Broad-Coverage Sense Disambiguation and Information Extraction with a Supersense Sequence Tagger

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1 Broad-Coverage Sense Disambiguation and Information Extraction with a Supersense Sequence Tagger Yahoo! Research Barcelona & Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago 3rd Mini Workshop on Web Mining

2 Semantic tagging Pseudo-definition: automatically identify instances of pre-defined semantic categories or templates

3 Semantic tagging Pseudo-definition: automatically identify instances of pre-defined semantic categories or templates Clara Harris person, one of the guests in the box, stood up and demanded water. (NER)

4 Semantic tagging Pseudo-definition: automatically identify instances of pre-defined semantic categories or templates Clara Harris person, one of the guests in the box, stood up and demanded water. (NER) NS-Meg cells cell expressed mrna rna for the EPO receptor protein. (Bio-NER)

5 Semantic tagging Pseudo-definition: automatically identify instances of pre-defined semantic categories or templates Clara Harris person, one of the guests in the box, stood up and demanded water. (NER) NS-Meg cells cell expressed mrna rna for the EPO receptor protein. (Bio-NER) Challenges in domain-independent context

6 Semantic tagging Pseudo-definition: automatically identify instances of pre-defined semantic categories or templates Clara Harris person, one of the guests in the box, stood up and demanded water. (NER) NS-Meg cells cell expressed mrna rna for the EPO receptor protein. (Bio-NER) Challenges in domain-independent context suitable broad-coverage ontologies and data

7 Semantic tagging Pseudo-definition: automatically identify instances of pre-defined semantic categories or templates Clara Harris person, one of the guests in the box, stood up and demanded water. (NER) NS-Meg cells cell expressed mrna rna for the EPO receptor protein. (Bio-NER) Challenges in domain-independent context suitable broad-coverage ontologies and data semi-supervised word sense disambiguation

8 Semantic tagging Pseudo-definition: automatically identify instances of pre-defined semantic categories or templates Clara Harris person, one of the guests in the box, stood up and demanded water. (NER) NS-Meg cells cell expressed mrna rna for the EPO receptor protein. (Bio-NER) Challenges in domain-independent context suitable broad-coverage ontologies and data semi-supervised word sense disambiguation GOAL: Clara Harris person, one of the guests person in the box artifact, stood up motion and demanded communication water substance.

9 Outline Introduction 1 Introduction

10 NER WSD Introduction Semantic tagging: NER and WSD An intermediate tagging task General - named entity recognition (NER) Simple ontologies: 3-4 categories, person, location, organization, time, etc. High accuracy on several data: newswire, biomedical, etc., Useful ( Limited semantic/syntactic coverage.

11 NER WSD Introduction Semantic tagging: NER and WSD An intermediate tagging task General - named entity recognition (NER) Simple ontologies: 3-4 categories, person, location, organization, time, etc. High accuracy on several data: newswire, biomedical, etc., Useful ( Limited semantic/syntactic coverage. Specific - word sense disambiguation (WSD) Wordnet: tens of thousands of specific word senses All open class words covered, domain-independent Insufficient performance: at (first sense) baseline level

12 Supersense tagging Semantic tagging: NER and WSD An intermediate tagging task 1 Simplify the ontology (Wordnet): noun and verbs synsets mapped to 41 general semantic classes (supersenses) partial disambiguation manageable tagset

13 Supersense tagging Semantic tagging: NER and WSD An intermediate tagging task 1 Simplify the ontology (Wordnet): noun and verbs synsets mapped to 41 general semantic classes (supersenses) partial disambiguation manageable tagset 2 Adopt state-of-the-art learning methods structured learning discriminative HMM

14 Supersense tagging Semantic tagging: NER and WSD An intermediate tagging task 1 Simplify the ontology (Wordnet): noun and verbs synsets mapped to 41 general semantic classes (supersenses) partial disambiguation manageable tagset 2 Adopt state-of-the-art learning methods structured learning discriminative HMM 3 Results: Step forward in WSD accuracy, extensive NE information

15 Wordnet supersenses Wordnet supersenses Supersenses as a tagset Supersense data Wordnet 2.0: 11,306 verbs (13,508 synsets), 114,648 nouns (79,689 synsets)

16 Wordnet supersenses Wordnet supersenses Supersenses as a tagset Supersense data Wordnet 2.0: 11,306 verbs (13,508 synsets), 114,648 nouns (79,689 synsets) Synsets mapped to 26 noun and 15 verb supersenses

