Indian Railways: An energy revolution

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1 Indian Railways: An energy revolution -An article by Anup Singh., IRS Trains have always fascinated me. On one fine day, while travelling by train a thought occurred to my mind. The thought was based on the principle of conservation of energy. The principle says that the energy can neither be created nor be destroyed; it can only be converted from one form to another. I started thinking about the energy generation potential of a train in India. In India, railways are a revolution in terms of providing employment, daily commutation of passengers and transportation of goods across the length and breadth of the country. Railways have evolved from a time of steam engines (invented by George Stephenson) to electrically operated engines/ locomotives. Why not to use a train and its platform for energy generation too. The wind energy, solar energy and mechanical energy can be converted to electrical energy using train and platforms as a medium; in a manner not thought by anybody before. SOLAR ENERGY: The train roof tops do not have any utility per se except providing the cover to the train coaches. The train rooftops remain continuously exposed to the sun during the day 24*7, except during cloudy days. In Indian conditions, the number of sunny days is 300 (out of a total of 365 days in a year). If the train roof tops could be covered by specifically designed solar panels (arch shaped), then the train will become a mobile source of generating electricity (solar energy) from solar radiation. Wait, wait, wait. The idea could be further refined. If the entire length of railway tracks could be covered with solar panels (one meter above the roof top, supported by pillars erected on the side of railway tracks), then instead of generating solar energy from an average 500 meter long train, the energy could be generated from the entire length of railway tracks, which run into thousands of kilometers. As per the facts gathered from the website with IP address the total number of trains running in India is 14,300 and the total route of railway tracks in India is 65,000 kilometres and a network of 115,000 kilometers of track length. The average width of a railway coach is 3.25 mts. The total number of freight wagons: 2,39,281; passenger coaches: 59,713; locomotives: 9,549 in India, with average length of 20 mts. (Reference: In addition, the railway platform roofs can also be fitted with solar panels which can help in generation of electricity out of solar energy.

2 Computation: Given/ Assumptions: 1. An average solar panel has an input of 1000Watt per square meter with an output efficiency of 15-20% 2. The solar panels produce their maximum power for 5 hours (bright sunshine) during a day. 3. Number of sunny days in a year: Total length of railway tracks in India: 115,000 kms 5. Even by the most conservative estimate, 10% of the track length may be used for putting solar panels, hence the coefficient of used track length: The solar panels can be spread upto one feet on each side (0.6 mts) of railway wagon (width) in addition to the avg. width of 3.25 mts. 7. Coefficient of other unaccounted losses: 0.5 Formula: Total area (track length*width*coefficient of used track length)*input power*efficiency*available sunshine hours in a day*number of available sunny days in a year* coefficient of performance losses (includes inverter losses, temperature losses, DC cable losses, AC cable losses, losses due to weak radiation, losses due to dust, snow etc) Electricity generated during a year by solar power (solar panels erected about one meter above the roof top height of railway coaches on railway tracks): = *1000* ( )*0.1*1000*0.15*5*300*0.5 = 4,980,937,500,000 watt hour per year = Giga Watt hour per year = 5 Terra watt hour per year (approx.) Electricity generated during a year by solar power (solar panels erected on railway coaches): = (2,39,281+59,713+9,549)*20* 3.25*0.5*1000*0.15*5*300*0.5 = 1,128,110,334,375 watt hour per year. = giga Watt hour per year = 1.12 Terra watt hour per year Regarding the railway platforms in India, as per the website with IP address the total number of

