The Media and the Second World War: From Integration to Disintegration

Transcription

1 University Press Scholarship Online You are looking at 1-9 of 9 items for: keywords : remilitarization The Media and the Second World War: From Integration to Disintegration Corey Ross in Media and the Making of Modern Germany: Mass Communications, Society, and Politics from the Empire to the Third Reich Published in print: 2008 Published Online: September 2008 ISBN: eisbn: acprof:oso/ This chapter shows how the war years witnessed a dramatic intensification of the ongoing tension between the integrative and disaggregating social potential of the mass media. On the one hand, the overall trend towards a more common culture saw its apogee during the early years of the war as popular demand for film, radio, and the press soared. On the other hand, after 1942/3 the socially divisive potential of the media once again came to the fore in terms of content as well as the radical shifts in the wider societal context and how the media were consumed by audiences. Whereas the early war years witnessed an unprecedented social integration of audiences, after 1942 patterns of leisure and media consumption reflected the multiplying signs of social disintegration on the German home front. An Apprenticeship in Arms: The Origins of the British Army Roger B. Manning Published in print: 2006 Published Online: September 2007 ISBN: eisbn: Item type: book acprof:oso/ This book examines the military experiences of peers and gentlemen from the British Isles who volunteered to fight in the religious and dynastic wars of mainland Europe, as well as the ordinary men who were impressed to serve in the ranks, from the time of the English intervention in the Dutch war of independence to the death of the soldier-king William III in The apprenticeship in arms exposed Page 1 of 5

2 these men to the technological innovations of the military revolution, laid the foundations for a professional officer class based upon merit, established a fund of military expertise, and helped to shape a British identity. The remilitarization of aristocratic culture and society was completed by 1640, and provided numerous experienced military officers for the various armies of the British and Irish civil wars and, subsequently, for the embryonic British army after William III invaded and conquered the British Isles and committed the Three Kingdoms to the armed struggles against Louis XIV during the Nine Years War. Conflicts between amateur aristocrats and so-called soldiers of fortune led to continuing debates about the relative merits of standing armies and a select militia. The individual pursuit of honour and glory by such amateurs also obscured the more rational military and political objectives of the modern state, subverted military discipline, and delayed the process of professionalization of the officer corps of the British army. Polarization, January 1936 March 1939 Martin Ceadel in Semi-Detached Idealists: The British Peace Movement and International Relations, Published in print: 2000 Published Online: ISBN: eisbn: acprof:oso/ Britain's attitude towards international relations was altered by the triple crisis of 1936: the remilitarization of the Rhineland, the final defeat of Abyssinia in May, and the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. Both the peace movement and public opinion had started to polarize. One current of opinion was drawn to the pole of accommodation: many pacifists advocated peaceful change: many defencists supported appeasement; unprecedented numbers of pacifists threw in their lot with the Peace Pledge Union and other new associations; and a section of the far left still favoured war resistance. Another current of opinion was attracted by the opposite pole of containment: the leaders of the League of Nations Union still supported collective security even though they now understood that it required rearmament: many socialist pacificists came to advocate a peace front of the progressive states against the fascist ones: and those defencists who shared the concerns of Winston Churchill, since 1929 a backbencher, called for more energetic rearmament. Page 2 of 5

3 The Rhineland PETER JACKSON in France and the Nazi Menace: Intelligence and Policy Making Published in print: 2000 Published Online: ISBN: eisbn: acprof:oso/ This chapter discusses the remilitarization of the Rhineland on March 7, Intelligence reinforced an existing predisposition among decision makers to adopt a cautious attitude when Hitler overturned the system of Locarno by remilitarizing the Rhineland. Both the strengths and weaknesses of the French intelligence system gathering and analysis increased when Germany remilitarized the Rhineland. Sammlungspolitik in the Wilderness The KPD s Extra- Parliamentary Campaigns Patrick Major in The Death of the KPD: Communism and Anti-Communism in West Germany, Published in print: 1998 Published Online: ISBN: eisbn: acprof:oso/ This chapter discusses the efforts of the Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD) to establish political alliances outside parliament in West Germany. It argues that the KPD failed to take advantage of the rearmament issue to alter the political allegiance of voters. Based on an analysis of the 1953 Bundestag, it is clear that the KPD was not able to use any remilitarization to its advantage. And despite the instrumentalization of the KPD leadership's initiatives, there were undoubtedly loyal pacifists among the party's campaigners. Spain in the Web of the East-West Diplomatic Conflict Burnett Bolloten in The Spanish Civil War: Revolution and Counterrevolution Published in print: 2015 Published Online: May 2016 ISBN: eisbn: Publisher: University of North Carolina Press DOI: / northcarolina/ Page 3 of 5

