Where is DNA found. In the cell lies the nucleus which house the chromosomes which is composed of short sections called genes. Chromosome.
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1 Where is DA found In the cell lies the nucleus which house the chromosomes which is composed of short sections called genes. Cells ucleus Chromosome For human beings there are 23 pairs of chromosomes which determine traits. The 23 rd pair determines sex.. (XX for female and XY for males.). Genes ne-gene-one-enzyme hypothesis Deoxyribose nucleic acid DA- Deoxyribose nucleic acid house the gene which codes for the protein which makes each life possible.
2 More about DA DA is responsible for all the proteins in us. We share 98 % of the same genes as chimps All the DA in your body unwound would stretch to the sun and back.
3 Components of ucleic Acid There are two type of nucleic acids in the cell DA - deoxyribo nucleic acid RA - ribo nucleic acid DA is found in the chromosomes whereas RA is found elsewhere in the nucleus. DA and RA are polymers with nucleotide monomeric units. ucleotide are made of base, sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) and a phosphate.
4 The Base: A eterocyclic Amine Purines g Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Purine 2 Pyrimidines g DA only RA only Cytosine (C) Thymine (T) Uracil (U) 2 2
5 The Sugar and Phosphate The sugar: five-membered cyclo-ring D- Deoxyribose D- Ribose The phosphate group P - -
6 Adenine (A) ucleoside = Base + sugar 2 Guanine (G) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) 2 2
7 ucleotide = Sugar + phosphate + base 2 ucleeotides are the monomeric unit of each nucleic acid. - P - - P -
8 ucleoside ucleotide ucleic Acid Sugar and phosphate make up the back bone of the nucleotide polymer with different bases attached to each phosphate sugar monomeric unit
9 nly certain bases pair (align) along the backbone through -bonding. Base Pairing
10 Base Pairing
11 Two Strands coming together The structure of DA leads to transmission of hereditary traits.
12 DA replication DA Double helix can self-replicate an exact copy of itself. Parent strand leads to two daughter strands. The complimentary nature of the base pairs along the DA backbone allow for exact copies. The parent strand serve as a template for other copies.
13 RA- The ucleic acid responsible for protein synthesis. RA are single strand nucleic acid with Uracil as a base instead of Thymine. The sugar is ribose instead of deoxyribose. There are three types of RA nucleic acid, each serves a different purpose. m-ra (messenger RA): transcribe info. from DA a-helices. r-ra (ribosome RA): this is where protein synthesis occurs also known as the protein factory. t-ra (transfer RA): smallest of RA, this chemical is responsible for carrying amino acids to the protein factory (r-ra) and coordinating the amino acid monomeric unit to make a protein..
14 Genetic Code ow does the base of DA code for specific proteins? DA consist of only four different nucleotides ACGT. Given these only these four nucleotides how many permutations can be made? A unit that is only 1 item long, yields only 4 permutations. 4 1 = 4 A unit that is 2 items long. yields 16 permutations. 4 2 = 16 A unit that is 3 items long. yields 64 permutations. 4 3 = 64 There are only 20 amino acids, thus from four bases strung in a triplet is sufficient to code all the amino acids with some repeats and other important codes.
15 Codons: Base Triplets- A code for specific amino acids The codons are triplets found in the m-ra.
16 Protein Synthesis: Transcription
17 Protein synthesis: Translation
18 uman Genome Project Past Two important goals of the Project that were achieved: Identify all of the ~20,000-25,000 genes in human DA determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DA. Important information about DA learned from the Project: There are 46 human chromosomes, There are a total of 3000 million base pairs of DA. These base pairs encode about 60,000 to 80,000 proteins. Some chromosomes have a higher density of genes than others. The coding regions make up only about 2% of the genome (the function of the remaining 98% is unknown)
19 uman Genome Currently The physical map has assisted directly in identifying about 100 disease-causing genes. ne of the first was the association between Trisomy 21 and Down's syndrome.
20 uman Genome Challenge Find genes involved in diseases that have a complex pattern of inheritance: (diabetes, asthma, cancer and mental illness). o single gene has the defines whether a person has a disease or not. More than one mutation is required before the disease is manifested. A number of genes may each make a subtle contribution to a person's susceptibility to a disease Genes may also affect how a person reacts to environmental factors.
21 Chromosome painting: Complete set of chromosomes from a leukemia patient. Chromosomes are each colored differently. Photo from Thomas Reid, ational uman Genome Research Institute, I
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