3 railway stations in India is 8,000-8,500. By the most conservative estimates, the covered area (roof top) per railway station should be around 100 sq mts. Therefore, the total roof top area of railway stations in India comes to around 8,50,000 sq mts. Electricity generated during a year by solar power (solar panels erected on railway stations): = area of roof top of stations* coefficient of used rooftop space* input power*efficiency*available sunshine hours in a day*number of available sunny days in a year* coefficient of performance losses(includes inverter losses, temperature losses, DC cable losses, AC cable losses, losses due to weak radiation, losses due to dust, snow etc) = 8,50,000*0.5*1000*0.15*5*300*0.5 = 47,812,500,000 watt power per year. = giga watt hour power per year Assumptions: 50% of roof top space of railway stations will be used for erecting solar panels WIND ENERGY: When the train is in motion, it generates drag of air, which results in the production of wind. Small horizontal wind rotors can be invented/ manufactured, and the same can be fitted on rooftops (one rotor on roof top of each coach). In addition, smaller sized windmills (of the height of trains) can be manufactured and can be installed between two railway tracks on a railway platform. The motion of train causes the creation of wind, which can be captured by the rotor based and small wind mills as discussed above to generate electricity. MECHANICAL AND SOUND ENERGY: The movement of train on the railway tracks produces enormous sound, which gets compounded by its horn on occasions. The base of the solar panels (facing the roof top) fitted on the top of the railway tracks (as discussed above) can be fitted with the piezoelectric crystals to harness the mechanical stress and sound produced by the train and to convert it into electrical energy. Similarly, the pillars used for erecting solar panels on railway tracks can be fitted with piezoelectric crystals to harness the mechanical stress and sound produced by the train and its conversion into electrical energy. The railway platforms in India are said to be the busiest in India. There is continuous movement of people on the platforms. The subsurface of the platforms can be fitted with the piezoelectric crystals (or other such substances). Upon movement of people over

4 such surface, mechanical stress is produced over the said crystals, which leads to the production of electric charge in the crystals. The said electric charge can be utilized for the production of electricity. The railway tracks are separated by wooden boards in India. The underside of the wooden boards may be fitted with piezoelectric crystals on busy railway platforms. The passage of train through the track (on the platform) will result in mechanical stress/ strain on the crystals leading to production of electric charge. SUPPLEMENTARY BENEFITS FROM THE SAID SYSTEM: If the train tracks are covered with the solar panels, there will be lesser heating of roof tops by sun, which will lead to lesser consumption of power inside the train in terms of fans and air conditioners. This will also lead to energy conservation and can be taken into account will computing the actual energy produced/ conserved as a result of such system. Similarly, covering the rooftops of railway platforms with solar panels will to reduce the temperature at railway platforms (as the major portion of the incident solar radiation on platform roof top is either absorbed by the solar panels or is reflected back by the said solar panels), and hence will lead to conservation of energy by reducing the requirement of fans and air conditioners. Solar farms are being set up in India, which require huge chunks of land. As per news items (Source: India is planning a 4GW ultra mega solar power plant in Rajasthan over an area of 23,000 acres. Similarly, the land to be used for setting up solar farms runs in thousands of acres. Land is one such resource which is scarce and limited in capacity, and could be saved (to be used for other purposes) for human habitation or other such purposes in future (considering the increasing population pressure with each passing day), if the railways model of energy production and conservation is being adopted. PROBABLE REASONS FOR ERRORS/ DEVIATIONS: The solar radiation may not be for 5 hours*300 days for the entire track length, as assumed. Empanelling rooftops of trains (first idea) with solar panels may not be very beneficial considering the fact that the movement of train leads to wind circulation, which may affect the intensity of solar radiation falling on the solar panels and; production of power ultimately.

5 Empanelling rooftops of trains is not very feasible as the solar panels have to be erected at an angle and at a height from the base for air circulation. This will cause drag and will reduce the speed of train (or, will require the train to consume more energy). In addition, considering the train route changes latitudinal position, erecting solar panels at a specific angle will not be beneficial. Input cost of covering the railway tracks will be the most challenging factor in implementation of the said system. As per my observations, concrete/ metal pillars have been erected at a space of every 50 meters of track length along the electrified railway tracks (for ensuring the electricity supply to the trains). The same pillars can be strengthened and used for erecting the solar panels (along with construction of other pillars/ infrastructure). CONCLUSION: The railways are the single most valuable asset of our country. It can still be made priceless if it could be used for energy generation and conservation. Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission launched on 11 th January, 2010 has set a target of deploying 22,000 Megawatt of grid connected solar power by 2022 (Source: The nation has around 2000 MW grid connected solar capacity as on date (Source: If the railways model of solar power generation could be adopted then the nation will not only achieve the targets set by the JNNSM, but will surpass them by huge margins. Envisioning the future, there will be a number of alternatives for power generation in coming times but there will be no alternative to land (which cannot be added upon replaced and is the single most valuable resource of this nation and hence needs to be used judiciously. If the railways model of power generation is being adopted, then it will not only help in meeting the power (clean energy) needs of the country but will also help in conserving the land resource of this nation.

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