NO x and SO x. Chapter 4 Energy. Fire Most modern fuels are substances we burn. Energy Consumers. 4.1 Burning Carbon Fuels Powerplants 2/20/2015

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "NO x and SO x. Chapter 4 Energy. Fire Most modern fuels are substances we burn. Energy Consumers. 4.1 Burning Carbon Fuels Powerplants 2/20/2015"

Transcription

1 Chapter 4 Energy CHM 107 GCC Fire Most modern fuels are substances we burn Coal, gasoline, gas, oil, propane, charcoal, wood The rate we are burning them is not sustainable. Sustainability is more than just availability as we shall see. These fuels are non renewable They produce waste that has ill effects on our environment Energy Consumers US top E consumer per person US casual about E usage 70% of US energy comes from fossil fuels Coal, oil, natural gas Burning them releases CO 2, PM, CO, NO x and SO x Why are those gases a problem? Also produces Hg, mercury, in the ash NO x and SO x Short hand ways to write NO and NO 2 SO 2 and SO 3 Gases that cause acid rain Main pollutants The media refers to them this way 4.1 Burning Carbon Fuels Powerplants Powerplants use chemical energy stored in fossil fuels and burn them (combustion) to release the energy stored in their bonds. They convert this chemical energy into heat then into kinetic energy then to electrical energy Burning coal creates heat, which boils water that changes into steam that flows along pipes to the steam turbines which then turn in a magnetic field generating electricity. The steam is then condensed back to liquid water which flows back to the furnace to be boiled again. This is about 42% efficient. 1

2 Energy Potential stored energy Chemical energy is stored in the bonds of fuel and foods Kinetic energy energy of motion After digestion of food we can move Combustion of coal converts potential energy to heat (boiling water) which turns into mechanical energy (turning turbines) which converts into electrical energy. Burning Coal Coal Power Plant Fossil Fuels Where did fossil fuels get their energy? From the sun originally captured by plants 6 CO H 2 O C 6 H 12 O O 2 Green plants capture sun energy via photosynthesis and produce glucose and oxygen gas. When they die they decompose partially getting buried under dirt. Temperature and pressure turns them into coal and oil and natural gas. We will consume in a few centuries what took hundreds of millions of years to produce. 1 st Law of Thermodynamics Energy can not be created nor destroyed, only converted from one form to another Forms include chemical, electrical, nuclear, mechanical, radiation, heat, friction, sound Chemical energy = energy stored in bonds, chemical reactions like combustion releases this energy 2

3 4.2 Energy Efficiency Coal power plants are between 35-50% efficient. You lose heat between each step in the process. Car engines are only about 15% efficient! How do we measure energy? calorie (cal) heat needed to raise one gram of water by one degree Celsius. Joule (J) One heart beat is one J. Food Calories Science measures energy in Joules or calories but food uses Calories which is really a kilocalorie or 1000 calories There are 1000 calories in a Calorie There are Joules per calorie How many calories are in a Snickers bar that contains 245 Calories? How many Joules? Main Fuel Sources Up to 1880 the main source was wood Then coal became number one until 1950 Oil has been number one since 1950 Coal and oil are fossil fuels (so is natural gas) Review What are fossil fuels? 4.3 Coal Solid Fossil Fuel Made up of C, H, O, N, S atoms 85% is C, carbon Typical coal plant uses 1.5 millions tons of coal per year Formula: C 135 H 96 O 9 NS Trace amount of Hg Traces of arsenic Traces of lead Types of Coal More oxygen means less energy per gram Lignite lowest grade, similar to peat Sub-bituminous medium grade Bituminous higher grade, more pressure in its formation Anthracite highest grade, little left in US 3

4 Coal Mining One Tough Job Problems with Coal Mining is dangerous China had 4700 deaths in 2006 alone Accidents in mines, black lung Mining ruins the environment, erosion occurs Groundwater exposed to mines becomes acidified and high in Fe and Al, which is bad for fish and human consumption. Coal is dirty, makes soot, NO x, SO x, PM Coal blackens buildings, costs money to restore Coal has mercury concentrates in the ash Coal burning produces CO 2 a GHG (coal accounts for 40% of global CO 2 emissions) Black lung Coal Train Just a Joke! What is good about coal? Cheap US has plenty of it (25% of the world s supply) What about clean coal? Well that just means putting scrubbers on existing coal plants to help them remove pollutants from the smoke stacks. This should be done anyway. There is no new different better coal, same old coal. None of this addresses CO 2 emissions. 4

5 USA Has Lots of Coal Reserves Coal s Future? Between 1999 and 2009 North America stayed about the same But 214 new coal plants proposed, 1/3 refused, 1/3 in court, many can t find funding Europe decreased a bit Africa increased a bit Asia doubles its usage! Now using about 4x the amount of the US. 4.4 Petroleum liquid fossil fuel Easy to transport since flows, so more popular than coal, but way more expensive Petroleum is 48 kj/g vs high grade coal at 30 kj/g US does NOT have enough oil, so we import it From where? Texas Landscaping Petroleum = crude oil Petroleum must be refined It is a mix of many hydrocarbons (1-60 C per molecule) Compounds with Hydrogen and Carbon (H and C) Simple hydrocarbons = Alkanes all single covalent bonds between carbon atoms Less sulfur than coal so less SO x To separate the hydrocarbons you use distillation Heat up the crude oil until it boils Collect the vapors then condense back to liquid form Smallest hydrocarbon boils off first, collect it first, and then so on The more carbon atoms, the higher the boiling point Hydrocarbons - Alkanes 5

6 Distillation Alkanes up to Octane Once in the gas phase, the vapors travel up the tower. Smaller mass compounds travel up the highest, larger mass compounds travel shorter distances up the tower. Vapors are condensed back into liquid form at the different levels of the tower and collected. Why do we care about Hydrocarbons? Petroleum Refinery Fossil Fuel; Petroleum One Barrel of Crude Oil gal gasoline 10.0 gal diesel 3.8 gal jet fuel 1.7 gal heavy oil fuel 1.7 gal methane butane 7.3 gal other (plastics, pharmaceuticals, fabrics, etc) Addicted to Oil China is now the 2 nd largest car market Oil reserves will be depleted in years Shell s CEO said after 2015 easy access oil and gas will no longer keep up with demand. US Dept of Energy says that peak oil will occur between 2026 and

