Skull Osteology & Cranial Cavity. Rebecca S Lufler, PhD Head and Neck Anatomy February 23, 2012
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1 Skull Osteology & Cranial Cavity Rebecca S Lufler, PhD Head and Neck Anatomy February 23, 2012
2 Lecture Overview Cranium osteology External features of skull Paranasal Sinuses Cranial fossae Internal features of skull Meninges Dural venous sinuses Intracranial hemorrhage
3 The Cranium Neurocranium Made up of the bones and Ossues (meninges) surrounding the brain Viscerocranium Made up of the facial bones
4 Neurocranium Eight bones Frontal Parietal (2) Occipital Temporal (2) Sphenoid Ethmoid (part) Anterior Frontal Parietal Parietal Occipital Posterior
5 Neurocranium Eight bones Frontal Parietal (2) Occipital Temporal (2) Sphenoid Ethmoid (part) Calvaria roof Parietal Occipital Parietal
6 Neurocranium Eight bones Frontal Parietal (2) Occipital Temporal (2) Sphenoid Ethmoid (part)
7 Neurocranium Eight bones Frontal Parietal (2) Occipital Temporal (2) Sphenoid Ethmoid (part) Basicranium floor
8 Neurocranium Meninges Membranous coverings which serve to: Protect the brain within the cranial cavity Provide support for arteries, veins, and venous sinuses Enclose the subarachnoid space filled with fluid nourishment for the brain
9 15 bones Ethmoid (part) Vomer Mandible Maxilla (2) Inferior nasal concha (2) ZygomaOc (2) Nasal (2) PalaOne (2) Lacrimal (2) Viscerocranium
10 Viscerocranium 15 bones Ethmoid (part) Vomer Mandible Maxilla (2) Inferior nasal concha (2) ZygomaOc (2) Nasal (2) PalaOne (2) Lacrimal (2)
11 Fontanelles Anterior fontanelle Age at closure: ~18-24 months Sphenoid (Anterolateral) fontanelle Age at closure: < 6 months Mastoid (Posterolateral) fontanelle Age at closure: < 24 months
12 Sutures Coronal suture Pterion Lambdoid suture Asterion
13 Fontanelles Anterior fontanelle Age at closure: ~18-24 months Posterior fontanelle Age at closure: < 24 months
14 Sutures Coronal suture Lambdoid suture Sagittal suture Bregma Lambda
15 External Skull Features - Anterior Nasion Glabella Orbit Anterior nasal aperture Angle Body Alveolar process Alveolar process Ramus Mental protuberance
16 Supraorbital foramen Superior orbital fissure Optic canal Posterior ethmoid foramen Inferior orbital fissure Anterior ethmoid foramen Infraorbital foramen
17 Supraorbital n. (CN V 1 ) CN III CN IV CN V 1 CN VI Optic n. (CN II) Posterior ethmoidal n. (CN V 1 ) Anterior ethmoidal n. (CN V 1 ) Zygomatic n. (CN V 2 ) Infraorbital n. (CN V 2 )
18 Mandible Coronoid process Mandibular notch Mandibular foramen Mylohyoid groove Mylohyoid line Ramus Lingula Head Neck Digastric fossa Superior & Inferior genial spines Body Mental foramen Angle
19 External Skull Features - Lateral Lacrimal groove Zygomaticofacial foramen Pterygomaxillary fissure External acoustic meatus Styloid process Mastoid process Zygomatic arch = Zygomatic process of temporal bone + Temporal process of zygomatic bone
20 External Skull Features - Lateral Nasolacrimal duct Zygomaticofacial n. (CN V 2 ) Mental n. (CN V 3 ) Pterygomaxillary fissure = Lateral entrance into the pterygopalatine fossa, housing pterygopalatine ganglion with CN V 2
21 Lecture Overview Cranium osteology External features of skull Paranasal Sinuses Cranial fossae Internal features of skull Meninges Dural venous sinuses Intracranial hemorrhage
22 Paranasal Sinuses Air filled spaces within bone lined with respiratory epithelium. Develop prenatally and cononue to grow throughout life. FuncOon is debated, includes to lighten weight of skull, increasing voice resonance, humidifying inhaled air.
