Paul Harrison, The Greening of Africa, IIED 1987

Transcription

1 Fueling Africa s Food Security

2 The food crisis and the poverty crisis affect the immediate present. The financial and environmental crises portend an even gloomier future. Paul Harrison, The Greening of Africa, IIED 1987

3 Food security isn t just about food availability

4 Financial access to food markets In 2007, There is more than enough food in the world to feed everyone at least 1.5 times current demand. -FAO Over the last 20 years, food production has risen steadily at over 2% a year, while the rate of population growth has dropped to 1.14% a year.

5 Financial access to food markets Population is not outstripping food supply. We re seeing more people hungry and at greater numbers than before, says World Hunger Program s executive director Josette Sheeran, There is food on the shelves but people are priced out of the market.

6 Financial access to food markets Access to food depends on: Levels of Poverty Purchasing Power of Households Prices Existence of Transport and Market Infrastructure of Food Distribution Systems FAO: BIOFUELS, prospects, risks, and opportunities 2008

7 Physical access to food markets US produces 40% of world s maize. South Africa, Zimbabwe, & Malawi can produce huge amounts of maize (don t because of underinvestment, lack of market access, etc) Malawi: $50 60 a tonne to ship maize from the port of Beira, Mozambique $25 a tonne to ship maize from the Gulf of Mexico. Global maize prices = $100 a tonne, the import parity price for Malawi was at least $175 a tonne, raising the value of domestically produced maize. As it costs around $100 to produce a tonne of maize in Malawi, it always made sense for the country to grow as much as possible.-odi 2008 Source: FAO Feb 2009

8 Physical access to food markets Eastern Africa

9 Trade Barriers IMF/World Bank Structural Adjustment Programmes (80s-90s), forced developing countries to drop tariffs, eliminate food marketing boards, and be victims of dumped food exports from the US, Europe (and Brazil), destroying local markets WTO Agreement on Agriculture keeps away tariffs, duties, domestic and export subsidies, and other protection mechanisms yet the CAP and Farm Bill still exist

10 Food Crop Subsidies OECD Countries: US$280 billion per year US: 2007 Farm Bill 15 Titles FY US$284 billion Commodity Support: US$41.6 billion FY US$604 billion Commodity Support: US$54.7 billion EU: Common Agriculture Policy 40% of the EU s overall 106 billion annual budget

11 Biofuel Subsidies

12 Where food price spikes came from: Oil price increase Fertiliser price increase Tractor diesel increase Transport price increase Bad cereal crops in Australia, Canada and elsewhere due to drought Underinvestment in agriculture for decades Increased demand for protein in Asia, Latin America Increased demand for cereals in Africa

13 Where food price spikes came from:

14 But when oil prices came down Woods, 2009

15 Policy developments protecting food security: Mozambique National biofuel policy developed including: Areas specifically allotted for biofuel production so as not to compete with food Crops that don t compete with food selected for biofuel production: Sugarcane, sweet sorghum, jatropha, coconut Sustainability Criteria under development National Biofuels Development Programme to support small scale producers, infrastructure development and R&D for new feedstock crops

16 Policy developments protecting food security: Roundtable for Sustainable Biofuels: Principle 6 Biofuel production shall not impair food security and shall respect the right to food. Using FAO s definition: The ability of all people at all times to have access to affordable food and nutrition for a healthy life, including availability, accessibility, utilization and stability of food supply. This principle primarily addresses local food security, which is both at a farm level, but also within communities or even regions where goods are exchanged locally. The impacts on food security of potential food price changes caused by biofuels demand are addressed via a separate RSB policy outside this standard.

17 Policy developments protecting food security: RED-Preamble 75: It is appropriate to monitor the impact of biomass cultivation, such as through land use changes, including displacement, the introduction of invasive alien species and other effects on biodiversity, and effects on food production and local prosperity. The Commission should consider all relevant sources of information, including the FAO hunger map. Art. 17 p.7: The Commission shall report every two years to the European Parliament and the Council on the impact on social sustainability in the Community and in third countries of increased demand for biofuel, and on the impact of EU biofuel policy on the availability of foodstuffs at affordable prices, in particular for people living in developing countries, and wider development issues. Reports shall address the respect of land use rights.