7 Natural Gas Natural Gas = gas fossil fuel 90% methane, CH 4, simple hydrocarbon Provides head for 2/3 homes in US Burns cleaner than coal or oil, less impurities No mercury ash produced Little NO x produced, almost no SO 2 Makes less CO 2 than oil or coal Gas Stove Fracking Involves drilling down into shale that contains natural gas about 1-2 miles down Water that contains a cocktail of substances is injected under pressure into the shale to create cracks into which the gas can flow to the surface for collection Environmental impacts include the risks contaminating ground water, depleting fresh water, degrading air quality, potentially triggering earthquakes, noise pollution, surface pollution, and the consequential hazards to public health and the environment The cocktail is usually chemicals that are not disclosed by the companies, sand, and water Over one million frac jobs have been performed in the US 4.5 Heat vs. Temperature Temperature vs Heat Temperature kinetic every of atoms. Cold is atoms moving slowly, hot is atoms moving quickly. Does not depend on volume. Heat depends on volume. Heat is energy that flows from hot to cold. A donut is 425 Calories. How many J is this? Recall that Cal = 1000 cal, cal = J. Which has higher temperature? Which has more heat? 7

8 Heats of Combustion Heat given off when it burns. Reported in units of kj/mol or kj/gram. Heat of combustion of methane is kj/mol. CH O 2 CO H 2 O kj Convert that to kj/g using molar mass. Energy Changes Chemical reactions are either exothermic or endothermic Exothermic = heat exiting Heat is produced as a product of the reaction Combustion produces heat Reactant heat is higher than the product heat, thus heat released, the energy change is negative (goes down) Endothermic = heat in Heat is needed as a reactant in the reaction Cold packs take in heat Reactant heat is lower than the product heat, thus heat is absorbed, the energy change is positive (goes up) Exothermic Recall a chemical reaction is reactants g products Reactant heat higher than product heat so heat is lost, heat exits, exothermic Heat is produced Ex: combustion, hot pack DH is negative Endothermic Recall a chemical reaction is reactants g products Reactant heat lower than product heat so heat is taken in, heat enters, endothermic Heat is absorbed Ex: photosynthesis must absorb sun s energy, cold pack DH is negative 4.6 Energy changes in Molecules Chemical reactions are when reactant molecule bonds are broken and the atoms rearrange into new different product molecules forming new product bonds You should be able to tell which bonds are broken and which ones form Example H 2 + Cl 2 g 2 HCl + E Is this reaction exothermic or endothermic? Exothermic We Need Fuel and Energy US is about 5% of the world s population, but uses 30% of the world s energy. We are addicted to energy. Only Canada uses about the same per person as us. The country using the most energy overall is China, but they also have the most people, and they use way less per person than us. We average 16 tons of coal per person per year. 8

9 Electricity Consumption country Total MW population Per capita China 4,190,000, billion 364 US 3,741,485, million 1460 Europe 2,950,297, million 700 Japan 963,852, million 868 Russia 857,617, million 785 India 600,649, billion 51 Brazil 600,029, million 226 Canada 549,476, million Data 4.7 Making Gasoline Gasoline is hydrocarbons with 5-12 C atoms These smaller hydrocarbons are in way more demand than those with 13 or more C atoms Need a way to break larger hydrocarbons into smaller ones = Cracking C 16 H 34 g C 8 H 18 + C 8 H 16 Is this balanced??? Anyone remember leaded gasoline? Finally banned in US in 1996 by Clean Air Act A Cracker heats hydrocarbons to o C to crack them. Cracking Thermal cracking involves very high temperatures. Catalytic cracking involves using a catalyst at lower temperatures. Octane is C 8 H 18 and there are several isomers with this formula. (same formula, different structure) 9

10 4.8 New Fuels Coal can last another 150 years, but can t be used in cars since it is not liquid. Cheap oil will run out in years. We must change our ways whether we want to or not. Big money to be made in what replaces oil. We can make synthetic oil from coal, but right now this is way too expensive. And it produces twice the amount of CO 2. Why is this bad? Synthetic Gasoline We can make it from coal (Fischer-Tropsch process) but it requires a catalyst. A catalyst lowers the energy necessary to make a reaction proceed to products. And catalysts are not consumed during the reaction so they can be reused over and over and over. South Africa synthesizes most of its gasoline this way. However making gasoline from coal creates twice as much GHG as burning oil creates. This is bad news for the planet. Catalysts lower the energy required for a reaction to proceed forwards 4.9 Ethanol Biofuel Burning fossil fuels is not sustainable we will run out of them eventually, we can t grow them, and they cause harm to our lungs and the planet. What are the options? One is to use biofuels which are renewable fuels made from plants. Wood not viable, wood takes CO 2 out of the air, we need more trees, not less. Also trees grow slow. We can ferment corn to make ethanol. Corn grows quickly so is sustainable. How to make Ethanol How to ferment corn Mix corn kernals and water Use enzymes to break down the starch molecules into glucose Yeast cells cause glucose to turn into ethanol Distill and purify the ethanol Often mixed with gasoline already = gasohol Usually 10% ethanol can be used in all cars E85 is 85% ethanol can be used in FFV (flex fuel vehicle). There are 6 million in the US now. 10

