NO x and SO x. Chapter 4 Energy. Fire Most modern fuels are substances we burn. Energy Consumers. 4.1 Burning Carbon Fuels Powerplants 2/20/2015
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1 Chapter 4 Energy CHM 107 GCC Fire Most modern fuels are substances we burn Coal, gasoline, gas, oil, propane, charcoal, wood The rate we are burning them is not sustainable. Sustainability is more than just availability as we shall see. These fuels are non renewable They produce waste that has ill effects on our environment Energy Consumers US top E consumer per person US casual about E usage 70% of US energy comes from fossil fuels Coal, oil, natural gas Burning them releases CO 2, PM, CO, NO x and SO x Why are those gases a problem? Also produces Hg, mercury, in the ash NO x and SO x Short hand ways to write NO and NO 2 SO 2 and SO 3 Gases that cause acid rain Main pollutants The media refers to them this way 4.1 Burning Carbon Fuels Powerplants Powerplants use chemical energy stored in fossil fuels and burn them (combustion) to release the energy stored in their bonds. They convert this chemical energy into heat then into kinetic energy then to electrical energy Burning coal creates heat, which boils water that changes into steam that flows along pipes to the steam turbines which then turn in a magnetic field generating electricity. The steam is then condensed back to liquid water which flows back to the furnace to be boiled again. This is about 42% efficient. 1
2 Energy Potential stored energy Chemical energy is stored in the bonds of fuel and foods Kinetic energy energy of motion After digestion of food we can move Combustion of coal converts potential energy to heat (boiling water) which turns into mechanical energy (turning turbines) which converts into electrical energy. Burning Coal Coal Power Plant Fossil Fuels Where did fossil fuels get their energy? From the sun originally captured by plants 6 CO H 2 O C 6 H 12 O O 2 Green plants capture sun energy via photosynthesis and produce glucose and oxygen gas. When they die they decompose partially getting buried under dirt. Temperature and pressure turns them into coal and oil and natural gas. We will consume in a few centuries what took hundreds of millions of years to produce. 1 st Law of Thermodynamics Energy can not be created nor destroyed, only converted from one form to another Forms include chemical, electrical, nuclear, mechanical, radiation, heat, friction, sound Chemical energy = energy stored in bonds, chemical reactions like combustion releases this energy 2
3 4.2 Energy Efficiency Coal power plants are between 35-50% efficient. You lose heat between each step in the process. Car engines are only about 15% efficient! How do we measure energy? calorie (cal) heat needed to raise one gram of water by one degree Celsius. Joule (J) One heart beat is one J. Food Calories Science measures energy in Joules or calories but food uses Calories which is really a kilocalorie or 1000 calories There are 1000 calories in a Calorie There are Joules per calorie How many calories are in a Snickers bar that contains 245 Calories? How many Joules? Main Fuel Sources Up to 1880 the main source was wood Then coal became number one until 1950 Oil has been number one since 1950 Coal and oil are fossil fuels (so is natural gas) Review What are fossil fuels? 4.3 Coal Solid Fossil Fuel Made up of C, H, O, N, S atoms 85% is C, carbon Typical coal plant uses 1.5 millions tons of coal per year Formula: C 135 H 96 O 9 NS Trace amount of Hg Traces of arsenic Traces of lead Types of Coal More oxygen means less energy per gram Lignite lowest grade, similar to peat Sub-bituminous medium grade Bituminous higher grade, more pressure in its formation Anthracite highest grade, little left in US 3
4 Coal Mining One Tough Job Problems with Coal Mining is dangerous China had 4700 deaths in 2006 alone Accidents in mines, black lung Mining ruins the environment, erosion occurs Groundwater exposed to mines becomes acidified and high in Fe and Al, which is bad for fish and human consumption. Coal is dirty, makes soot, NO x, SO x, PM Coal blackens buildings, costs money to restore Coal has mercury concentrates in the ash Coal burning produces CO 2 a GHG (coal accounts for 40% of global CO 2 emissions) Black lung Coal Train Just a Joke! What is good about coal? Cheap US has plenty of it (25% of the world s supply) What about clean coal? Well that just means putting scrubbers on existing coal plants to help them remove pollutants from the smoke stacks. This should be done anyway. There is no new different better coal, same old coal. None of this addresses CO 2 emissions. 4
5 USA Has Lots of Coal Reserves Coal s Future? Between 1999 and 2009 North America stayed about the same But 214 new coal plants proposed, 1/3 refused, 1/3 in court, many can t find funding Europe decreased a bit Africa increased a bit Asia doubles its usage! Now using about 4x the amount of the US. 4.4 Petroleum liquid fossil fuel Easy to transport since flows, so more popular than coal, but way more expensive Petroleum is 48 kj/g vs high grade coal at 30 kj/g US does NOT have enough oil, so we import it From where? Texas Landscaping Petroleum = crude oil Petroleum must be refined It is a mix of many hydrocarbons (1-60 C per molecule) Compounds with Hydrogen and Carbon (H and C) Simple hydrocarbons = Alkanes all single covalent bonds between carbon atoms Less sulfur than coal so less SO x To separate the hydrocarbons you use distillation Heat up the crude oil until it boils Collect the vapors then condense back to liquid form Smallest hydrocarbon boils off first, collect it first, and then so on The more carbon atoms, the higher the boiling point Hydrocarbons - Alkanes 5
