NSERC Solar Buildings Research Network (SBRN) BIPV research and demonstration projects

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1 NSERC Solar Buildings Research Network (SBRN) BIPV research and demonstration projects Andreas Athienitis Scientific Director, Solar Buildings Research Network (SBRN) Professor, Research Chair Tier I Dept of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering Concordia University, Montreal

2 Background 2 SBRN includes 25 profs from 12 Universities plus collaborators from government labs and industry (energy and buildings) NSERC Strategic Research Network. Funded over 5 years by NSERC, NRCan, CMHC and Hydro Quebec; About $7 M support (80% NSERC) for plus $3 M in-kind kind. Unique initiative and partnership internationally. Next conference: June 25-27, 2009 in Toronto. A $19.2 M Network of Solar Building Reseearch Facilities is proposed to CFI.

3 SBRN Partners and Linkages 3 Solar Buildings Research Network New CFI partners: Laval, Western Ontario, St. Lawrence Construction Industry Energy Corporation A unique Canadian multidisciplinary initiative

4 Building energy use in Canada Consumption (k kwh) Energy Conventional R2000 Advanced Houses Houses Space Cooling Lighting Appliances Buildings: ~30% of GHG emissions & 53% of electricity consumption Water Heating Space Heating Fact: annual solar energy incident on a roof of a typical house far exceeds its total energy consumption. NRcan The average annual net energy consumption of an Advanced House was in the range kwh per square meter of floor area. SBRN long term goal: net-zero energy solar buildings cost effective by 2030

5 Long-Term Goal of SBRN Research 5 Development of the optimized solar building as an advanced, integrated cost-effective technological system that approaches net-zero annual total energy consumption in Canada and is comfortable. Advanced does not mean complex; it brings together low-tech passive solar technologies that appear simple but require careful design with high-tech active envelope elements such as motorized blinds and building-integrated photovoltaic/thermal systems. Solar-optimization: solar technologies optimally integrated into building design and operation. Solar electricity + Daylight + Solar heat

6 SBRN Projects and Linkages THEME 1 Integration Projects 1.11 Integration of photovoltaic-thermal systems with facades, roofs and HVAC systems. 1.2 Solar optimization of perimeter zones and double façades. 1.3 Integrated modelling, design and control of direct gain systems with floor heating and BIPV. 1.4 Integrated modelling, simulation and design of sunspaces/atria. ti 1.5 Load and demand management in solaroptimized buildings. THEME 2 Projects Thermal 2.1Solar Combi-systems - Space Heating and Cooling and Water Heating Thermal Storage and DSM. 2.3 PV/T combined photovoltaic-thermal systems. 2.4 Development of window shading models. THEME 3 Projects Solar Electricity 3.1 Development of innovative power conversion systems for Buildings Development of advanced controls for PV systems in buildings. 3.3 System integration of PV systems for residential and commercial buildings. THEME 4 Projects Simulation/Design 4.1 Integration of building component models into whole-building simulation. 4.2 Increasing Solar Energy Utilization through Modelling the Building Stock and Investigation of Market Forces. 4.3 Prototype solar building design synthesis, analysis and optimization i tool. Demonstration projects Workshops

7 7 Study advanced solar building concepts; optimize buildingintegrated solar systems with energy efficiency measures. Study innovative concepts for solar facades such as integration of PV with daylighting. Investigate building-integratedintegrated and isolated thermal storage options. Investigate techniques for reduction of peak energy demand. Simulation and design tools. Residential and commercial buildings, including renovation

8 BIPV research overview Building integration: integration with the roof, wall, or fenestration (semitransparent PV) or as shading devices; also with HVAC system. BIPV/T (photovoltaic/thermal systems): heat is also recovered from the PV panels, thus raising their overall solar energy utilization effiiciency. i Heat recovery may be open loop with outdoor air (Concordia, Waterloo) or closed loop with a circulating liquid (Queen s, UT). 8

9 EcoTerra TM EQuilibrium House (Alouette Homes) an example of transformative SBRN work 9 3-kW Building- integrated photovoltaicthermal system Passive solar design: Optimized triple glazed windows and mass Groundsource heat pump Prefabricated home designed to have close to net-zero annual energy consumption Partners: NRCan, CMHC

10 BIPV/T roof construction in Maisons Alouettes factory as one system a major SBRN innovation 10 Sun Building integrated PV arrays Air cavity Warm/hot air flow from BIPV/T Air intakes in soffit Based on research and simulation models developed at tconcordia Graduate students and researchers involved in design and monitoring

11 Building-integrated photovoltaic/thermal system principle and design (Theme 1) 11 Open loop Air system 1 Ridge cap covers wires solar photovoltaic panel metal roof 3/4 in cavity, tyvek plywood 1 in spray insulation or polystyrene between studs PV shingles Hot air electric wire from solar panels goes to mechanical room (to inverter) 6 x 16 in duct 1 Solar heated outdoor air To mechanical room Outdoor air Heat recovery from PV roof raises combined solar efficiency by a factor of >= 3

12 BIPV/T roof in 5 sections for analysis (project 1.1) Energy model section PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS Temperatu ure (C) INSULATED DUCT BRINGS HOT AIR FROM ROOF section Distance along flow path (m) It should be noted that an open loop air system is utilized for the BIPV/T system as opposed to a closed loop to avoid overheating the photovoltaic panels.