11 Brazil 4 million out of 13 million cars run on pure ethanol produced from fermenting sugar cane The rest run on an ethanol / gas mix You get less miles per gallon with ethanol however but the octane rating is higher. (The higher the octane rating, the smoother the fuel and less knocking) Ethanol Review Mix of 90% gas and 10% ethanol can be used in all cars now Must modify cars to run on 100% ethanol Brazil has about 30% cars on ethanol FFV (flex fuel vehicles) run on up to 85% ethanol (E85) and 15% gas, sold in Europe and US Few engine modifications Same performance levels, less mpg Produced since the 1980 s, you may have one and not know it Labeled on gas cap or fuel door Sweden has 1455 E85 stations, 1802 in US US has 8.3 million E85 cars Problems with Ethanol from Corn Energy to make it is more than what we get from it More expensive than gasoline now Lower gas mileage Not enough land to grow that much corn Corn uses lots of fertilizers and pesticides, bad for water supply and soil. Transportation of these chemicals requires burning gasoline and emits CO 2. Corn degrades the soil. People are starving, corn could be used as food instead of fuel. Many think switch grass is way better than corn as an ethanol source Switch Grass 4.10 Other Biofuels = Biomass Biomass Biodiesel Garbage Biogas Solar, wind, hydrogen and geothermal are renewable and alternative energy sources Alternative energy means NOT fossil fuel Renewable means produced quickly, readily available Nuclear is alternative but not renewable because Uranium is not produced quickly 11

12 Biodiesel Increasing production, can be made by individual consumers Made from vegetable oil, can get for free from restaurants Can be used pure or mixed with gasoline in diesel engines B20 means 80% diesel and 20% biodiesel Non toxic and biodegradable Releases more energy than required to make it (better than corn ethanol) How to Make Biodiesel How to make biodiesel Vegetable oils contains triglycerides React with methanol and NaOH (catalyst) Produce 3 biodiesel molecules and glycerol waste Glycerol can be sold to make a glycol Does produce CO 2 when burned, but is carbon neutral (the plant took in the CO 2 first) Biodiesel Garbage as energy source Cheap, there is lots of it, renewable, abundant Solves 2 problems What to do with trash How to make energy Burning trash leaves about 10% behind that goes to landfill Can recover metals to reuse Incinerator emissions below standard levels or regular incinerators Japan and Germany are leaders in burning trash as fuel Biogas Collect gas vapors from landfill and use to heat homes Collect gas from sewage or manure on a farm to provide the heating for the farm Good for small scale applications 25 million users in rural China in 2008, expected to double this decade 12

13 Conservation Biomass Cycle Best way to control costs is still conservation use less energy in the first place! Oil will peak this century, costs will continue to rise, something must replace it Recycling is key! One can recycled saves enough energy to run a TV for 3 hours Drive fuel efficient cars uses less fuel and saves money (2008 numbers) Europe average 40 mpg Japan average 45 mpg US average 19.8 mpg Summary: Energy Sources 4.11 The Way Forward We will need more energy in the future 25% of energy is consumed by 5% (US) China and India are emerging economies Do we have enough energy for all people to live at US standard of living? NO Must make smart choices. In US cars/trucks are 70% of oil usage and 1/5 CO 2 emissions our mpg is low, could improve here. Mass transit 47% of Japan s travel vs only 6% of US travel Our actions leave global footprints 13

Biomass Renewable Energy from Plants and Animals

Biomass Renewable Energy from Plants and Animals Renewable Biomass Biomass Basics Biomass Renewable Energy from Plants and Animals Biomass is organic material made from plants and animals. Biomass contains stored energy from the sun. Plants absorb the

More information

ANALYZING ENERGY. Time and Student Grouping Energy Source Analysis and Consequence Wheel: One class period. Grade Levels: 6-12

ANALYZING ENERGY. Time and Student Grouping Energy Source Analysis and Consequence Wheel: One class period. Grade Levels: 6-12 ANALYZING ENERGY Lesson Concepts: Students will analyze the advantages and disadvantages of nine different energy sources. They will use their knowledge to predict what would happen if the world did not

More information

Chapter 4: Energy from Combustion

Chapter 4: Energy from Combustion hapter 4: Energy from ombustion The primary means of generating energy for human endeavors is the combustion of fuels. Fuels: oal - burned in power plants Gasoline - burned in automobiles Natural gas -

More information

SUPPLEMENTARY TOPIC 3 ENERGY AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS

SUPPLEMENTARY TOPIC 3 ENERGY AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS SUPPLEMENTARY TOPIC 3 ENERGY AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS Rearranging atoms. In a chemical reaction, bonds between atoms in one or more molecules (reactants) break and new bonds are formed with other atoms to

More information

310 Exam Questions. 1) Discuss the energy efficiency, and why increasing efficiency does not lower the amount of total energy consumed.

310 Exam Questions. 1) Discuss the energy efficiency, and why increasing efficiency does not lower the amount of total energy consumed. 310 Exam Questions 1) Discuss the energy efficiency, and why increasing efficiency does not lower the amount of total energy consumed. 2) What are the three main aspects that make an energy source sustainable?

More information

Balancing chemical reaction equations (stoichiometry)

Balancing chemical reaction equations (stoichiometry) Balancing chemical reaction equations (stoichiometry) This worksheet and all related files are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, version 1.0. To view a copy of this license, visit

More information

Generating Current Electricity: Complete the following summary table for each way that electrical energy is generated. Pros:

Generating Current Electricity: Complete the following summary table for each way that electrical energy is generated. Pros: P a g e 1 Generating Current Electricity: Complete the following summary table for each way that electrical energy is generated. Generating Electrical Energy Using Moving Water: Hydro-Electric Generation

More information

Module 7 Forms of energy generation

Module 7 Forms of energy generation INTRODUCTION In rich countries like Australia, our standard of living is dependent on easily available energy. Every time you catch a bus, turn on a light or watch television energy is being used up. Over

More information

5-Minute Refresher: RENEWABLE ENERGY

5-Minute Refresher: RENEWABLE ENERGY 5-Minute Refresher: RENEWABLE ENERGY Renewable Energy Key Ideas Renewable energy is a source of energy that can be used and replenished naturally in a relatively short period of time. Non renewable energy

More information

COMBUSTION. In order to operate a heat engine we need a hot source together with a cold sink

COMBUSTION. In order to operate a heat engine we need a hot source together with a cold sink COMBUSTION In order to operate a heat engine we need a hot source together with a cold sink Occasionally these occur together in nature eg:- geothermal sites or solar powered engines, but usually the heat

More information

[]n. Craving energy. Oil and gas formation. Oil and gas formation. Resources: Fossil Fuels. Supplying our energy needs: Source of energy in the US