6 Distillation Alkanes up to Octane Once in the gas phase, the vapors travel up the tower. Smaller mass compounds travel up the highest, larger mass compounds travel shorter distances up the tower. Vapors are condensed back into liquid form at the different levels of the tower and collected. Why do we care about Hydrocarbons? Petroleum Refinery Fossil Fuel; Petroleum One Barrel of Crude Oil gal gasoline 10.0 gal diesel 3.8 gal jet fuel 1.7 gal heavy oil fuel 1.7 gal methane butane 7.3 gal other (plastics, pharmaceuticals, fabrics, etc) Addicted to Oil China is now the 2 nd largest car market Oil reserves will be depleted in years Shell s CEO said after 2015 easy access oil and gas will no longer keep up with demand. US Dept of Energy says that peak oil will occur between 2026 and
7 Natural Gas Natural Gas = gas fossil fuel 90% methane, CH 4, simple hydrocarbon Provides head for 2/3 homes in US Burns cleaner than coal or oil, less impurities No mercury ash produced Little NO x produced, almost no SO 2 Makes less CO 2 than oil or coal Gas Stove Fracking Involves drilling down into shale that contains natural gas about 1-2 miles down Water that contains a cocktail of substances is injected under pressure into the shale to create cracks into which the gas can flow to the surface for collection Environmental impacts include the risks contaminating ground water, depleting fresh water, degrading air quality, potentially triggering earthquakes, noise pollution, surface pollution, and the consequential hazards to public health and the environment The cocktail is usually chemicals that are not disclosed by the companies, sand, and water Over one million frac jobs have been performed in the US 4.5 Heat vs. Temperature Temperature vs Heat Temperature kinetic every of atoms. Cold is atoms moving slowly, hot is atoms moving quickly. Does not depend on volume. Heat depends on volume. Heat is energy that flows from hot to cold. A donut is 425 Calories. How many J is this? Recall that Cal = 1000 cal, cal = J. Which has higher temperature? Which has more heat? 7
8 Heats of Combustion Heat given off when it burns. Reported in units of kj/mol or kj/gram. Heat of combustion of methane is kj/mol. CH O 2 CO H 2 O kj Convert that to kj/g using molar mass. Energy Changes Chemical reactions are either exothermic or endothermic Exothermic = heat exiting Heat is produced as a product of the reaction Combustion produces heat Reactant heat is higher than the product heat, thus heat released, the energy change is negative (goes down) Endothermic = heat in Heat is needed as a reactant in the reaction Cold packs take in heat Reactant heat is lower than the product heat, thus heat is absorbed, the energy change is positive (goes up) Exothermic Recall a chemical reaction is reactants g products Reactant heat higher than product heat so heat is lost, heat exits, exothermic Heat is produced Ex: combustion, hot pack DH is negative Endothermic Recall a chemical reaction is reactants g products Reactant heat lower than product heat so heat is taken in, heat enters, endothermic Heat is absorbed Ex: photosynthesis must absorb sun s energy, cold pack DH is negative 4.6 Energy changes in Molecules Chemical reactions are when reactant molecule bonds are broken and the atoms rearrange into new different product molecules forming new product bonds You should be able to tell which bonds are broken and which ones form Example H 2 + Cl 2 g 2 HCl + E Is this reaction exothermic or endothermic? Exothermic We Need Fuel and Energy US is about 5% of the world s population, but uses 30% of the world s energy. We are addicted to energy. Only Canada uses about the same per person as us. The country using the most energy overall is China, but they also have the most people, and they use way less per person than us. We average 16 tons of coal per person per year. 8
9 Electricity Consumption country Total MW population Per capita China 4,190,000, billion 364 US 3,741,485, million 1460 Europe 2,950,297, million 700 Japan 963,852, million 868 Russia 857,617, million 785 India 600,649, billion 51 Brazil 600,029, million 226 Canada 549,476, million Data 4.7 Making Gasoline Gasoline is hydrocarbons with 5-12 C atoms These smaller hydrocarbons are in way more demand than those with 13 or more C atoms Need a way to break larger hydrocarbons into smaller ones = Cracking C 16 H 34 g C 8 H 18 + C 8 H 16 Is this balanced??? Anyone remember leaded gasoline? Finally banned in US in 1996 by Clean Air Act A Cracker heats hydrocarbons to o C to crack them. Cracking Thermal cracking involves very high temperatures. Catalytic cracking involves using a catalyst at lower temperatures. Octane is C 8 H 18 and there are several isomers with this formula. (same formula, different structure) 9
