H2 Fueling Network (see cover photos) BC Canada H2 Hwy CA USA Hydrogen Hwy Denmark Hydrogen Link EU Hydrogen Hwy Hydrogen Sweden Japan Hydrogen Hwy Norway HyNor Project Scandinavian Hydrogen Highway South Korea Hydrogen Highway UK Hydrogen Highway

15 Modern Hydrogen Fuel Stations Meeting Customer Expectations - Affordability Washington D.C. Munich, Germany (Linde) Berlin, Germany (Total) UC Irvine

16 Current Status of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology at General Motors (GM) Zero Emissions, Zero Petroleum, 2X Efficiency Fuel Cell Benefits: Zero emissions & Zero petroleum Compared to internal combustion engine: More than twice as efficient Comparable precious metal content Comparable durability, range (300 miles) and performance Fast refueling within 3 minutes 60% fewer part numbers 90% fewer moving parts Cold and hot operation capability Family-sized vehicles Synergy with renewable energy sources

17 Cut-Away View of GM Fuel Cell Vehicle

18 GM Project Driveway HPV Deployment Real World Experience 1.7 Million Miles on a Fleet of 100 Vehicles

19 Automotive Competitive Cost Glide Path

20 EPTO External Power Take Off Battery Pack Front Electric Moto or Fuel Cell System Capability 25 kw continuous power/50 kw peak power 120 or 240 volts AC output Quiet and low heat signature Water production GM Confidential 20

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