[]n. Craving energy. Oil and gas formation. Oil and gas formation. Resources: Fossil Fuels. Supplying our energy needs: Source of energy in the US Craving energy Supplying our energy needs: Source of energy in the US Resources: Fossil Fuels Energy consumption in the US Reading: Ch 13 Oil and gas formation Oil and gas formation 1. Need accumulation

More information

Natural Gas and Greenhouse Gases. OLLI Lectures November 2014 Dennis Silverman Physics and Astronomy UC Irvine

Natural Gas and Greenhouse Gases. OLLI Lectures November 2014 Dennis Silverman Physics and Astronomy UC Irvine Natural Gas and Greenhouse Gases OLLI Lectures November 2014 Dennis Silverman Physics and Astronomy UC Irvine Replacing Coal With Natural Gas Greenhouse Gas Reduction by Switching from Coal to Natural

More information

Unit 5 Practice Test. Name: Class: Date: Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Unit 5 Practice Test. Name: Class: Date: Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Name: Class: Date: Unit 5 Practice Test Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The internal energy of a system is always increased by. A) adding

More information

5 Answers and Solutions to Text Problems

5 Answers and Solutions to Text Problems Energy and States of Matter 5 Answers and Solutions to Text Problems 5.1 At the top of the hill, all of the energy of the car is in the form of potential energy. As it descends down the hill, potential

More information

Chemical Reactions Practice Test

Chemical Reactions Practice Test Chemical Reactions Practice Test Chapter 2 Name Date Hour _ Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The only sure evidence for a chemical reaction

More information

Chapter 4. Chemical Energy

Chapter 4. Chemical Energy hapter 4 hemical Energy Perhaps the most convenient form in which to store energy is chemical energy. The foods we eat, combined with the oxygen we breathe, store energy that our bodies extract and convert

More information

Assignment 8: Comparison of gasification, pyrolysis and combustion

Assignment 8: Comparison of gasification, pyrolysis and combustion AALTO UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY KE-40.4120 Introduction to biorefineries and biofuels Assignment 8: Comparison of gasification, pyrolysis and combustion Aino Siirala 309141 Assignment submitted

More information

Renewable vs. non-renewable energy sources, forms and technologies prepared by. A.Gritsevskyi, IAEA

Renewable vs. non-renewable energy sources, forms and technologies prepared by. A.Gritsevskyi, IAEA Renewable vs. non-renewable energy sources, forms and technologies prepared by. A.Gritsevskyi, IAEA Objective of this paper is to provide International Recommendations for Energy Statistics (IRES) with

More information

Chapter 3: Separating Mixtures (pg. 54 81)

Chapter 3: Separating Mixtures (pg. 54 81) Chapter 3: Separating Mixtures (pg. 54 81) 3.2: Separating Mechanical Mixtures (PB Pg. 40 5 & TB Pg. 58 61): Name: Date: Check Your Understanding & Learning (PB pg. 40 & TB pg. 61): 1. What are four methods

More information

PHOTOSYNTHESIS. reflect. what do you think?

PHOTOSYNTHESIS. reflect. what do you think? reflect Suppose you place a plant on a sunny windowsill and water it regularly. At the same time you place a similar plant in a dark closet and keep it watered, too. The only difference between the two

More information

USING ALTERNATIVE FUEL SOURCES TO REDUCE EMISSION POLLUTANTS

USING ALTERNATIVE FUEL SOURCES TO REDUCE EMISSION POLLUTANTS USING ALTERNATIVE FUEL SOURCES TO REDUCE EMISSION POLLUTANTS INTRODUCTION Air pollution is a problem of growing importance and its long term effects have serious consequences. In this lesson, students

More information

Lesson 6. BioMara gratefully acknowledges the following funders: Content Section - How Algae can be used to produce Biofuel.

Lesson 6. BioMara gratefully acknowledges the following funders: Content Section - How Algae can be used to produce Biofuel. Lesson 6 Content Section - How Algae can be used to produce Biofuel. From lesson 5 you have discovered that there are many uses for algae. You also have discovered that algae can be used to produce biofuels.

More information

AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2012 SCORING GUIDELINES

AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2012 SCORING GUIDELINES AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2012 SCORING GUIDELINES Question1 Read the following article from the Fremont Gazette and answer the questions that follow. (a) Identify and describe TWO water-related environmental

More information

Introductory Chemistry, 3 rd Edition Nivaldo Tro. Roy Kennedy Massachusetts Bay Community College Wellesley Hills, Maqqwertd ygoijpk[l

Introductory Chemistry, 3 rd Edition Nivaldo Tro. Roy Kennedy Massachusetts Bay Community College Wellesley Hills, Maqqwertd ygoijpk[l Introductory Chemistry, 3 rd Edition Nivaldo Tro Quantities in Car an octane and oxygen molecules and carbon dioxide and water Chemical Reactions Roy Kennedy Massachusetts Bay Community College Wellesley

More information

Do-Now. 1.) Get out notebook.

Do-Now. 1.) Get out notebook. Do-Now 1.) Get out notebook. 2.) Answer the following questions on the first clean sheet in your notebook. 1.) What are renewable resources? 2.) What are nonrenewable resources? Alternative Sources of

More information

Myths and Realities about Wind, Water, and Sun (WWS) Versus Current Fuels Mark Z. Jacobson September 26, 2012

Myths and Realities about Wind, Water, and Sun (WWS) Versus Current Fuels Mark Z. Jacobson September 26, 2012 MythsandRealitiesaboutWind,Water,andSun(WWS)VersusCurrentFuels MarkZ.Jacobson September26,2012 Severalmythshavedevelopedaroundwind,water,andsolar(WWS)energyresources.Just afewoftheseareaddressedhere. 1)

More information

A pound of coal supplies enough electricity to power ten 100-watt light bulbs for about an hour.