10 4.8 New Fuels Coal can last another 150 years, but can t be used in cars since it is not liquid. Cheap oil will run out in years. We must change our ways whether we want to or not. Big money to be made in what replaces oil. We can make synthetic oil from coal, but right now this is way too expensive. And it produces twice the amount of CO 2. Why is this bad? Synthetic Gasoline We can make it from coal (Fischer-Tropsch process) but it requires a catalyst. A catalyst lowers the energy necessary to make a reaction proceed to products. And catalysts are not consumed during the reaction so they can be reused over and over and over. South Africa synthesizes most of its gasoline this way. However making gasoline from coal creates twice as much GHG as burning oil creates. This is bad news for the planet. Catalysts lower the energy required for a reaction to proceed forwards 4.9 Ethanol Biofuel Burning fossil fuels is not sustainable we will run out of them eventually, we can t grow them, and they cause harm to our lungs and the planet. What are the options? One is to use biofuels which are renewable fuels made from plants. Wood not viable, wood takes CO 2 out of the air, we need more trees, not less. Also trees grow slow. We can ferment corn to make ethanol. Corn grows quickly so is sustainable. How to make Ethanol How to ferment corn Mix corn kernals and water Use enzymes to break down the starch molecules into glucose Yeast cells cause glucose to turn into ethanol Distill and purify the ethanol Often mixed with gasoline already = gasohol Usually 10% ethanol can be used in all cars E85 is 85% ethanol can be used in FFV (flex fuel vehicle). There are 6 million in the US now. 10
11 Brazil 4 million out of 13 million cars run on pure ethanol produced from fermenting sugar cane The rest run on an ethanol / gas mix You get less miles per gallon with ethanol however but the octane rating is higher. (The higher the octane rating, the smoother the fuel and less knocking) Ethanol Review Mix of 90% gas and 10% ethanol can be used in all cars now Must modify cars to run on 100% ethanol Brazil has about 30% cars on ethanol FFV (flex fuel vehicles) run on up to 85% ethanol (E85) and 15% gas, sold in Europe and US Few engine modifications Same performance levels, less mpg Produced since the 1980 s, you may have one and not know it Labeled on gas cap or fuel door Sweden has 1455 E85 stations, 1802 in US US has 8.3 million E85 cars Problems with Ethanol from Corn Energy to make it is more than what we get from it More expensive than gasoline now Lower gas mileage Not enough land to grow that much corn Corn uses lots of fertilizers and pesticides, bad for water supply and soil. Transportation of these chemicals requires burning gasoline and emits CO 2. Corn degrades the soil. People are starving, corn could be used as food instead of fuel. Many think switch grass is way better than corn as an ethanol source Switch Grass 4.10 Other Biofuels = Biomass Biomass Biodiesel Garbage Biogas Solar, wind, hydrogen and geothermal are renewable and alternative energy sources Alternative energy means NOT fossil fuel Renewable means produced quickly, readily available Nuclear is alternative but not renewable because Uranium is not produced quickly 11
12 Biodiesel Increasing production, can be made by individual consumers Made from vegetable oil, can get for free from restaurants Can be used pure or mixed with gasoline in diesel engines B20 means 80% diesel and 20% biodiesel Non toxic and biodegradable Releases more energy than required to make it (better than corn ethanol) How to Make Biodiesel How to make biodiesel Vegetable oils contains triglycerides React with methanol and NaOH (catalyst) Produce 3 biodiesel molecules and glycerol waste Glycerol can be sold to make a glycol Does produce CO 2 when burned, but is carbon neutral (the plant took in the CO 2 first) Biodiesel Garbage as energy source Cheap, there is lots of it, renewable, abundant Solves 2 problems What to do with trash How to make energy Burning trash leaves about 10% behind that goes to landfill Can recover metals to reuse Incinerator emissions below standard levels or regular incinerators Japan and Germany are leaders in burning trash as fuel Biogas Collect gas vapors from landfill and use to heat homes Collect gas from sewage or manure on a farm to provide the heating for the farm Good for small scale applications 25 million users in rural China in 2008, expected to double this decade 12
13 Conservation Biomass Cycle Best way to control costs is still conservation use less energy in the first place! Oil will peak this century, costs will continue to rise, something must replace it Recycling is key! One can recycled saves enough energy to run a TV for 3 hours Drive fuel efficient cars uses less fuel and saves money (2008 numbers) Europe average 40 mpg Japan average 45 mpg US average 19.8 mpg Summary: Energy Sources 4.11 The Way Forward We will need more energy in the future 25% of energy is consumed by 5% (US) China and India are emerging economies Do we have enough energy for all people to live at US standard of living? NO Must make smart choices. In US cars/trucks are 70% of oil usage and 1/5 CO 2 emissions our mpg is low, could improve here. Mass transit 47% of Japan s travel vs only 6% of US travel Our actions leave global footprints 13
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