Comparison of Thermal Behaviour and Polymorphism of Palm Oil and Palm Kernel Oil
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2 Comparison of Thermal Behaviour and Polymorphism of Palm Oil and Palm Kernel Oil Chong, C. L., Zaliha, O., Mohd. Basri, Wahid., Lesieur, Pierre., Bourgaux, Claudie., Ollivon, Michel R.
3 Presentation content Introduction to palm oil and palm kernel oil Thermal characteristics of palm oil and palm kernel oil (DSC) Isothermal crystallization of palm oil and palm kernel oil Results Summary
4 Palm kernel: palm kernel oil Nut shell Mesocarp: palm oil
5 Palm oil: Introduction 10 major fatty acid chains present; palmitic, oleic, linoleic; close to 1000 TAGS present; 50% unsaturated; semi-solid at ambient Palm kernel oil: >10 major fatty acids present; lauric and myristic; combination with other short chain fatty acids makes PKO appears to be totally solidified at ambient temperatures
6 Refined palm oils Characteristic cooling and melting DSC thermograms of refined palm oils. The peak at M-8 is normally smaller than that at M-6. Crystallization thermogram of refined palm oil Melting thermogram of refined palm oil 80 C - 40 C 80 C 10min 10min cooling/heating rate 5 C/min
7 Thermal characteristics of Malaysian palm oil The characteristic points as shown in the typical crystallization and melting thermograms occurred in all palm oil samples studied except the minor points C- 7, M-9a, M-9b, M-l0a and M-l0b which were sometimes absent
8 Palm Kernel Oil Crystallization and melting DSC thermograms of palm kernel oil. These are simpler thermograms compared with those of palm oil. Crystallization thermogram of palm kernel oil Melting thermogram of palm kernel oil Temperature programming similar to that of palm oil
9 From thermal considerations, it can be seen that palm oil and palm kernel oil can be fractionated into solid and liquid fractions, each with their own application areas
10 Dry fractionation of Palm Oil: Comparing DSC curves for PO and PKO, for palm oil, the solid and liquid components are well separated upon cooling For palm kernel oil solid and liquid components are overlapped Possible to completely separate solid from the liquid part for palm oil while it is not possible for palm kernel oil Principle on while dry fractionation process of palm oil is based For palm kernel oil, process employed is very different from that of palm oil
11 Fat crystallization: Well known that fats have 3 major polymorphism: least stable polymorph : intermediate stability polymorph most stable polymorph Most reported data on polymorphism is on dynamic temperature profile where life span is reported to be short (sec) under these dynamic conditions. What happens under isothermal conditions?
12 Experiment Isothermal crystallization studies: LURE beamline D22 for polymorphic studies Palm oil (PO) : IV 52.1; 8 C to 26 C Palm kernel oil (PKO) : IV 18.3: 5 C to 18 C Sample holder: capillary tubes Sample blocks pre-set at temperature of interest Samples melted and held for 10min above m.p. (70 C PO / 45 C PKO) Samples quenched to sample block temperature, data logging initiated
13 Results: Refined palm kernel oil : Temp/ C onwards Observations crystals up to 2 min after quenching followed by crystals crystals up to 2 min after quenching followed by crystals No crystal polymorph observed. crystals from first crystallization
14 Isothermal Crystallization of RBD Palm Oil Results: Refined palm oil Time (min) crystal region a narrow region of ' crystals region of mixed ' and crystals Temperature (C)
15 and crystals of RBD PO
16 RBD PKO crystals
17 Summary Palm oil and palm kernel oils have different chemical composition in terms of types of fatty acid chain lengths Reflected in their thermal properties; dry fractionation for palm oil Isothermal crystallization of PKO: short life span (2 min) for temperatures below 10 C only only crystals observed even over long crystallization times (1h)
18 Summary Isothermal crystallization of PO: polymorph observed which is transformed into with time life span decreases as fractionation temperature is increased Below 20 C life span can be quite long (30 min or more) Above 22 C, crystals appear 9 min after quenching. Time for appearance of crystals is increased as fractionation temperature is increased There exists only a narrow region for pure crystals
19
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