ISSN: ISO 9001:2008 Certified International Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology (IJESIT) Volume 3, Issue 3, May 2014

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1 Real Time Monitoring of Power Line Using Smart Sensors Sukanya N 1, Priyanga K R 2 Abstract - Grid assets such as conductors, transformers, cables, shunt capacitors etc., presently used by utilities are old and are being stressed due to the rapid increase in power demand. To increase reliability of the power grid, effective asset utilization, and perform condition based asset maintenance, monitoring of critical asset parameters such as current, voltage and temperature. In order to preserve the reliability and availability of the energy system as a whole, a number of essential factors in the management of assets need to be considered. They are improving the performance and extending the life of grid components to ensure a safe and reliable operation of the electricity network. They also monitor the devices that automatically measure and communicate equipment characteristics that are related to the "health" and maintenance of the equipment. These devices can also automatically generate alarm signals if the equipment characteristics reach critical or dangerous levels. Presently, due to the absence of low cost flexible grid wide monitoring solutions complete information of the system is not achievable. This paper deals with developing a wireless sensor which is used for measuring the voltage, current and temperature of the grid. These sensors are referred to as Stick-on sensors. The developed sensors can be used in conjunction with a variety of grid assets and are not limited to monitoring only transmission / distribution lines or cables. Moreover, the size and cost of the sensor can be reduced considerably as compared to conventional solutions. A smart grid sensor is a small, lightweight node that serves as a detection station in a sensor network. Smart grid sensors enable the remote monitoring of equipment such as transformers and power lines and the demand-side management of resources on an energy smart grid. It presents the details on the network architecture, interoperability, integration and different design aspects of the stick-on sensor, such as novel energy harvesting techniques, power management, wide operating range and reliability. Index terms - Smart Grid, Stick-on Sensors, Low Cost, Self Powered, Power Management. I. INTRODUCTION Wireless communications is one of the most active areas of technology development of our time. This development is being driven primarily by the transformation of what has been largely a medium for supporting voice telephony into a medium for supporting other services, such as the transmission of video, images, text and data. Multi-parameter measurement and control system using PIC microcontroller is an interesting proposition. This project aids in the measurement and control of various parameters and a serial interface to the PC. The features of the system are it allows us to view all the parameter readings simultaneously on the screen and also allows us to maintain a data-base of the changes encountered in the parameter. Grid assets such as conductors, transformers, cables, shunt capacitors etc., presently used by utilities are old and are being stressed due to the rapid increase in power demand. To increase reliability of the power grid, effective asset utilization and perform condition based asset maintenance, monitoring of critical asset parameters such as current, voltage and temperature. This requires installation of sensors on all the grid assets. Previously used sensors are only used for particular monitoring that means temperature or current or voltage monitoring. All the sensors are separately available. It cannot generate the power by its own because there is no boost converter. Hence separate power supply is needed for providing the supply for the operation of the sensors. A novel patent pending approach for a direct ac to dc boost converter which has the capability of boosting voltagesfrom0.2 to3.3v. There is more requirement of manual operation. This method is very difficult and less effective. Output from this method is not accurate when compared to the smart sensor s output. This method has more disadvantages. With an ever evolving grid and energy policies, one of the major challenges seen by the utilities today is maintaining reliability and high efficiency of the assets on the grid. Moreover, the move towards a smart grid requires utilities to have smarter and improved asset monitoring infrastructure. Presently, most of the intelligence is provided through human operations, control, and management. However, almost 45% 65% of senior utility engineers are at or close to retirement age [1]. With the development of sensors that utilize low-cost ultra lowpower mote processors and communication links to transmit data, a new regime of sensors known as the smart sensors have recently come into existence. Therefore, utilities are motivated to implement smart asset monitoring architectures that require minimal human interference or make the human involvement less intrusive. An intelligent monitoring infrastructure that provides the pertinent system information to asset management software which performs portfolio analysis can help managers and planners schedule maintenance routines. Health monitoring, condition monitoring, asset maintenance, incipient fault analysis, and replacement 191