17 Wordnet supersenses Wordnet supersenses Supersenses as a tagset Supersense data Wordnet 2.0: 11,306 verbs (13,508 synsets), 114,648 nouns (79,689 synsets) Synsets mapped to 26 noun and 15 verb supersenses Applications Lexical acquisition (Ciaramita & Johnson, 2003 Curran, 2005) Intermediate disambiguation step in supervised WSD (Ciaramita et al. 2003) Design latent categories for parse re-ranking (Koo & Collins, 2005)

18 Wordnet supersenses Supersenses as a tagset Supersense data Advantages of supersense tagset Tagset size: small enough to adopt structured learning methods

19 Wordnet supersenses Supersenses as a tagset Supersense data Advantages of supersense tagset Tagset size: small enough to adopt structured learning methods Extensive semantic coverage Clara Harris person, one of the guests person in the box artifact, stood up motion and demanded communication water substance

20 Wordnet supersenses Supersenses as a tagset Supersense data Advantages of supersense tagset Tagset size: small enough to adopt structured learning methods Extensive semantic coverage Clara Harris person, one of the guests person in the box artifact, stood up motion and demanded communication water substance Partial disambiguation through sense merging; e.g., bark : 1 plant cover - noun.plant 2 sound made by a dog - noun.event 3 sound resembling bark-2 - noun.event 4 sailing ship - noun.artifact

21 Supersenses: nouns Wordnet supersenses Supersenses as a tagset Supersense data NOUNS SUPERSENSE NOUNS DENOTING SUPERSENSE NOUNS DENOTING act acts or actions object natural objects (not man-made) animal animals quantity quantities and units of measure artifact man-made objects phenomenon natural phenomena attribute attributes of people and objects plant plants body body parts possession possession and transfer of possession cognition cognitive processes and contents process natural processes communication comm. processes and contents person people event natural events relation relations between people, things, ideas feeling feelings and emotions shape two and three dimensional shapes food foods and drinks state stable states of affairs group groupings of people or objects substance substances location spatial position time time and temporal relations motive goals Tops abstract terms for unique beginners

22 Wordnet supersenses Supersenses as a tagset Supersense data Supersenses: nouns - extends NER tagset NOUNS SUPERSENSE NOUNS DENOTING SUPERSENSE NOUNS DENOTING act acts or actions object natural objects (not man-made) animal animals quantity quantities and units of measure artifact man-made objects phenomenon natural phenomena attribute attributes of people and objects plant plants body body parts possession possession and transfer of possession cognition cognitive processes and contents process natural processes communication comm. processes and contents person people event natural events relation relations between people, things, ideas feeling feelings and emotions shape two and three dimensional shapes food foods and drinks state stable states of affairs group groupings of people or objects substance substances location spatial position time time and temporal relations motive goals Tops abstract terms for unique beginners

23 Supersenses: verbs Wordnet supersenses Supersenses as a tagset Supersense data VERBS SUPERSENSE VERBS OF SUPERSENSE VERBS OF body grooming, dressing and bodily care emotion feeling change size, temperature change, intensifying motion walking, flying, swimming cognition thinking, judging, analyzing, doubting perception seeing, hearing, feeling communication telling, asking, ordering, singing possession buying, selling, owning competition fighting, athletic activities social political/social activities, events consumption eating and drinking stative being, having, spatial relations contact touching, hitting, tying, digging weather raining, snowing, thundering, etc. creation sewing, baking, painting, performing

24 Wordnet supersenses Supersenses as a tagset Supersense data Supersenses: B/I/0 label encoding Clara B-noun.person Harris I-noun.person, 0 one 0 of 0 the 0 guests B-noun.person in 0 the 0 box B-noun.artifact stood B-verb.motion up I-verb.motion and

25 Supersenses: annotated data Wordnet supersenses Supersenses as a tagset Supersense data Data - Semcor (SEM/SEMv) Senseval-3 (SE3): Polysemy info Dataset Counts SE3 SEM SEMv Tokens 5, , ,546 Avg-poly-N-WS Avg-poly-N-SS Avg-poly-V-WS Avg-poly-V-SS