13 Key features of EcoTerra TM House 13 Passive Solar Heating BIPV/T V til ti Large south-facing Fan windows (RSI 1) BIPV/T System Passive Charge Concrete Slab & Brick Wall Outdoor Air Inlet Supply Air Motorized Blinds PV panel Cooling Drying Clothes DWH heating Ventilated Concrete Slab heating Geothermal HP Forced-Air Space heating/cooling DWH heating Geothermal Heatpump (source is well water) Circulator Air Flow Direction Fresh Air Water Flow Direction Damper Exhaust Air DHW HRV Exhaust Air DHW Tank Return Air Interior Brick Wall Electrical Heater Ventilation Dryer Passive Charge Slab (direct solar gain) Ventilated Slab Variable Speed Fan Drain Water Heat Recovery Well Water A/W Heat Exchanger Exhaust Well Water Potable Water Non-potable Water Desuperheater from Heatpump Preheat Tank

14 EcoTerra: Ventilated Slab (VS) store heat from BIPV/T 14 Construction Normal Density Plain Concrete Steel Deck (Canam P-2436, galvanized steel) Ventilation Channel (cavity) Metal Mesh (e > 5mm) Rigid Insulation Water/vapor Barrier Gravel (earth) TConcrete Th_cnc Insulation Air from Unit in mm 115 BIPV/T 76 Active and passive thermal storage to reduce peak electricity demand

15 Assembly of Modules 15 Prefabricated homes can reduce cost of BIPV through integration

16 PV/T work at U of T (Theme 2) also Queen s Need to maintain high electrical yield for PV Required Optical Properties for low-e coating: high transmittance in solar region (300nm-900nm) high reflectance in mid-ir (5um-25um) Coating of this type known as Transparent Heat Mirror (THM) solar radiation (300nm-900nm) THM 300K radiation from 300K (5μm-25μm) Figure: Principle of Transparent Heat Mirror (THM) APD Low-E Coating a-si:h PV/T Future Work

17 Alstonvale Net Zero Energy Equilibrium House Energy positive house 7.5 kw BIPV Also charges electric vehicle

18 BIPV/T Roof of Alstonvale house 18 Glazed top section for higher air temp. 7.5 kw PV Solar-heated air used as source for air-to-water heat pump

19 BIPV/T Manifold and Duct 19 Air-to-water heat exchanger in garage ceiling

20 Energy System of Alstonvale demo House Link to Project 1.1 PV Glazing BIPV/T AIR Inputs Temperature Solar radiation Weather forecast Controlled variables Air flow in BIPV/T A-W Heat Exchanger Heat Pump Position of dampers and valves 20 Link to Project 3.3 EXTERIOR AIR Heat Exchanger Room Air Utility Grid Inverters Heat Pump House Electric Loads Control of Blind Position EXTERIOR AIR Variable Speed Fan HRV Building Integrated Storage - Floor Slab Link to Project 2.2 Isolated Storage DHW Tank STALE AIR Auxiliary Heat (Pellet Stove) FRESH AIR Uses weather forecast and predictive control

21 Commercial building demonstration projects of SBRN 21 Integrated control of motorized blinds, HVAC and lighting at Montreal Trudeau airport: improve indoor environment and reduce peak loads. Concordia JMSB building in Montreal: 25 kwe building-integrated photovoltaic/thermal system; also preheats fresh air for HVAC (up to 75 kw heat); first of its particular configuration in the world.

22 JMSB Building Solar wall: A Solar Buildings Research Network Demonstration Project 22 Funded d by NRCan TEAM Program Support by: CanmetENERGY Varennes) Brendan O Neill research engineer, Josef Ayoub - NRCan

23 23 Up to cfm fresh air: Up to 75 kw heat 25 kwe Partners: Concordia University, Conserval, Day4 Energy, Funded by NRCan TEAM program; championed by CETC Varennes

24 3 intakes for preheated fresh air 24

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26 Mechanical room is directly behind solar facade 26

27 Semitransparent PV windows (Project 1.2) 3 section façade: 1/3 Upper section with semitransparent PV 1/3 Middle viewing section with blind 1/3 Bottom opaque section below workplane Base case Single office located in Montreal Develop concepts and design methodology for façade with PV

28 Different PV ratios in top section 28 PV output based on area ratio of top window section for spaced cells; for thin film the transmittance and efficiency are key parameters Daylight transmitted from top section important even at low values (e.g. for 90% coverage) 20% 50% 80% Optimal PV ratio based on net energy performance (electricity + daylight)

29 Experimental prototype (Concordia solar house) 29 Framing & installation- Unicel Architectural; PV- Centennial Solar

30 Workplane Illuminance- design clear days %PV %PV Desired Time of day Time of day Winter (Feb 12) Autumn (Oct 30) Allowing 10% daylight through upper (PV) section of façade provides significant increase in net electricity generation compared with opaque PV

31 BIPV, shading, lighting and HVAC system design and operation should be coupled. 31 PV An integrated approach that considers all the aspects must be followed to minimize net energy consumption while improving thermal and visual comfort. Electricity + Heat + Daylight + Indoor environment

32 32 Challenges for Net-zero and Lowenergy homes/buildings Integration of solar technologies with the architecture and with the envelope. Integration and optimization of solar with energy efficiency i technologies must not be separate Thermal storage and passive solar design what are the obstacles; need to integrate in standards design tool being developed by SBRN. Integrated control of energy and solar systems: reduction of peak loads will reduce need for new power plants.

33 Future: Sustainable solar communities 33 Alstonvale EQuilibrium house - An ambitious SBRN project Emergency power Sustainable transportation BIPV/T linked to heat pump 20 kw heat Greenhouse Sustainable food High quality of life, economic development, job creation