23 Paranasal Sinuses Frontal Ethmoid Maxillary
24 Paranasal Sinuses Frontal Ethmoid Maxillary Sphenoid Mastoid air cells (NOT paranasal sinus)
25
26 SinusiOs
27 SinusiOs
28 Lecture Overview Cranium osteology External features of skull Paranasal Sinuses Cranial fossae Internal features of skull Meninges Dural venous sinuses Intracranial hemorrhage
29 Cranial Fossae Steps down from anterior posterior Anterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Posterior cranial fossa
30 Anterior Cranial Fossa Frontal crest Crista galli Orbital part of frontal bone Lesser wing of sphenoid Anterior clinoid processes Middle Cranial Fossa Greater wing of sphenoid Sella turcica = Tuberculum sellae Hypophysial fossa Posterior Cranial Fossa Clivus Internal occipital crest Internal occipital protuberance Posterior clinoid processes Dorsum sellae Petrous part of temporal bone
31 Anterior Cranial Fossa Foramen cecum Cribriform plate
32 Anterior Cranial Fossa Emissary vein CN I
33 Groove for lesser petrosal nerve Optic canal Carotid notch Foramen ovale Middle Cranial Fossa Foramen spinosum Groove for middle meningeal artery Groove for greater petrosal nerve Foramen lacerum Foramen rotundum Superior orbital fissure
34 Lesser petrosal n. CN II Internal carotid a. V 3, lesser petrosal n. Middle meningeal a. and recurrent meningeal n. Middle meningeal artery Greater petrosal nerve Nothing Middle Cranial Fossa
35 Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Lesser wing Foramen rotundum Greater wing Pterygoid canal Sphenoid bone, posterior view
36 Posterior Cranial Fossa Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Hypoglossal (anterior condylar) canal Foramen magnum
37 Posterior Cranial Fossa CN VII and VIII CN IX, X, XI, Internal jugular v. CN XII CN XI (spinal root), Spinal cord, vertebral aa.
38 Anterior Cranial Fossa Foramen cecum Cribriform plate Groove for lesser petrosal nerve Posterior Cranial Fossa Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Hypoglossal (anterior condylar) canal Foramen magnum Middle Cranial Optic canal Fossa Carotid notch Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Groove for middle meningeal artery Groove for greater petrosal nerve Foramen lacerum Foramen rotundum Superior orbital fissure
39 Anterior Cranial Fossa Emissary vein CN I Lesser petrosal n. Posterior Cranial Fossa CN VII and VIII CN IX, X, XI, Internal jugular v. CN XII CN XI (spinal root), Spinal cord, vertebral aa. Middle Cranial Fossa CN II Internal carotid a. V3, lesser petrosal n. Middle meningeal a. and recurrent meningeal n. Middle meningeal artery Greater petrosal nerve Nothing
40 Hamulus Medial pterygoid plate Scaphoid fossa Lateral pterygoid plate Spine of sphenoid Occipital condyle Zygomatic arch Mandibular (glenoid) fossa Styloid process Pharyngeal tubercle Mastoid process Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance
41 Incisive foramen Inferior orbital fissure Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Stylomastoid foramen Foramen magnum Hypoglossal (anterior condylar) canal Greater palatine foramen Lesser palatine foramen Pterygoid canal Foramen lacerum Carotid canal Jugular Foramen
42 Nasopalatine n. (CN V 2 ) Infraorbital and zygomatic nn. (CN V 2 ) CN V 3 Middle meningeal a. and recurrent meningeal n. CN VII Spinal cord/brainstem CN XI (spinal component) Vertebral aa. CN XII Greater palatine n. (CN V 2 ) Lesser palatine n. (CN V 2 ) Nerve of the pterygoid canal (CN V 2 ) Internal carotid a. CN IX, X, XI, Internal jugular v.