A pound of coal supplies enough electricity to power ten 100-watt light bulbs for about an hour. Did You Know? A pound of coal supplies enough electricity to power ten 100-watt light bulbs for about an hour. Nonrenewable Coal Coal Basics Coal Takes Millions of Years To Create Coal is a combustible

More information

Propane Gas Underground Systems: Residential Infrastructure Requirements and Energy Benefits

Propane Gas Underground Systems: Residential Infrastructure Requirements and Energy Benefits Propane Gas Underground Systems: Residential Infrastructure Requirements and Energy Benefits AIA Best Practices The Propane Education & Research Council and HanleyWood are registered providers with the

More information

UNIT 1 THERMOCHEMISTRY

UNIT 1 THERMOCHEMISTRY UNIT 1 THERMOCHEMISTRY THERMOCHEMISTRY LEARNING OUTCOMES Students will be expected to: THERMOCHEMISTRY STSE analyse why scientific and technological activities take place in a variety individual and group

More information

The impact Equation where scientists and engineers fit in the picture

The impact Equation where scientists and engineers fit in the picture The impact Equation where scientists and engineers fit in the picture In a series of papers in 1970-74, Paul Ehrlich and John Holdren proposed the following equation to estimate the overall impact of our

More information

87 16 70 20 58 24 44 32 35 40 29 48 (a) graph Y versus X (b) graph Y versus 1/X

87 16 70 20 58 24 44 32 35 40 29 48 (a) graph Y versus X (b) graph Y versus 1/X HOMEWORK 5A Barometer; Boyle s Law 1. The pressure of the first two gases below is determined with a manometer that is filled with mercury (density = 13.6 g/ml). The pressure of the last two gases below

More information

ASimple Guide to Oil Refining

ASimple Guide to Oil Refining ASimple Guide to Oil Refining We all know that motor oil and gasoline come from crude oil. What many people do not realize is that crude oil is also the starting point for many diverse products such as

More information

Technical Note: Conversion of fuel data to MWh

Technical Note: Conversion of fuel data to MWh Technical Note: Conversion of fuel data to MWh Questions 12.2 and 12.3 of the information request ask for energy and fuel inputs to be reported according to standardized units commonly used for measuring

More information

From Biomass. NREL Leads the Way. to Biofuels

From Biomass. NREL Leads the Way. to Biofuels From Biomass NREL Leads the Way to Biofuels The Wide World of Biofuels Fuel Source Benefits Maturity Grain/Sugar Ethanol Biodiesel Corn, sorghum, and sugarcane Vegetable oils, fats, and greases Produces

More information

Coal-To-Gas & Coal-To-Liquids

Coal-To-Gas & Coal-To-Liquids Located in the Energy Center at Discovery Park, Purdue University Coal-To-Gas & Coal-To-Liquids CCTR Basic Facts File #3 Brian H. Bowen, Marty W. Irwin The Energy Center at Discovery Park Purdue University

More information

Which of the following can be determined based on this model? The atmosphere is the only reservoir on Earth that can store carbon in any form. A.

Which of the following can be determined based on this model? The atmosphere is the only reservoir on Earth that can store carbon in any form. A. Earth s Cycles 1. Models are often used to explain scientific knowledge or experimental results. A model of the carbon cycle is shown below. Which of the following can be determined based on this model?

More information

MCQ - ENERGY and CLIMATE

MCQ - ENERGY and CLIMATE 1 MCQ - ENERGY and CLIMATE 1. The volume of a given mass of water at a temperature of T 1 is V 1. The volume increases to V 2 at temperature T 2. The coefficient of volume expansion of water may be calculated

More information

Specimen Paper. Chemistry 1F. Time allowed! 60 minutes

Specimen Paper. Chemistry 1F. Time allowed! 60 minutes Centre Number Surname Candidate Number Specimen Paper For Examiner s Use Other Names Candidate Signature Examiner s Initials General Certificate of Secondary Education Foundation Tier Question 1 Mark Science

More information

Thermodynamics Worksheet I also highly recommend Worksheets 13 and 14 in the Lab Manual

Thermodynamics Worksheet I also highly recommend Worksheets 13 and 14 in the Lab Manual Thermodynamics Worksheet I also highly recommend Worksheets 13 and 14 in the Lab Manual 1. Predict the sign of entropy change in the following processes a) The process of carbonating water to make a soda

More information

CANADA S RESOURCES: CONVENTIONAL AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY

CANADA S RESOURCES: CONVENTIONAL AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY CANADA S RESOURCES: CONVENTIONAL AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY Introduction Canadians are among the highest energy consumers in the world. Why? (list 3 possible reasons) Northern climate/very cold temperatures

More information

Lesson: Alternative Fuels

Lesson: Alternative Fuels Drexel-SDP GK-12 LESSON Lesson: Alternative Fuels Subject Area(s) Environment, alternative fuels, fuels, automobile pollution Associated Unit Environments, module 4 Lesson Title Grade Level 6 (4-8) Lesson

More information

Innovadidattica, Leggere e scrivere l'ambiente

Innovadidattica, Leggere e scrivere l'ambiente Attenzione: l'allievo ha risposto usando il colore rosso. Allievo: Francesco B. 1. Read 1. Energy basics Energy is in everything. We use energy for everything we do, from making a jump shot to baking cookies

More information

Environmental Science 101 Energy. Web-Based Course. Lecture Outline: Terms You Should Know: Learning Objectives: Reading Assignment:

Environmental Science 101 Energy. Web-Based Course. Lecture Outline: Terms You Should Know: Learning Objectives: Reading Assignment: Environmental Science 101 Energy 1 Web-Based Course Lecture Outline: 5. RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES MODULE 5.1 Improving Energy Efficiency A. Improving Energy Efficiency MODULE 5.2 Geothermal, Hydro and

More information

KS3 Science: Chemistry Contents

KS3 Science: Chemistry Contents summary KS3 Science MyWorks Guide Chemistry KS3 Science: Chemistry Mini zes: 40 Super zes: 5 Extension zes: 4 Skills zes: 6 TOTAL 54 What are MyWorks zes? MyWorks zes are short individual learning tasks

More information

Chapter 7: Chemical Energy

Chapter 7: Chemical Energy Chapter 7: Chemical Energy Goals of Period 7 Section 7.1: To describe atoms, chemical elements and compounds Section 7.2: To discuss the electromagnetic force and physical changes Section 7.3: To illustrate

More information

Great Energy Debate Game Students evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the major energy sources in an innovative debate format.