26 Introduction Sequential classification model Discriminative sequence model Features Training data Goal: optimize the choice of labelling y i for word w i exploiting local label-to-label dependencies: Sense Y 1 Y 2 Y 3 Y n Word X 1 X 2 X 3 X n Related work: Early work on semantic tagging with HMMs (Segond et al., 1997; de Loupy et al., 1998). Little work on current WSD using HMMs (Molina et al., 2002; 2004), not better than simpler methods

27 Perceptron-trained HMM tagger Discriminative sequence model Features Training data Training examples: (x i, y i ) N (x and y are vectors) Representation: Φ maps (x, y) pairs to a feature vector Φ(x, y) IR d Discriminant function: F(x) = arg max y Y Φ(x, y), w Decoding computed with Viterbi w learned on the training data with an average perceptron (Collins, 2002) One adjustable parameter T = number of epochs

28 Taggers features Introduction Discriminative sequence model Features Training data 1 Words: x i, x i 1, x i+1, x i 2, x i+2 2 First sense: Baseline prediction for x i, fs(x i ) 3 Combined (1) and (2): x i + fs(x i ) 4 Part-of-Speech: pos i, pos i 1, pos i+1, pos i 2, pos i+2, common (NN/NNS) proper (NNP/NNPS) nouns, etc. 5 Word shape: regexp-like transformations have x* Clara Xx* I.B.M X.X.X. 6 Previous label: y i 1

29 Supersense-annotated data Discriminative sequence model Features Training data Data - Semcor (SEM/SEMv) Senseval-3 (SE3), Wordnet synset IDs substituted with supersense labels: Dataset Counts SE3 SEM SEMv Sentences ,138 17,038 Tokens 5, , ,546 Supersenses 1, ,135 40,911 Verbs ,710 40,911 Nouns ,425 0

30 First sense baseline Baseline Evaluation on Semcor Evaluation on Senseval-3 1 Identify Wordnet entries (POS info) Clara Harris N, one of the guests N in the box N, stood up V and demanded V water N 2 Assign most frequent sense according to Wordnet Clara Harris person, one of the guests person in the box artifact, stood up motion and demanded communication water substance Extremely competitive: Senseval-3 (ACL 2004) 4/26 systems above baseline (best +2.8%)

31 Evaluation on Semcor Baseline Evaluation on Semcor Evaluation on Senseval-3 Semcor Method Recall Precision F-score [σ] Rand Baseline Supersense-Tagger fold cross-validation: +10.7%, 31.2% error reduction

32 Results discussion Introduction Baseline Evaluation on Semcor Evaluation on Senseval % F-score, very promising (without multilabels) Tagger improves both precision and recall remarkably More robust than baseline in identifying instances (depends less on POS-info) F-score on person/group/location/time 82.5%, considering also common nouns SEMv, used only as fragments, contributes 1% F-score

33 Baseline Evaluation on Semcor Evaluation on Senseval-3 Evaluation on Senseval-3 all words Senseval-3 Method Recall Precision F-score [σ] Rand Baseline SenseLearner Supersense-Tagger Train = SEM/SEMv, Test = SEM 5 trials: +6.45%, 17.96% error reduction Senseval-3, best: +2.8%, 7.45% error reduction : SenseLearner (Mihalcea & Csomai, 2005) output mapped to supersenses

34 Results discussion Introduction Baseline Evaluation on Semcor Evaluation on Senseval % F-score (without multilabels) With out-of-vocabulary named-entities (many false positives) For the first time, a considerable improvement over first sense baseline (and best traditional WSD methods)

35 Conclusion Introduction Domain-independent broad-coverage semantic tagging approach based on Wordnet Supersenses and discriminative HMM tagger Positive results on Semcor, feasibility of the task. Considerable improvement over best known methods on WSD on novel data 1 Simplified semantic representation: smaller number of (shared) senses 2 Structured learning approach: potential from more sophisticated approaches (e.g., kernels) Contribution: beginning of systematic investigation of extensive semantic annotation in IE/IR/NLP

36 Ongoing work State of ontology and data data: outdated, gaps: bat, veteran, home, age, like, cover,.. ontology: inconsistencies, biased distribution of senses Adaptability: accuracy on news data seems good, although many words unknown, degrades on noisier data (blogs) Beyond WordNet: Wikipedia? Basic levelxs ontologies, to be expanded in specific domains? Applications: preliminary IE experiments: supersense info more useful than CONLL-NER info

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