Solid waste. Solid waste. Solid waste 1.5% municipal solid waste

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1 Solid waste 15% is burned 30% recycled/ composted 8,000 in ,754 in Solid waste 1.5% municipal solid waste 98.5% industrial solid waste Manufacturing process wastewaters and solids Fertilizer & agricultural chemicals Food products or by-products Iron/steel, plastics, resins, pulp/paper manufacturing US produces 30% of the world s solid waste 50% of the world s electronic waste Solid waste Newspapers, books, magazines EPA Appliances, tires, batteries

2 Zero waste... Possible? Solid Waste Disposal Act state led, implement waste reduction by ,000 US communities pay-as-you-throw or fee-per-bag Disposal bans - no food/yard waste in trash bins Minimum recycled content standards Removing unnecessary toxic components (green chemistry) Producer responsibility regulations - wet-cell lead-acid car batteries 90-99% recycled Prohibit foreign disposal Zero waste... Possible? Thomas Masaniai empties a garbage can on the 600 block of NW 76th St. in Seattle. Next to the transfer station in Wallingford Compaction at the transfer station

3 Dan Skiffington sprays down the dust generated by garbage being dumped A scale states the weight of garbage Dan Williams calls his work area the "Museum of Trash." Barry Scheeler, left, and Dan Williams seal container

4 Preparation of for shipment to a landfill near Arlington, Ore. Seattle Public Utilities truck carrying container is weighed in at the rail yard Placed on a train Train heads south for Portland, Ore.

5 Placed on a truck at the landfill Emptied into the landfill as bulldozers spread the garbage evenly Arlington, Oregon, the closest town to the Waste Management landfill. An empty cell at the landfill stands prepared to accept garbage. Energy-generating windmills line the property adjacent.

6 Burying solid waste (>50%) Open dumps solid wastes deposited [sometimes] covered with soil Sanitary landfills solid wastes spread out in thin layers compacted covered daily with clay or plastic foam Cedar Hills Regional Landfill, Maple Valley 920 acres, 2,500 tons/day, 1 million tons/year Topsoil Sand Clay Garbage When landfill is full, layers of soil and clay seal in trash Methane storage and compressor building Electricity generator building Leachate treatment system Probes to detect methane leaks Methane gas recovery well Compacted solid waste Pipes collect explosive methane as used as fuel to generate electricity Leachate storage tank Garbage Sand Synthetic liner Sand Clay Subsoil Leachate pipes Clay and plastic lining to prevent leaks; pipes collect leachate from bottom of landfill Leachate pumped up to storage tank for safe disposal Groundwater Groundwater monitoring well Leachate monitoring well Solid waste: recycling Primary recycling materials turned into new products of the same type i.e. glass bottle turned into a new glass bottle Secondary recycling (downcycling) materials converted into different products i.e. used tires shredded, converted into road surface i.e. newspapers transformed into cellulose insulation

7 Solid waste: recycling King County % recycled Source: SPU Solid waste: recycling organic waste Cedar Grove - diverted 2 million tons solid waste from landfills since 1989 Source: Cedar Grove Composting

8 Source: Cedar Grove Composting (3 weeks) (6 weeks) (130 F) Green waste 17 Food waste Additional 6-18 months curing Source: Cedar Grove Composting

9 Source: Cedar Grove Composting downcycled Solid waste: recycling paper (45% recyc.) paper must be deinked removes fillers, clays, and fiber fragments recycling weakens & shortens wood fibers recycled paper often a mix of waste & fresh wood pulp max. 5-7 cycles Examples: Waxed, pasted, gummed, coated paper! X High-grade white paper! stationary, newsprint Old corrugated boxed! corrugated boxes, paperboard Old newspapers! newsprint, egg cartons, paperboard recycled Solid waste: recycling plastics (36% recyc.) chemically, economically challenging >10,000 different kinds of plastics recovering plastic resins does not yield much material cheap raw materials (petroleum and/or natural gas) low energy to make i.e % less energy to make plastic vs paper bags

