ORGANISM ENERGY TRANSFERS

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1 reflect Think about a time that you felt hungry. Maybe your stomach grumbled and your body felt a little weak. Humans cannot survive much longer than 40 days without food. During a 40-day period, they would become weak, sluggish, and thin without food. They might experience hair loss, hallucinations, swollen hands and feet, stomach pain, fainting, and worse as a result. There is no question that food is vital to all organisms for survival, but how does food become useful to the body once it is eaten? Food as an Energy Source If you have ever skipped a meal, you know that you can easily become weak and tired from the lack of food. This is because food is the body s fuel. The nutrients found in food provide cells in the body with energy. Cells use this energy to perform important life functions, like building new cells and repairing damaged cells. The energy held in food is called chemical energy. It is a form of potential energy held within chemical bonds between atoms. When the chemical energy in food is transferred to cells in the body, the energy can be transformed into energy used by the body to do many things like run, ride a bike, do the dishes, pump the heart, and keep the body warm. There is chemical energy in the bonds of food molecules. It is released when the bonds are broken. Cells cannot take nutrients directly from meat or vegetables as soon as food enters potential energy: the mouth. The body must undergo a stored energy complex process to break food down into small molecules of food that the body is able to absorb and use. This complex process is called digestion. The pink-shaded structures in the diagram show the path through which food travels in the digestive system: mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small intestines. 1

2 In humans, the fi rst step in digestion is chewing. Teeth and saliva in the mouth begin to break down food into small pieces. Mechanical digestion occurs when the teeth physically break down the food. Chemical digestion occurs when substances in saliva chemically break down the food. From the mouth, food travels through the esophagus to the stomach where more chemical digestion takes place. Strong esophagus: a tube that chemicals break food down even further into individual moves food from the molecules, like proteins and fats. From the stomach, the food mouth to the stomach molecules move into the small intestine. This is where much of the chemical energy from food is absorbed into your body for use by the cells. look out! Animals, including humans, get chemical energy from plants. Even when animals eat meat, the chemical energy held in the meat came from the food that the animal ate. For example, cows get their energy by eating grass. When a person eats steak, the chemical energy from the steak first came from grass eaten by the cow. All food originates with a plant. But where do plants get their energy? From the Sun, of course! Plants transform, or change, energy from sunlight (solar energy) into chemical energy through photosynthesis. photosynthesis: the process by which plants (and some other organisms) use sunlight to make food from carbon dioxide and water what do you think? The source of energy in most food chains on Earth begins with the Sun. Write the names of the missing organisms to show how energy moves through the food chain, finishing with the girl eating a beef hamburger. Transforming Chemical Energy to Mechanical and Thermal Energy The chemical energy stored in food is a type of potential energy. Therefore, it can be transformed into kinetic energy. This transformation happens during chemical reactions that take place when the body digests food. Recall that during digestion, large food particles are broken down into small individual molecules like proteins and fats. These molecules may be moved through the intestinal lining into the bloodstream. kinetic energy: energy of motion 2

3 Once the molecules have moved into the bloodstream, the chemical energy in food is transformed into thermal energy. Thermal energy is used to keep the body warm and maintain a normal body temperature of about 98.6 F (37 C.) Chemical energy from food molecules (potential energy) may also be transformed to mechanical energy (kinetic energy) when the body moves. In every energy transformation, some energy is given off as heat. This is why the body warms up during different activities like exercising, lifting weights, and even digestion! thermal energy: total kinetic energy within the particles of a substance mechanical energy: energy an object has because of its motion (or position) what do you think? How will the girl use energy from the food she is eating? Draw the next step of energy transformation from the chemical energy in the girl s hamburger to the mechanical energy of movement. Be creative! Looking to the Future: Food as Fuel for More than Just Bodies Every day, animals transform the chemical energy held in food into mechanical and thermal energy. In recent years, scientists have begun to apply this process to nonliving objects that run on fuel such as cars, trains, and buses. They have developed a fuel source known as biofuels, which are fuels made from living organisms like plants and algae. The use of biofuels has many important benefits. They are generally cleaner to burn than other fuels like gasoline, which means they don t release as many harmful gases such as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Biofuels are also renewable. They are often made of corn. These crops yield high amounts and can be replanted each year. renewable: able to be replaced 3

4 A large American chemical company recently announced that it plans to build a factory to produce biofuel in Iowa over the next few years. The factory will use corn stover, the stalks and leaves not used for animal feed, to generate a specific biofuel called cellulosic ethanol. The factory will be one of the first of its kind, but hopefully it will be the fi rst of many to come. What do you know? Organisms undergo energy transformations so that they can obtain necessary energy from food. The boxes below describe how the body transforms food into usable energy. Fill in the missing blanks in each box describing how energy is transformed in organisms. Then, number the boxes in the correct order that they would occur. Write the number at the end of each description inside the box. In an animal s body, chemical energy from food is changed into, which is used to keep the body warm. The body also transforms chemical energy into for activities involving movement. Energy from the sun is transformed into in plants through photosynthesis. Organisms eat plants, and energy is passed from plants to an animal through a. 4

5 connecting with your child Energy Transformations Within You To help students learn more about how food is used as fuel through energy transformations, encourage them to keep a food diary of their daily meals. Have students pay attention to the foods they eat at each meal, focusing on which types of foods will provide them with lots of energy and which will make them feel lethargic. Teach students to read food labels and explain that in nutritional contexts, calories represent how much energy a food item contains. Let them know that a teen burns about 175 calories in 30 minutes of bike riding. Food that is not used for energy gets stored in the body as fat. Ask students how they can use this information when reading food labels. Here are some questions to discuss with students: What foods provide the most energy to the body? Does the body use all the chemical energy it is provided? What happens to the energy not used? Why do organisms have to eat on a regular basis? How are thermal energy and mechanical energy related? Then, have students research the diets that professional athletes follow when they are training for sports. Suggestions include Olympic swimmers and marathon runners. Ask students to draw correlations between the types of foods they eat during regular training and the types they eat just before a big competition. What does this say about the chemical energy held in foods high in carbohydrates? 5

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