Great Energy Debate Game Students evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the major energy sources in an innovative debate format. Great Energy Debate Game Students evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the major energy sources in an innovative debate format. SUBJECT AREAS Science Social Studies Math Language Arts? s s STUDENT

More information

12.5: Generating Current Electricity pg. 518

12.5: Generating Current Electricity pg. 518 12.5: Generating Current Electricity pg. 518 Key Concepts: 1. Electrical energy is produced by energy transformations. 2. Electrical energy is produced from renewable and non-renewable resources. 4. Electrical

More information

AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2012 SCORING GUIDELINES

AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2012 SCORING GUIDELINES AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2012 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 2 The Fremont School District uses oil to heat school buildings. Go Green! is a new project the district will implement. The superintendent has

More information

Chapter 13 Quiz. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Chapter 13 Quiz. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Chapter 13 Quiz Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following is the correct type of energy utilized to produce tidal power? a.

More information

Energy from the Sun. Objectives: Materials:

Energy from the Sun. Objectives: Materials: AK Target grades: 3-5 AK GLEs: Reading [3] 1.4.1 [4/5] 2.4.1 [3] 1.6.1 [3] 1.6.2 [4/5] 2.6.2 Set up time: 15 minutes Class time: About one class session Overview: The teacher will provide a basic summary

More information

LESSON PLAN 1. Fire Science. Key Terms and Concepts. ash chemical reaction combustion Consumer Product Safety Commission endothermic exothermic

LESSON PLAN 1. Fire Science. Key Terms and Concepts. ash chemical reaction combustion Consumer Product Safety Commission endothermic exothermic LESSON PLAN 1 Fire Prevention Fire and Fire Prevention Combustion occurs when the three elements of the fire triangle heat, fuel and oxygen are present. Understanding this basic chemical reaction can help

More information

SULFUR RECOVERY UNIT. Thermal Oxidizer

SULFUR RECOVERY UNIT. Thermal Oxidizer SULFUR RECOVERY UNIT Thermal Oxidizer BURNERS FLARES INCINERATORS PARTS & SERVICE SULFUR RECOVERY UNIT Thermal Oxidizer Tail Gas Thermal Oxidizer designed and built to GOST-R requirements. Zeeco can meet

More information

Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education *0123456789* CHEMISTRY 0620/03 Paper 3 Theory (Core) For Examination from 2016 SPECIMEN PAPER 1 hour

More information

The California Environmental Protection Agency works to restore, protect,

The California Environmental Protection Agency works to restore, protect, Environmental Protection The California Environmental Protection Agency works to restore, protect, and enhance environmental quality. The Agency coordinates the state s environmental regulatory programs

More information

SEATTLE STEAM COMPANY FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

SEATTLE STEAM COMPANY FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS SEATTLE STEAM COMPANY FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS What products/services does Seattle Steam provide? The company provides thermal energy (heat) produced at two central heating plants in downtown Seattle.

More information

FACTS ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE

FACTS ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE FACTS ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE 1. What is climate change? Climate change is a long-term shift in the climate of a specific location, region or planet. The shift is measured by changes in features associated

More information

2. What kind of energy is stored in food? A. chemical energy B. heat energy C. kinetic energy D. light energy

2. What kind of energy is stored in food? A. chemical energy B. heat energy C. kinetic energy D. light energy Assessment Bank Matter and Energy in Living Things SC.8.L.18.4 1. What is energy? A. anything that takes up space B. anything that has mass C. the ability to conduct current D. the ability to do work 2.

More information

Chemical Equations & Stoichiometry

Chemical Equations & Stoichiometry Chemical Equations & Stoichiometry Chapter Goals Balance equations for simple chemical reactions. Perform stoichiometry calculations using balanced chemical equations. Understand the meaning of the term

More information

Consider How can you collect solar energy for use in your school? What are other alternatives?

Consider How can you collect solar energy for use in your school? What are other alternatives? 5 a 5 Energy Sources a - Energy from the sun Purpose To explore sourcing our energy from the sun Key concepts Solar energy is a natural and renewable resource Heat energy from the sun can be used to heat

More information

Chapter 5 Student Reading

Chapter 5 Student Reading Chapter 5 Student Reading THE POLARITY OF THE WATER MOLECULE Wonderful water Water is an amazing substance. We drink it, cook and wash with it, swim and play in it, and use it for lots of other purposes.

More information

Indiana's Academic Standards 2010 ICP Indiana's Academic Standards 2016 ICP. map) that describe the relationship acceleration, velocity and distance.

Indiana's Academic Standards 2010 ICP Indiana's Academic Standards 2016 ICP. map) that describe the relationship acceleration, velocity and distance. .1.1 Measure the motion of objects to understand.1.1 Develop graphical, the relationships among distance, velocity and mathematical, and pictorial acceleration. Develop deeper understanding through representations

More information

R enewable. & Nonrenewable Energy COMPARE AND CONTRAST. 2008 Thoughtful Education Press, LLC All rights reserved.

R enewable. & Nonrenewable Energy COMPARE AND CONTRAST. 2008 Thoughtful Education Press, LLC All rights reserved. COMPARE AND CONTRAST R enewable & Nonrenewable Energy 13 Foyer KNOWLEDGE ANTICIPATION Will our need for energy someday exceed our supply? Is the Energizer Bunny TM more like renewable or nonrenewable energy?

More information

MODERN TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENERGY AND MATERIAL RECOVERY FROM WASTE. Tomáš Rohal, Business Development CEEI 10-Oct-2013

MODERN TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENERGY AND MATERIAL RECOVERY FROM WASTE. Tomáš Rohal, Business Development CEEI 10-Oct-2013 MODERN TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENERGY AND MATERIAL RECOVERY FROM WASTE Tomáš Rohal, Business Development CEEI 10-Oct-2013 1 Who We Are Central Europe Engineering & Investment (CEEI) offers the state-of-the-art

More information

Materials Needed: Time Needed: Adaptations: 2 flyswatters (optional) Vocabulary Definitions (below) Vocabulary Scramble Sheets (below)

Materials Needed: Time Needed: Adaptations: 2 flyswatters (optional) Vocabulary Definitions (below) Vocabulary Scramble Sheets (below) Vocabulary Slap Game ( Flyswatter Game ) Directions: Project a Vocabulary Scramble sheet on a projection screen or Smart Board. Divide the class into two teams. Each team sends one person up to the screen.