4 This chapter contextualizes the Spanish Civil War on the international arena, especially in terms of the tensions arising from the conflicting foreign policies of Britain, France, and Russia. Fears of a war in Western Europe, first sparked by Hitler's remilitarization of the Rhineland in March 1936, were heightened by the outbreak of the Spanish conflict in July. Moreover, fears of a general European conflict, from which it was felt that Russia alone would benefit, increased steadily during the Civil War and reached a peak during the crisis over Czechoslovakia. In the midst of these, Russia had seen the benefit of the continued recognition of the Spanish government as the legally constituted authority, on the grounds that it might discourage the ongoing code of neutrality upheld by Britain and France, especially in light of potential Nazi designs against the Soviet Union. Postwar Refractions: The United Nations and the New Japan Jessamyn R. Abel in The International Minimum: Creativity and Contradiction in Japan's Global Engagement, Published in print: 2015 Published Online: November 2016 ISBN: eisbn: Publisher: University of Hawai'i Press DOI: / hawaii/ The wartime persistence of internationalist thinking contributed to the quick acceptance in the immediate postwar years of the new United Nations, which in terms of its principles and ideals represented not a sharp turn, but in many ways a continuation of ideas that educators and foreign policy experts and practitioners, even at the highest levels of government, had promoted throughout the war. Over the decade between the establishment of the UN and Japan s accession, changes in domestic Japanese politics and views of the organization led to a division within the broad Japanese support for the organization between pro- American conservatives who favored remilitarization and close alliance with the United States within the context of UN membership and pacifists opposed to remilitarization and insisting on a posture of neutrality and independence from the U.S. But both sides aimed at world peace through cooperation with the international organization. Page 4 of 5

5 Return to the Military Peter J. Westwick in Into the Black: JPL and the American Space Program, Published in print: 2006 Published Online: October 2013 ISBN: eisbn: Publisher: Yale University Press DOI: /yale/ This chapter shows how JPL inevitably had to intersect with national security programs. The lab specialized in such things as survivable spacecraft, remote sensing, data telemetry, and image processing all areas of keen interest to the military and intelligence communities. At the same time, the declining prospects in the planetary program motivated the lab to seek new programs that could sustain idled staff. JPL thus joined in the remilitarization of space. As with the general mobilization, JPL's role in defense would start to increase in the late 1970s and peak in the 1980s. However, its resumption of defense work came in a very different climate from its work under the army in the 1950s, and it would have to overcome antimilitary sentiment, particularly among campus faculty, spawned by the Vietnam War and the cold war arms race. The Assault on Versailles and Locarno: Ethiopia and the Remilitarization of the Rhineland Zara Steiner in The Triumph of the Dark: European International History Published in print: 2013 Published Online: March 2015 ISBN: eisbn: acprof:osobl/ This chapter focuses on events that violated the Versailles and Locarno treaties, particularly Benito Mussolini's actions in Ethiopia and the remilitarisation of the Rhineland. It first looks at the League of Nations and the belief in collective security among politically significant sections of the public in Britain and France. It then examines Mussolini's war preparations against Germany in defence of Austria, and against Britain in the Mediterranean, before turning to British and French attitudes toward Italy's African adventure. It also discusses Italy's invasion of Ethiopia in October 1935 and Mussolini's efforts to refurbish his ties to Adolf Hitler. Page 5 of 5