Electric Power Sensing for Demand Response
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1 Electric Power Sensing for Demand Response Eli S. Leland, Christopher T. Sherman, Peter Minor Prof. Paul K. Wright, Prof. Richard M. White Presentation to the California Energy Commission April 6, 2010
2 Motivation for new electric power sensors The "smart grid" will require new, inexpensive sensors to measure electric current and voltage throughout the network. Applications include: monitoring electricity end-use network fault detection and diagnosis condition monitoring of underground distribution cables We have developed a new MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical systems) AC current sensor for these applications. It is passive, requiring no power source, and is thus suitable for wireless sensor node deployment. The sensor operates on proximity without needing to encircle the current carrier or break the electric circuit upon installation, resulting in an expanded set of possible deployment scenarios.
3 MEMS sensors can transform electric power transmission monitoring in three applications MEMS sensors are placed throughout the transmission and distribution grid Sensors detect outages and communicate to operators in real time Location of outage is pinpointed and repairs initiated more quickly 1 3 MEMS sensors are placed at building circuit breakers and appliance cords Built-in transceivers wirelessly transmit current signal to smart-meter node Architecture Demand Response (ADR) or smart grid systems adjust generation or appliance consumption accordingly 2 Series of MEMS sensors are placed in transmission cable insulation When damage occurs to cables, MEMS sensors detect small imbalances in transmission cable current Sensors communicate that cable needs servicing or replacement
4 Broad penetration of sensors can transform power supply & demand Sub-metering within buildings Appliance end-use monitoring Circuit breaker Cable access points Electric range Air conditioner MEMS sensors can be installed onto individual circuit breakers Radio inside breaker box transmits data for interpretation Represents MEMS sensor MEMS sensors can be retrofitted or integrated into power cables within buildings Baseboard heater Incorporating MEMS sensors in appliances enables demand response and improved energy efficiency MEMS sensors can be retrofit to appliance cords or built in to appliances
5 Application: Electric power distribution cable condition monitoring Electric power distribution cables carry power at intermediate voltages in the range of 4-35 kv, connecting highvoltage transmission with low-voltage local networks Insulation breakdown due to water infiltration is a common cause of sudden and costly outages An array of MEMS current sensors placed on the cable's exterior can detect imbalances in current among the concentric neutrals, indicating cable needs servicing or replacement conductor insulation concentric neutrals MEMS current sensors to detect imbalance in concentric neutrals
6 Design concept: Piezoelectric cantilever and permanent magnet AC current results in an oscillating magnetic field around a wire. Cantilever oscillates due to the magnet on the end of the cantilever interacting with the magnetic field of the wire. Piezoelectric coating on cantilever outputs an oscillating voltage. Oscillation amplitude and output voltage are proportional to the amplitude of the current traveling through the wire. Piezoelectric MEMS Cantilever Cable Magnetic Field Output Voltage Microscale Magnet
7 Concept sketch: Integrated current sensor node MEMS AC current sensor: AlN piezoelectric cantilever with NdFeB magnet On-board printed energy storage, radio, computational circuitry Energy-harvesting power source: PZT cantilever with larger NdFeB magnet Dual-conductor electric power cord (AKA "zip-cord") A self-contained, self-powered current sensor node can be constructed using two similar piezoelectric cantilever devices, one optimized for current measurement and the other for energy harvesting power generation. These devices combined with printed storage (battery/capacitor) and low-power computation and radio circuitry would comprise a complete sensor node.
8 MEMS device fabrication process MEMS device schematic Microscale magnet fabrication piezoelectric AlN bimorph printed magnet 1) print epoxy Silicon wafer substrate Low-stress silicon nitride insulator Platinum electrode Piezoelectric aluminum nitride Composite magnet 3) remove excess powder and repeat 2) disperse magnetic powder and cure MEMS piezoelectric aluminum nitride bimorph cantilevers were fabricated using a four-mask process in the UC Berkeley Microlab Microscale composite permanent magnets were dispenser printed using NdFeB-alloy magnetic powder in an epoxy matrix
9 MEMS current sensors and test assembly printed magnet piezoelectric AlN bimorph aluminum enclosure baseplate "window" MEMS sensor die amplifier circuit 9 V batteries 400 µm 1000x200_top 400 µm 25 mm 100 µm 400 µm
10 MEMS current sensor exhibits linear response Sensor response (mv rms ) Amplified sensor response (101x gain) AWG single wire 14 AWG single wire 16 AWG zip cord 18 AWG zip cord Current in wire (A rms ) Sensor response is linearly proportional to the current being measured (R 2 > 0.999) "Raw" (unamplified) sensitivity ranges from mv/a Greater sensitivity measuring zip cords than single wires because two conductors contribute to magnetic force Greater sensitivity measuring smaller wires because sensor is closer to center of conductor Linear sensing behavior down to roughly 200 ma
11 MEMS current sensor prototype powered by energy harvesting Self-powered sensor assembly energy harvester power conditioning and energy storage MEMS sensor die Test apparatus window paper shims window 25 mm twisted-pair output opamp circuit 1500 W space heater for load measurement and energy harvesting power source Test vise and sensor enclosure MEMS current sensor integrated with an energy scavenger coupled to the same wire to create a fully self-powered sensor Included power conditioning and storage to run the opamp circuit periodically, providing duty-cycled sensor output
12 Self-powered current sensor successfully demonstrated Storage capacitor charge-discharge cycle Periodic current sensor operation 5.7 V ~425 sec. sensor signal 5.1 V ~2.5 seconds Sensor ran at an 0.6% duty cycle when coupled to a 1500 W space heater cord drawing a 13 A current Average power transfer to storage capacitor was 70 µw
13 MEMS AC current sensor: Takeaways This sensor makes a non-intrusive current measurement, and works very well on both single wires and two-wire appliance "zip-cords" The sensor is a passive element, and is thus suitable for wireless sensor node applications The sensor can be powered by a power line energy harvester to create an integrated selfpowered device
14 Thanks! Questions? Eli S. Leland
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