10 Solid waste: recycling plastics recycled #1 Polyethylene Terephthalate: 2-liter bottles #2 High Density Polyethylene: Milk jugs #3 PVC: Cooking oil, meat packaging #4 Low Density Polyethylene: Grocery bags #5 Polypropylene: Yogurt, diapers, straws Source: Energy Information Association #6 Polystyrene: take-out, beverage cups, egg cartons Solid waste: recycling plastics recycled 1. Inspection 2. Washed, Chopped 3. Flotation 4. Drying 5. Melting Source: Energy Information Association 6. Filtering 7. Pelletizing Solid waste: recycling glass recycled Sand, soda ash (Na 2 CO 3 ) and lime (CaO) Recycled glass uses 40% less energy than making products from new materials Does not degrade in recycling process

11 Hazardous waste: solid or liquid that is... Ignitable can create fires under certain conditions, spontaneously combustible, or have a flash point less than 60 C (140 F) i.e. waste oils, used solvents Corrosive acids with ph< 2 or bases ph >12.5 that are capable of corroding metal storage tanks i.e. battery acid Reactive can cause explosions, toxic fumes, gases, or vapors when heated, compressed, or mixed with water i.e. lithium-sulfur batteries, explosives Toxic harmful or fatal when ingested or absorbed i.e. lead, mercury Love Canal 1920, City of Niagara Falls buys Love Canal - used as chemical waste landfill 1942, Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corporation expanded use of the site - 22,000 tons of toxic waste buried 1952, canal is back-filled, covered with 4ʼ of clay Love Canal Niagara Falls community seeks to buy land Hooker Chemical refuses to sell Prior to the delivery of this instrument of conveyance, the grantee herein has been advised by the grantor that the premises above described have been filled to the present grade level with waste products resulting from the manufacturing of chemicals by the grantor at its plant in the City of Niagara Falls, New York, and the grantee assumes all risk and liability incident to the use thereof. It is therefore understood and agreed that, as a part of the consideration for this conveyance and as a condition thereof, no claim, suit, action or demand of any nature whatsoever shall ever be made by the grantee, its successors or assigns, against the grantor, its successors or assigns, for injury to a person or persons, including death resulting therefrom, or loss of or damage to property caused by, in connection with or by reason of the presence of said industrial wastes. It is further agreed as a condition hereof that each subsequent conveyance of the aforesaid lands shall be made subject to the foregoing provisions and conditions.

12 Love Canal School built on top of landfill Sewers constructed through the area Expressway constructed as a barrier between Niagara river and waste contaminated groundwater -Clay barrier broken during expressway construction Love Canal School built on top of landfill Sewers constructed through the area Expressway constructed as a barrier between Niagara river and waste contaminated groundwater -Clay barrier broken during expressway construction 1977, floods spread contaminated groundwater Residents complain - strange odors, substances surfaced in yards Cases of epilepsy, asthma, urinary tract infections High rate of miscarriage and birth defects - 56% children born, , had a birth defect Hazardous waste regulations Two federal laws regulate the management and disposal of hazardous waste in the US 1. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), prevention / remediation from current facilities - EPA can order operators to respond/clean up "imminent and substantial endangerment" to health or environment 2. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), uncontrolled past releases of hazardous substances - EPA has broad authority to clean up

13 Hazardous waste regulations CERCLA/Superfund 4 possible responsible parties - current owner or operator of facility - owner or operator at time of disposal - generators of any hazardous substances on site - any transporter of hazardous substances to site 1. Assess sites 2. Place on National Priorities List 3. Establish/implement cleanup -Removal -Enforcement -Community involvement -Ensure long-term protection Hazardous waste conversion/storage Incineration heating hazardous waste to 2000 C Physical Methods charcoal or resins separate out harmful chemicals Chemical Methods adjust ph until neutral Long-term storage Surface impoundments Lined, excavated pits Secure Landfills Metal drums 23 commercial hazardous waste landfills, U.S.