May Geochemistry of Kimberlite and Diamond Indicator Minerals. H. Helmstaedt, Queen s University 1. Indicator Minerals in Diamond Exploration
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1 Indicator Minerals in Diamond Exploration H. Helmstaedt Diamond Exploration Diamond Placer/Paleoplacer Secondary Deposits Kimberlite/Lamproite Primary Deposits Peridotite/Eclogite xenoliths Diamond Source Rocks Group I; Group II, Lamproites complex rocks consisting of igneous and xenolithic component Mantle Sample Meteorites/Impactites xenolithic component consists of a crustal and mantle component. diamond is part of the mantle component what part of mantle sample is a kimberlite indicator (KIM)? what indicates that the kimberlite may be diamondiferous? Indicator Minerals for what? Like Diamonds, Indicator Minerals are Xenocrysts in Kimberlite. They indicate the presence of material derived from the upper mantle. During weathering of the kimberlite, they are dispersed with diamond into the alluvial system H. Helmstaedt, Queen s University 1
2 garnet garnet ilmenite garnet chrome diopside Peridotite Suite Megacryst Suite Eclogite Suite What are the most important Indicator Minerals? H. Helmstaedt, Queen s University 2
3 Transport distances under Australian conditions (Atkinson, 1989) How far do they travel? Attawapiskat kimberlite, Ontario, Canada Garnet Ilmenite From: Kong et al., 1999 Phlogopite, Olivine, and Chrome-diopside do not travel well Olivine may survive well in cold climates as Olivine is the most common mineral in the upper mantle, the amount of Olivine macrocrysts in a kimberlite is a reflection of the carrying capacity of the kimberlite garnet does not survive well in some tropical environments garnet, ilmenite, and chromite and chrome diopside are the most useful indicator minerals in Canada H. Helmstaedt, Queen s University 3
4 Indicator mineral survey design Conduct terrain analysis (glacial and/or drainage history, soil development, etc.) Determine what are the target minerals (consider looking for other than kimberlite indicators, gold?) Decide on sampling medium (media) for target area Sampling density Sample size (5 to 30 kg) Preconcentration in field? Screening (study gravel fraction for provenance) Sample transport. Train your samplers and get them involved intellectually Alberta Kalahari H. Helmstaedt, Queen s University 4
5 Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Northwest Territories H. Helmstaedt, Queen s University 5
6 Ontario Major rock-forming minerals of peridotites, plus/minus garnet and chromite H. Helmstaedt, Queen s University 6
7 Chrome-Pyropes Gurney, 1984, 85% line Peridotite suite garnets included in diamonds from: Gurney and Moore, 1993 Alkali Basalts Rifts Gibeon off-craton Gurney line Lherzolite line State Line craton edge Yakutia Shandong craton Lherzolite line equals Gurney line at 50 kb from: Grutter et al H. Helmstaedt, Queen s University 7
8 Mainly P-type High-grade E- and P-type Medium grade Mainly P-type Low-grade This plot is only useful for P-diamonds Mainly E-type High-grade Very low-grade From: Gurney and Zweistra, 1995 No diamonds Craton edge No diamonds Well off-craton Very good P-signature Only medium-grade (Group II kimberlite) G-10 garnets in southern Africa tend to be more common in Group II kimberlites Low-grade (Group II kimberlite) Very low-grade (Group II kimberlite) From: Gurney & Zweistra, 1995 Slave Province Central 1 Central 2 Central 3 South North from: Grutter et al H. Helmstaedt, Queen s University 8
9 Southwestern edge of Kaapvaal craton as seen from the P-type garnet signature Kimberley From: Grutter et al., 1999 Gurney 85% line Characteristics of G10 garnets: Grütter et al., 2004 H. Helmstaedt, Queen s University 9
10 Overlap of Megacryst and G-9 (Lherzolite) garnets From: Schulze, 1997 Distinction of megacryst garnets on basis of TiO 2 and Cr 2 O 3 From: Schulze, 1997 Eclogite garnets H. Helmstaedt, Queen s University 10
11 Distinction of megacryst and eclogitic garnets From: Gurney and Zweistra, 1995 From: Schulze, 1997 Discrimination of eclogite garnets from crustal garnets From: Schulze, 1997 H. Helmstaedt, Queen s University 11
12 Distinction between Group I and Group II eclogite garnets, world-wide From: Schulze, 1997 Comparison of eclogite garnets included in diamond and garnets from diamond eclogites From: Schulze, 1997 Garnets outside diamond re-equilibrate Comparison of eclogite garnets included in diamonds and garnets from diamond eclogites of the Roberts Victor pipe From: Schulze, 1997 H. Helmstaedt, Queen s University 12
13 Garnet summary diagram ( may be diamond-related) Harzburgitic Lherzolitic Wehrlitic Websteritic Megacrystic Eclogitic Grütter et al., 2004 Chromite inclusions in diamonds occupy a very restricted field From: Fipke et al., 1989 H. Helmstaedt, Queen s University 13
14 Roberts Victor Orapa Kamfersdam Bultfontein Finsch Lace Comparison of chromite macrocrysts (open circles) with diamond inclusion chromite field for six southern African kimberlites. Filled circles are from diamond inclusions in the respective mines. From: Schulze, 1996 Chromite macrocrysts from C-14 kimberlite, Kirkland Lake (very low diamond grades) From: Schulze, 2000 Compositions of Ilmenite macrocrysts from several kimberlites High MgO (geikilite MgTiO 3 ) and low hematite content are thought to indicate relatively reducing conditions and thus a high diamond-preservation potential of the kimberlite From: Gurney and Zweistra, 1995 H. Helmstaedt, Queen s University 14
15 Fibrous diamond overgrowth Low diamond resorption Strong diamond resorption Is it possible to use individual indicator minerals to estimate the depth from which they were derived? If so, one can use these minerals to determine whether the kimberlite sampled the diamond window H. Helmstaedt, Queen s University 15
16 Discuss concept of paleogeotherms Chrome diopside is an easily recognizable kimberlite indicator mineral. However, as it is part of the lherzolitic assemblage, it is not a diamond indicator. Recently, Taylor and Nimis (1998) have calibrated a cpx thermobarometer that can be used to estimate whether a kimberlite has sampled the diamond stability field Griffin, 1999 The garnet paleogeotherm H. Helmstaedt, Queen s University 16
17 CSIRO 1996 Ni-in-garnet thermometer calibrated at natural trace Ni abundances (Canil, 1999). T is calculated assuming Ni content of olivine of 2900 ppm Garnet geotherm CSIRO 1996 H. Helmstaedt, Queen s University 17
18 Anuri Tenacity Lac de Gras Snap Lake G-10; Fo >92; depleted in Y, Ga, Zr, and HREE G-9; depleted in HREE, HFSE and Ga Depleted in Y and HREE; enriched in Zr and LREE High HREE, normal HFSE, no evidence of depletion event Enriched in Zr, Ti, Y, and Ga from: Griffin et al. (2003) Y edge indicates base of lithosphere CSIRO 1996 Group I CSIRO 1996 H. Helmstaedt, Queen s University 18
19 Group II CSIRO 1996 Ni-in-garnet temperature diamond window H. Helmstaedt, Queen s University 19
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