18 Biofuel production means MORE food

19 How? Crop rotation (eg. cane-20%, tropical sugarbeet/cassava) In the medium- to-longer term, higher agricultural prices offer the potential for a supply response and for strengthening and revitalizing the role of agriculture as an engine of growth in developing countries FAO, 2008 Not just net sellers, but also marginal sellers and net buyers responding to price increases Contracting outgrowers is the best way to ensure prop-poor poor growth while safeguarding staple food production

20 How? Intercropping Mixed intercropping Cereals/Legumes Row intercropping Fast/slow intercropping Wheat/Soybeans Processing efficiency gains eg. better maize ethanol processing technologies = more meal, more ethanol

21 Byproducts Brazil soy oil/meal 20% oil/35% protein Jatropha/Castor Fertiliser Soaps Animal feed Gasification Sugarcane Bagasse co-generation, briquettes, gasification, animal feed

22 Crop production gains

23 Source: PetroBras Crop production gains

24 Not just biofuel, but bioenergy, too: Co-generation Solid biofuel Biogas

25 Bioenergy and Food Security These initiatives have adequately involved local people in decisions on the bioenergy schemes, so if food security did suffer as a result they would have done something about it, said Dubois. Virtuous cycles are shown to develop within communities where people have access to the energy services needed for development without money flowing out of communities for fossil fuels or local natural resources used up. FAO Small-scale Bioenergy Report: September and November 2008 as a joint initiative between FAO and the PISCES Programme funded by DFID.

26 Bioenergy and Food Security The study also shows how the use of bioenergy has often played a role in partially insulating poor rural people from the vagaries of the fossil fuel market used in times of an energy crisis, but then typically abandoned when the oil price drops. In none of the cases studied did bioenergy production appear to jeopardise food security, either because the bioenergy is produced from crops not used for food or grown on very small plots or stretches of unused land. FAO Small-scale Bioenergy Report: September and November 2008 as a joint initiative between FAO and the PISCES Programme funded by DFID.

27 Bioenergy and Food Security PETROLEUM IMPORTED (Percentage of consumption) MAJOR CEREALS IMPORTED (Percentage of domestic production) PREVALENCE OF UNDERNOURISHMENT Percentage of population) Zimbabwe Cambodia Malawi Burundi Tanzania Madagascar Mozambique Kenya Ethiopia Central African Republic Rwanda South Korea Sierra Leone Guinea Bissau Liberia Haiti Botswana Niger Comoros Tajikstan Eritrea Source: FAO

28 Biofuels that grow on degraded land Jatropha on degraded land is a myth Can grow, but seed production 1mt/ha or less Has climate, soil, water and nutrient needs like any other plant to produce oilseeds Castor Tropical sugarbeet (alkaline soils using moderately brackish water) IFAD studying crop rotation with cassava to increase yields and provide year-round round feedstock Pongamia pinnata (improves soil quality)

29 What about waste? Crop residues Cellulosic ethanol for corn stover, wheat stalks, etc. but still several years away Wet plant residues can be gasified Dry plant residues can be pelleted, briquetted, or co-generation (bagasse)

30 Summary All biofuels are bioenergy but not all bioenergy is biofuel Biofuels are not good or bad, but can be produced in ways that enhance food security or pressure food security Bioenergy and food can and should be produced simultaneously

31 Summary Biofuels offer small farmers and investors alike the opportunity to increase national and regional energy and food security while developing value-added added export products

32 What needs to be done?

33 What needs to be done? Strengthen regional markets: food and fuel Access and Infrastructure Invest in agricultural research and extension services to increase productivity/efficiency

34 What needs to be done? Develop low-cost technologies using local resources for local needs Develop national policies Blending mandates Feed-in tariffs for renewable sources Mini-grids for rural areas

35 Thank you for your attention