KATEDRA MATERIÁLOVÉHO INŽENÝRSTVÍ A CHEMIE. 123MAEN basic materials properties
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1 KATEDRA MATERIÁLOVÉHO INŽENÝRSTVÍ A CHEMIE 123MAEN basic materials properties
2 Porosity very important quantity - especially for insulating materials. Higher porosity (can be 90% and more) better insulating properties ρ v is bulk density [kg m -3 ] ρ mat is matrix density [kg m -3 ] How to measure bulk density gravimetric method, pycnometry. How to measure matrix density vacuum saturation method, pycnometry.
3 GRAVIMETRIC METHOD Simple measurement method Measurement of dry sample mass Measurement of sample volume In case of random sample shape, determination of volume can be problematic other methods can be used e.g. pycnometry
4 ARCHIMEDES WEIGHT MEASUREMENT m v mass of sample saturated by water m a mass of sample measured in water ρ l liquid density
5 VACUUM SATURATION METHOD Determination of saturation moisture content and matrix density Weightm s = m d, m v, m a Determination of volume V = m v m a ρ l Saturation moisture contentw c [m 3 ] w c = ρ ψ 0 v Matrix density = m v m V s [kg m -3 ] ρ mat m = d V 1 Ψ 0 ( ) [kg m -3 ] - ψ 0 open porosity of material
6 PYCNOMETRY density of materials Volume measurement is replaced by measurement of mass. Pycnometer Vessel with a given volume (tap with cappilary). ρ l density of liquid [kg m -3 ] m 1 mass of dry specimen [kg] m 2 mass of pycnometer with specimen and liquid [kg] m 3 mass of pycnometer with liquid [kg] m k mass of liquid [kg] Pycnometer mass is always measured with the tap.
7 Modern helium pycnometer Helium atom is very small it can fulfill small pores. Dry specimen is moved into the vessel. Second vessel is fulfilled by helium. Then it is pumped over to the vessel with specimen. By changes of volumes and pressures, the density of specimen is calculated.
8 Distribution of pores in materials Porosity doesn t give all the necessary information about porous structure. There is a need to know amounts of pores of a given diameter. It can be used mercury porosimetry or gas porosimetry nitrogen, helium. Output several types of curves - cumulative curve - distribution curve - frequency curve
9 Liquid behaviour in capillaries a) Capillary elevation b) Ideal liquid c) Capillary depression Mercury embodies a capillary depression. It is necessary to use an external pressure to move the mercury into the pores of a given diameter. Constants at a given temperature and pressure (laboratory conditions): Surface tension of mercury 0,48 N m -1 Wetting angle of silicatesθ = 130 radius [m] > pressure [Pa] > r = 2γ cos p Θ
10 Mercury porosimeter PASCAL 140 a 440
11 Mercury porosimetry measurement 1) Evacuation of dry specimens. Pores are empty. 1) Filling up of a vessel by mercury. Small amount of mercury is moved to the biggest pores by hydrostatic pressure. 1) Increase of external pressure smaller pores are filled by mercury) Small pressure (0,003 0,13 MPa) radius 4µm 100 µm. High pressure (0, MPa) radius 3 nm 4 µm.
12 Pore distribution curve Cumulative curve gives information about a measurement process. Pressure is increasing in steps, volume of mercury inside the specimen is increasing. You can read the graph from the right side to the left side. Y axis amount of mercury inside the specimen cm 3 g -1 (cm 3 ) X axis pores diameter (radius) (µm, mm, m) Distribution curve gives information about the significant pores diameters (radii). You can see peaks in the graph and this information can tell you something about behaviour of water/salt solution inside the porous body. Some pores (with a given diameter) can transport water by capillary forces, smaller or bigger pores cannot. You can decide how will material behave in dry/wet cycles. Y axis amount of mercury inside the specimen cm 3 g -1 (or cm 3 ) X axis pores diameter (radius) (µm, mm, m)
13 Cement paste small pores that appears after a cement hydration Cumulative curve > Distribution curve 35,00 30,00 DV/log(Dd) [cm 3 g -1 ] 25,00 20,00 15,00 10,00 5,00 0,00 0,001 0,010 0,100 1,000 10, , ,000 Průměr pórů [µm]
14 Renovation plaster big pores that can accumulate a significant amount of salts. Cumulative curve > Distribution curve
15 Brick Cumulative curve > Distribution curve 90,00 80,00 70,00 DV/log(Dd) [cm 3 g -1 ] 60,00 50,00 40,00 30,00 20,00 10,00 0,00 0,001 0,010 0,100 1,000 10, , ,000 Průměr pórů [µm]
16 Matrix density Brick historical 2693,0 kg.m -3 Brick 2683,9 kg. m -3 Sandstone 2669,9 kg. m -3 HPC 2760,2 kg. m -3 Hemp 1364,6 kg. m -3 XPS EPS Rockwool 2411,3 kg.m -3 AAC 2359,6 kg.m -3 Lime plaster + metakaolin PM ,0 kg. m -3 PM ,0 kg. m -3 PM ,0 kg. m -3 Geopolymers T ,2 kg. m -3 T ,2 kg. m -3 T ,7 kg. m -3
still different technique of assessment.
D E N S I T Y A N A L Y S I S Micromeritics gas pycnometers are being used worldwide to obtain material density measurements. These measurements are necessary in the manufacture of many of today s products.
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