2 of assets can be prioritized in this manner. Section II deals with the proposed system followed by Section III Block diagram and Section IV explains Simulation Result and Section V with Hardware implementation followed by Section VI conclusion. II. PROPOSED SYSTEM The drawbacks of stick-on sensors are they used wired networks and it cannot work in the outage conditions. It requires continuous monitoring by human efforts and also manual operation, the sensors used are expensive. It is very difficult to handle and noise produced is high and also cannot get accurate measurements. The proposed technique is the smart stick-on sensors are of lick and stick type and can be directly stuck on to an asset and begin autonomous monitoring. These sensors do not even require physical contact with the utility asset for some applications and can be kept close to the utility assets for monitoring various parameters of interest. Considering that utility assets are surrounded by different ambient sources of energy, e.g., magnetic and electric fields, solar energy, vibrations, etc., conceptually the sensors can be powered from the various ambient sources and be selfsufficient. It was that of all the possible sources magnetic fields and in some cases solar energy proves to be the best candidate source for harvesting energy in the utility space [2-3]. Although magnetic fields are a candidate source of power, at lower asset currents, the energy in the fields is not sufficient to power these sensors. Consider a substation comprising bus bars, disconnect switches, cables, and shunt capacitors and transformers. Moreover consider that there are distribution lines and transmission lines going out/coming into the substation. Further, suppose that to monitor all the assets 150 stick-on sensors are required in the substation. The status of the all these assets can be directly given to node and exchanges information through formation of smaller networks between adjacent working sensor nodes. III. BLOCK DIAGRAM The stick on sensors module is used to measure the electrical parameters of transmission line. The parameter values such as temperature, potential, gas and current values are monitored using the temperature sensors, potential sensor, gas sensor and current sensor respectively. The block diagram of Design of Self Powered Stick-On Sensors for the Smart Grid consists of LCD displays, stick-on sensors, PIC 16F877A microcontroller, MAX 232, Zigbee transceiver and power supply unit. Antenna TX Power Supply Unit Smart Stick-on sensors PIC 16F877A MAX 232 (DRIVER) ZigBee Transmitter Fig 1 Block Diagram of Transmitter Section ZigBee Receiver MAX 232 (RECEIVER) PC Fig 2 Block Diagram of Receiver Section The Block diagram consists of Transmitter and Receiver section shown in Fig 1 and Fig 2 and the components are explained below: Stick-on Sensor: 192

3 Sensor is used to sense the temperature, current. Sensor is a convertor that measure a physical quantity and converting to signal. Sensors are used in everyday objects such as touch sensitive elevator buttons and lamps. MAX 232: The Max 232 is a dual RS-232 receiver/transmitter. The most common communication interface for short distance is RS-232. RS-232 defines a serial communication for one device to one computer communication port, with speeds up to 19,200 baud. Zigbee: Zigbee module is used to transmit the data in wireless mode. It is a low -cost, low -power, wireless mesh network standard. It is a device transmits the data over long distance and passing data through intermediate device to reach the entire device. PIC Microcontroller: The microcontroller is a complete microprocessor system built on a single integrated circuit. Microcontrollers were developed with the purpose to build a complete microprocessor system that substantially reduces the cost of building simple products. Microcontrollers are named as they perform control functions. The microcontroller is very commonly used in variety of intelligent products. For example, most personal computer keyboards are implemented with the microcontroller. From microwaves to automatic braking system, they are around us making our lives more comfortable and safer. Unlike our desktop computer, microcontrollers interact with other machines rather than humans [4]. A microcontroller may be used to measure the temperature of our toast at breakfast and when the temperature reaches a pre-determined value, the toaster could be turned off. Using this small device we have developed a microcontroller based system development kit. We can program the EPROM according to the application needed. Once it is programmed it can be used as a dedicated system for that application. Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory technology supplies non-volatile storage of variables to a PIC-controlled device or instrument. That is variables stored in an EEPROM will remain there even after power has been turned off and then on again. Some instruments use an EEPROM to store calibration data during manufacture. In this way, each instrument is actually custom built, with customization that can be easily automated. OPERATION: The Stick-on sensors in the transmitter section consist of temperature sensor, current sensor, potential sensor and gas sensor. It senses the signal and sends it to the microcontroller unit for processing. The display unit displays the values of temperature, current, potential and gas sensor received by microcontroller unit. Zigbee receives the sensed data through MAX232 and the data is transmitted by transmitting antenna. In the receiver section, Zigbee module is used to receive the data from Transmitter. The received signal is feed on the Computer/Laptop and is viewed in the HyperTerminal mode in the computer/laptop. IV. SIMULATION RESULTS MPLAB Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a free, integrated toolset for the development of embedded applications on Microchip's PIC and dspic microcontrollers. The current version of MPLAB IDE, version 8.92, is the last MPLAB 8 version that will contain new device support. It is a 32-bit application on Microsoft Windows and includes several free software components for application development, hardware emulation and debugging. MPLAB IDE also serves as a single, unified graphical user interface for additional Microchip and third-party software and hardware development tools. Proteus is software for microprocessor simulation, schematic capture, and printed circuit board (PCB) design. It is developed by Labcenter Electronics [5-6]. The temperature of a transformer is monitored continuously using stick on sensors. When the temperature is above the normal value, it indicates as High and if it is below the normal value it indicates Low. The coding are done in the MP LAB. The simulation is carried out in Proteus. The Fig 3 and Fig 4 show the simulation results of High temperature and Low temperature respectively. 193