More information

Chapter 2: Forms of Energy

Chapter 2: Forms of Energy Chapter 2: Forms of Energy Goals of Period 2 Section 2.1: To describe the forms of energy Section 2.2: To illustrate conversions from one form of energy to another Section 2.3 To describe energy storage

More information

How To Gasify Wood And Agriculture Biomass

How To Gasify Wood And Agriculture Biomass Gasification: An Old Technology for a New Use Sponsored by: Joel Tallaksen, Biomass Coordinator West Central Research & Outreach Center, University of Minnesota Fueling the Future: The Role of Woody and

More information

Alternative and Renewable Energy. Christopher Nicholson section: AD Last 4 # of SIN: 5001

Alternative and Renewable Energy. Christopher Nicholson section: AD Last 4 # of SIN: 5001 Alternative and Renewable Energy Christopher Nicholson section: AD Last 4 # of SIN: 5001 Current Primary Energy Sources Current Primary Energy Sources The pie chart on the left depicts global sources of

More information

Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter What is matter? Anything that has mass and takes up space Chemical or Physical Property? Physical properties of matter: characteristics that can be observed or

More information

Energy and Chemical Reactions. Characterizing Energy:

Energy and Chemical Reactions. Characterizing Energy: Energy and Chemical Reactions Energy: Critical for virtually all aspects of chemistry Defined as: We focus on energy transfer. We observe energy changes in: Heat Transfer: How much energy can a material

More information

Natural gas and renewable gases

Natural gas and renewable gases Natural gas and renewable gases Elbert Huijzer, Liander 4 November 2013 IGU-Sustainable energy for all - Training Concept Abidjan, Cote d Ivoire Natural gas the cleanest fossil fuel Natural gas is the

More information

Birmingham City University / Students Union Aspects and Impacts Register. Waste. Impacts description

Birmingham City University / Students Union Aspects and Impacts Register. Waste. Impacts description Birmingham City University / Students Union and Impacts Register Waste Production of non - hazardous waste Production of hazardous waste Storage of non - hazardous waste Potential for waste to be disposed

More information

1. The Kinetic Theory of Matter states that all matter is composed of atoms and molecules that are in a constant state of constant random motion

1. The Kinetic Theory of Matter states that all matter is composed of atoms and molecules that are in a constant state of constant random motion Physical Science Period: Name: ANSWER KEY Date: Practice Test for Unit 3: Ch. 3, and some of 15 and 16: Kinetic Theory of Matter, States of matter, and and thermodynamics, and gas laws. 1. The Kinetic

More information

Science Tutorial TEK 6.9C: Energy Forms & Conversions

Science Tutorial TEK 6.9C: Energy Forms & Conversions Name: Teacher: Pd. Date: Science Tutorial TEK 6.9C: Energy Forms & Conversions TEK 6.9C: Demonstrate energy transformations such as energy in a flashlight battery changes from chemical energy to electrical

More information

Chemical reactions allow living things to grow, develop, reproduce, and adapt.

Chemical reactions allow living things to grow, develop, reproduce, and adapt. Section 2: Chemical reactions allow living things to grow, develop, reproduce, and adapt. K What I Know W What I Want to Find Out L What I Learned Essential Questions What are the parts of a chemical reaction?

More information

Biogas. Biology Teams of 2 or 3. Grade 10-12 LEARNING OUTCOMES DESCRIPTION MATERIALS READINESS ACTIVITIES. Science

Biogas. Biology Teams of 2 or 3. Grade 10-12 LEARNING OUTCOMES DESCRIPTION MATERIALS READINESS ACTIVITIES. Science Science Grade 10-12 Lab Teams of 2 or 3 DESCRIPTION Biogas is a fuel which is produced from the breakdown of organic matter. Students will have an opportunity to create their own biogas generators. At

More information

pencil. Vocabulary: 1. Reactant 2. Product 3. Activation energy 4. Catalyst 5. substrate 6. Chemical reaction Keep your textbooks when you are done

pencil. Vocabulary: 1. Reactant 2. Product 3. Activation energy 4. Catalyst 5. substrate 6. Chemical reaction Keep your textbooks when you are done Objectives Students will explore the importance of chemical reactions in biology Students will discuss the role of enzymes as catalysts in biological reactions. Students will analyze graphs showing how

More information

This fact sheet provides an overview of options for managing solid

This fact sheet provides an overview of options for managing solid What Is Integrated Solid Waste Management? This fact sheet provides an overview of options for managing solid waste, identifies the important issues you should consider when planning for solid waste management,

More information

In science, energy is the ability to do work. Work is done when a force causes an

In science, energy is the ability to do work. Work is done when a force causes an What is energy? In science, energy is the ability to do work. Work is done when a force causes an object to move in the direction of the force. Energy is expressed in units of joules (J). A joule is calculated

More information

2015 -- S 0417 S T A T E O F R H O D E I S L A N D

2015 -- S 0417 S T A T E O F R H O D E I S L A N D LC001 01 -- S 01 S T A T E O F R H O D E I S L A N D IN GENERAL ASSEMBLY JANUARY SESSION, A.D. 01 A N A C T RELATING TO TAXATION -- CARBON PRICING AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INVESTMENT ACT OF 01 Introduced

More information

The energy level diagram for this reaction is shown below.