43 Chorda tympani (CN VII) and anterior tympanic a. Nerve of the pterygoid canal (V 2 ) Tympanic n. (CN IX)
44 The Squirrely Internal CaroOd
45 Lecture Overview Cranium osteology External features of skull Paranasal Sinuses Cranial fossae Internal features of skull Meninges Dural venous sinuses Intracranial hemorrhage
46 Meninges First Layer Dura mater Tough, fibrous outer covering, with an external periosteal layer and internal meningeal layer. - These two layers are fused except where there are dural venous sinuses and dural infoldings. Dura mater External periosteal layer Internal meningeal layer
47 Dural Infoldings Meningeal layer reflects away from the periosteal layer and divides the cranial cavity into compartments Falx cerebri separates cerebral hemispheres A[aches to the crista galli and internal occipital protuberance Falx cerebelli lies between the cerebellar hemispheres A[aches to internal occipital crest Tentorium cerebelli separates the occipital lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum ( tent ) A[aches to posterior clinoid processes, petrous temporal bone, and internal occipital bone Diaphragma sellae lies over the pituitary gland A[aches to all four clinoid processes
48
49 Dural Venous Sinuses Superior sagi[al sinus Endothelium lined spaces draining blood away from the brain to the internal jugular vein Superior sagi[al sinus Inferior sagi[al sinus Straight sinus Confluence of sinuses Occipital sinus Inferior sagi[al sinus Straight sinus Occipital sinus Confluence of sinuses
50 Straight sinus Transverse sinus Sigmoid sinus Cavernous sinus Inferior petrosal sinus Superior petrosal sinus Cavernous sinus Superior petrosal sinus Straight sinus Inferior petrosal sinus Sigmoid sinus Transverse sinus Confluence of sinuses
51 Dural Venous Sinus Drainage
52 Cavernous sinus Internal carotid a. Occulomotor n. (CN III) Trochlear n. (CN IV) Ophthalmic Division V 1 Maxillary Division V 2 Abducent n. (CN VI)
53 Dural Venous Sinus Drainage Superior sagittal sinus Inferior sagittal sinus Cavernous sinus Occipital sinus Confluence of sinuses Straight sinus Superior petrosal sinus Inferior petrosal sinus Transverse sinus *Note: Emissary veins pass through small holes (foramina) in the skull to the dural sinuses. Provides a channel for transmission of infection from the scalp to the brain/meninges. Sigmoid sinus Internal jugular vein
54 Dural InnervaOon Anterior cranial fossa CN V 1, V 2, and V 3 Middle cranial fossa CN V 2 and V 3 Posterior cranial fossa Floor C2 and C3 Roof (tentorium) CN V 1 Falx cerebri Anterior Anterior meningeal n., V 1 Posterior Tentorial n., V 1 V 3 V 3 V 2 V 2 V 1 V 1
55 Meninges Second layer Arachnoid mater Thin, web- like middle layer. - Covers a space, subarachnoid space, containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), arteries and veins. Arachnoid granulations Dura mater Arachnoid mater
56 Meninges Third layer Pia mater Thinner, shiny inner layer. - Adheres directly to the surface of the brain and follows every curve of the cortex*. *In lab, the dura will adhere to the inside the calvarium at the sutures, the arachnoid will cover the sulci of the brain, and the pia will follow the sulci. Dura mater Pia mater Arachnoid mater
57 Circle of Willis! Anterior cerebral a. Anterior communicating a. Middle cerebral a. Internal carotid a. Posterior communicating a. Posterior cerebral a. Basilar a. Vertebral a.
58 Lecture Overview Cranium osteology External features of skull Paranasal Sinuses Cranial fossae Internal features of skull Meninges Dural venous sinuses Intracranial hemorrhage
59 Intracranial Hemorrhage Epidural hematoma Severe head trauma, ie: automobile accident, skull fracture Arterial bleeding, between skull and dura mater Rapidly worsens and contained by sutures Causes brain shib and compression
60 Biconvex lens shaped
61 Intracranial Hemorrhage Subdural hematoma Rapid acceleraoon or deceleraoon, shearing forces Venous bleeding, between dura mater and arachnoid mater Brain compression
62 Crescent/concave shaped
63 Intracranial Hemorrhage Subarachnoid hematoma Ruptured cerebral aneurysm Oben associated with a severe headache Brain compression, ischemia Lumbar puncture
64 Follows contours of the brain and spaces normally occupied by CSF
65 Reference pages Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 6 th Ed., by Moore, Dalley, and Agur pp pp pp pp Bonus!
66 Baker et al: Head & Neck Anatomy for Dental Medicine Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.
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