4 Fig 3 Result of High Temperature Fig 4 Result of Low Temperature V. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION The parameter values such as temperature, potential, gas and current values are monitored using the temperature sensors, potential sensor, gas sensor and current sensor respectively. The transmitter section consists of LCD displays, sensors, PIC 16F877A microcontroller and a fan [7-8]. The transmitter unit is shown in Fig

5 Fig 5 Transmitter Unit The receiver section consists of zigbee receiver, transformer and power supply unit. It receives the signal transmitted and it is shown in the personal computer/laptop. The receiver unit is shown in Fig 6. Fig 6 Receiver Unit VI. CONCLUSION The hardware module of stick on sensor is designed. The stick on sensor will consists of the group of sensors such as asset temperature sensor, current sensor and voltage sensor to sense and monitor the various grid parameters. By using the zigbee transceiver, information will be transferred to the co-ordination unit, when the value of various grid parameters exceeds the particular value above which break down will be occurred in the transmission line or grid. By the predetermination of certain increase of current, voltage, gas or temperature the damage in the grid will be avoided. This concept can be applicable to use in electricity boards and industries. ACKNOWLEDGMENT First and foremost, we wish to express our deep gratitude and indebtness to our institution and our department for providing us a chance to fulfill our long cherished of becoming Electronics and Communication engineers. We wish to acknowledge with thanks the excellent encouragement given by the management of our college. We wish to express our hearty thanks to the Principal of our college and HOD. We are committed to place our heartfelt thanks to all teaching and supporting staff members, lab technicians and friends, and all the noble hearts that gave us immense encouragement towards the completion of our project. Finally we thank almighty 195

6 for bestowing the gifts of life on us and also for providing us the necessary help through his lovely creations in this endeavor of us. REFERENCES [1] Rohit Moghe, Frank C. Lambert, Deepak Divan (March 2012), Smart stick-on sensors for the smart grid, IEEE Transactions on smart grid, vol.3 no.1, pp [2] S. Dwari and L. Parsa (Aug. 2010), An efficient AC-DC step-up converter for low voltage energy harvesting, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 25, no.8, pp [3] P.D.Mitcheson, T. C. Green, and E. M. Yeatman (2007), Power processing circuits for electromagnetic, electrostatic and piezoelectric inertial energy scavengers, J. Microsyst. Technol., vol. 13, pp [4] R. Moghe, Y. Yang, F. Lambert, and D. Divan (Sep. 2010), Design of a low cost self-powered stick-on current and temperature wireless sensor for utility assets, in Proc. IEEE Energy Convers. Congr. Expo.., [5] B. Warneke, M. Last, B. Liebowitz, and K. S. J. Pister (2001), Smart dust: Communicating with a cubic-millimeter computer, Comput. J., vol.34, pp [6] Z. Yong, G.Yikang, V. Vlatkovic, and W. Xiaojuan (Jun 2004), Progress of smart sensor and smart sensor networks, in Proc. Intell. Control Autom. pp AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY N.Sukanya did her Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and Communication Engineering at Vivekanandha College of Engineering for Women, Tiruchengode and doing Master of Engineering in Communication Systems at Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, India. Her research interests include Sensor Network, Communication System Design. She has presented two papers in International Conference, one paper in National Conference and presented a project in Kumaraguru College of technology, Coimbatore. K.R.Priyanga did her Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and Communication Engineering at Maharaja Prithvi Engineering College, Avinashi and doing Master of Engineering in Communication Systems at Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, India. Her research interests include Sensor Network, Communication System Design. She has presented two papers in International Conference, two paper in National Conference and presented a project and paper in Kumaraguru college of technology, Coimbatore. 196