The energy level diagram for this reaction is shown below. Q. Methanol can be made when methane reacts with oxygen. (a) The energy level diagram for this reaction is shown below. (i) What is the energy change represented by A? () (ii) Use the energy level diagram

More information

Energy Transfer and Conversion Methods

Energy Transfer and Conversion Methods Energy Transfer and Conversion Methods MIT 10.391J/22.811J/ESD.166J/11.371J/1.818J/3.564J/2.65J 9/16/2010 1 Mission of this Session Introduce the importance and challenges of Energy Conversion Diffuse

More information

Station #1 Interpreting Infographs

Station #1 Interpreting Infographs Energy Resources Stations Activity Page # 1 Station #1 Interpreting Infographs 1. Identify and explain each of the energy sources (5) illustrated in the infograph. 2. What do the white and black circles

More information

AUTOMOTIVE GAS OIL. Robert Shisoka Hydrocarbon Management Consultancy

AUTOMOTIVE GAS OIL. Robert Shisoka Hydrocarbon Management Consultancy AUTOMOTIVE GAS OIL Robert Shisoka Hydrocarbon Management Consultancy AUTOMOTIVE GAS OIL AUTOMOTIVE GAS OIL COMMON TERMS Fossil Fuels From Organic Matter Over Millions of Years (Natural Gas, Crude Oil,

More information

Chapter 8: Energy and Metabolism

Chapter 8: Energy and Metabolism Chapter 8: Energy and Metabolism 1. Discuss energy conversions and the 1 st and 2 nd law of thermodynamics. Be sure to use the terms work, potential energy, kinetic energy, and entropy. 2. What are Joules

More information

Natural Gas as a Chemical Industry Fuel and Feedstock: Past, Present, Future (and Far Future)

Natural Gas as a Chemical Industry Fuel and Feedstock: Past, Present, Future (and Far Future) Natural Gas as a Chemical Industry Fuel and Feedstock: Past, Present, Future (and Far Future) Jeffrey J. Siirola Eastman Chemical Company Kingsport, TN 37662 Fuel and Feedstock Natural gas is the fuel

More information

Name: Teacher: Pd. Date:

Name: Teacher: Pd. Date: Name: Teacher: Pd. Date: STAAR Tutorial : Energy and Matter: Elements, Compounds, and Chemical Equations: 6.5C Differentiate between elements and compounds on the most basic level. 8.5F Recognize whether

More information

10 Nuclear Power Reactors Figure 10.1

10 Nuclear Power Reactors Figure 10.1 10 Nuclear Power Reactors Figure 10.1 89 10.1 What is a Nuclear Power Station? The purpose of a power station is to generate electricity safely reliably and economically. Figure 10.1 is the schematic of

More information

Review and apply Investigation 5. Let s review Pages 311-312

Review and apply Investigation 5. Let s review Pages 311-312 Review and apply Investigation 5 Let s review Pages 311-312 1. After you tested all the known powders with all the test liquids, describe what you did to identify the unknown powder. Students should have

More information

Biogas as transportation fuel

Biogas as transportation fuel Biogas as transportation fuel Summary Biogas is used as transportation fuel in a number of countries, but in Europe it has only reached a major breakthrough in Sweden. All of the biogas plants in Sweden

More information

Rainwater Harvesting

Rainwater Harvesting Rainwater Harvesting With climate change now a reality rather than a speculated possibility, the demand on water resources has gone up, whilst the amount of water available for supply has gone down. Forth

More information

Chapter 3: Water and Life

Chapter 3: Water and Life Name Period Chapter 3: Water and Life Concept 3.1 Polar covalent bonds in water result in hydrogen bonding 1. Study the water molecules at the right. On the central molecule, label oxygen (O) and hydrogen

More information

Oxygen Give and Take. Correlation to National Science Education Standards

Oxygen Give and Take. Correlation to National Science Education Standards Chemistry and Environmental Sciences Oxygen Give and Take Summary This is a series of three activities followed by a worksheet. The concepts taught include gas production (O 2 and CO 2 ), chemical reactions,

More information

Course CME 310 Solar Power For Africa

Course CME 310 Solar Power For Africa Course CME 310 Solar Power For Africa ENERGY RESOURCES, ENERGY PRODUCTION AND ENERGY DISTRIBUTION by Prof. Margit Harting NanoSciences Innovation Centre Department of Physics University of Cape Town South

More information

Multiple sources of energy will be available, giving the consumer choices. A Higher Percentage of Energy will come from renewable energy sources

Multiple sources of energy will be available, giving the consumer choices. A Higher Percentage of Energy will come from renewable energy sources Editor s comments: Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of duplicate or extremely similar comments made. The headings are editor s best attempt to draft vision statements reflecting the participants

More information

Understanding and Measuring School Electronics

Understanding and Measuring School Electronics Understanding and Measuring School Electronics MATERIALS NEEDED: 1. 6 energy monitoring devices (note: these can be obtained from a variety of sources, i.e., local hardware stores, internet [average cost

More information

Biomass Issues. John Christopher Madole Associates, Inc. presentation to the Minnesota Department of Commerce September 12, 2007

Biomass Issues. John Christopher Madole Associates, Inc. presentation to the Minnesota Department of Commerce September 12, 2007 Biomass Issues John Christopher Madole Associates, Inc. presentation to the Minnesota Department of Commerce September 12, 2007 Biomass Issues Feedstocks-- Harvesting, Transporation & Storage Process Technology

More information

Conventional Energy Sources

Conventional Energy Sources 9.2 Conventional Energy Sources Key Question: What benefits and problems come with common sources of energy? Hints The word plant here is not the kind that grows out of the ground. In this section, plants

More information

T E A C H E R S N O T E S

T E A C H E R S N O T E S T E A C H E R S N O T E S Focus: Students explore energy: its sources, forms, and transformations. Students also consider the benefits of energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation. Learning

More information

Energy: 4.C.1 Introduction to Energy

Energy: 4.C.1 Introduction to Energy Partnerships Implementing Engineering Education Worcester Polytechnic Institute Worcester Public Schools Supported by: National Science Foundation Energy: 4.C.1 Introduction to Energy Grade Level 4 Sessions

More information

Integrating a Renewable Energy Degree into an Existing Mechanical Engineering Program

Integrating a Renewable Energy Degree into an Existing Mechanical Engineering Program Integrating a Renewable Energy Degree into an Existing Mechanical Engineering Program Corey Jones, Robert Rogers, John Anderson Department of Mechanical Engineering Oregon Institute of Technology Klamath

More information