and a contribution from Offshore Europe

Transcription

1 Primary funding is provided by The SPE Foundation through member donations and a contribution from Offshore Europe The Society is grateful to those companies that allow their professionals to serve as lecturers Additional support provided by AIME Society of Petroleum Engineers Distinguished Lecturer Program 1

2 LNG Basics for Petroleum Engineers Michael Choi 2

3 Present an Overview v ew of LNG Plant Oman LNG Plant Why LNG? Typical Multi-Trains Plant Pre-Treatment Required Unique Auxiliary Facilities Natural Gas Liquefaction Thermodynamics Commercial Liquefaction Processes Equipment for Liquefaction Novel Plant Concepts Concluding Remarks 3

4 Stranded Gas Looking for Markets LNG Proved to be Most Economic for Distances >1,500 Mile Transported in Insulated -162C & 1 atm. V l R d ti f Volume Reduction of 600:1 Supply Demand 4

5 LNG Process & Equipment? Big Refrigeration System Compressor/Driver Rfi Refrigerant Condenser Evaporator (Process Heat Exchanger) Similar to the AC System in Our Home! 5

6 Typical 2-Train LNG Plant Gas Gathering Make- Up Fuel Train 1 Fuel Inlet Gas Reception Gas Inlet Gas Treating NGL Recovery Liquefaction LNG 1.7 Bcfd Liquid LNG Train 2 NGL Fractionation 9 Mtpa (1.2 Bcfd) Stabilization Propane Butane Propane.73 Mtpa (27 Mbpd) Butane.5 Mtpa (17 Mbpd) 12Mt 1.2 Mtpa (34 Mbpd) 6

7 Typical 2-Train LNG Plant Gas Gathering Make- Up Fuel Train 1 Fuel Inlet Gas Reception Gas Inlet Gas Treating NGL Recovery Liquefaction LNG 1.7 Bcfd Liquid Inlet Gas Reception Pipeline Manifold Pig Receivers Inlet tseparator Slug Catcher Stabilization Train 2 NGL Fractionation Propane LNG 9 Mtpa (1.2 Bcfd) Propane.73 Mtpa (27 Mbpd) Stabilization Multi-Stage Column Vapor Compressor psia RVP De-Odorized Butane Butane.5 Mtpa (17 Mbpd) 12Mt 1.2 Mtpa (34 Mbpd) 7

8 Typical 2-Train LNG Plant Gas Gathering Make- Up Fuel Train 1 Fuel Inlet Gas Reception Gas Inlet Gas Treating NGL Recovery Liquefaction LNG 1.7 Bcfd Liquid LNG NGL Fractionation Train 2 Deethanizer Vapor Compression Depropanizer Stabilization & Treating 95% & 200 psig VP <.5ppm H 2 S & <15ppm S Debutanizer & Treating 95% & 70 psig <.5ppm H 2 S & <15ppm S NGL Fractionation Propane Butane 9 Mtpa (1.2 Bcfd) Propane.73 Mtpa (27 Mbpd) Butane.5 Mtpa (17 Mbpd) 12Mt 1.2 Mtpa (34 Mbpd) 7

9 Typical 2-Train LNG Plant Gas Gathering Make- Up Fuel Train 1 Fuel Inlet Gas Reception Gas Inlet Gas Treating NGL Recovery Liquefaction LNG 1.7 Bcfd Liquid Inlet Gas Treating Amine for CO Train 2 & H 2 2 S Removal NGL <50 ppm & < 4 ppm Sulfur Recovery Unit ifh 2 S Mol Sieve Stabilization Dehydration* < 100 ppb Fractionation Mercury Vapor Removal* Activated Carbon Adsorber Propane Butane LNG 9 Mtpa (1.2 Bcfd) Propane.73 Mtpa (27 Mbpd) Butane.5 Mtpa (17 Mbpd) 12Mt 1.2 Mtpa (34 Mbpd) 7

10 Typical 2-Train LNG Plant Gas Gathering 1.7 Bcfd Inlet Gas Reception Liquid Gas Make- Up Fuel Inlet Gas Treating Train 1 NGL Recovery Liquefaction NGL Recovery Scrub Column/KO Train 2 NGL after C3 Pre-Cool Fractionation Primarily C4+ to Prevent Freezing LNG Heat Value Important t for US & European Markets 1,070 btu/scf Max Need Turbo-Expander for High C3+ Removal Stabilization LNG Propane Butane Fuel LNG 9 Mtpa (1.2 Bcfd) Propane.73 Mtpa (27 Mbpd) Butane.5 Mtpa (17 Mbpd) 12Mt 1.2 Mtpa (34 Mbpd) 7

11 180,000 M 3 LNG Tank Full-Containment Tank to Reduce Impound Area & Improve Safety Approx. 75M Dia x 40M H Insulated for <.05%/D of Boil-off Total Capacity Based on Tanker Size (135,000 M 3 ) Plus 4+-Days Production Top Entry In-Tank Pumps 8

12 Inside the Tanks Single-Stage Multi-Stage Tank with Pump Caissons 9

13 LNG Loading System 16 Chiksan Type 3+1 LNG Arms 3,500 M 3 /Hr/Ea. 10,500 M 3 /Hr 140K M 3 Tanker 4+1 Systems 14,000 M 3 /Hr Qmax & Qflex 200K+ M 3 1 Vapor Return 10

14 Cost of Refrigeration Methane or Nitrogen Cost/Btu Removed Ethylene Propane Air/Water -162C 25C Temperature 11

15 Natural Gas Liquefaction Processes 25C Gas Cooling Temperature Min. DT Condensation -162C Liquid Sub-cooling H (Enthalpy - Heat Removed) 12

16 Cascade LNG Process Most Straight Forward of All Processes Kenai Plant Continuous Operation 1969 CoP License, Plant Build by Bechtel 80F Temperature -260F Propane Refrig. 1st Stage CoP Optimized 2nd ds Stage Cascade Refrigerant Cycle 3th Stage 1st Stage Ethylene Refrig 2nd Stage 1st Stage 2nd Stage Methane Refrig.. 3th Stage H (Enthalpy - Heat Removed) Kenai, Alaska 13

17 C3 Precooled Mixed Refrigerant Process Most Widely Used Licensed by APCI 1 st Plant in Algeria Operating Since 1972 Plants Built by KBR, Chiyoda, JGC, FW 80F Temperature Propane Refrig. 1st Stage 2nd Stage 3th Stage Propane PreCooled Mixed Refrigerant Cycle Mixed Refrigerant -260F H (Enthalpy - Heat Removed) QatarGas LNG Plant 14

18 APCI AP-X Process Largest Train 8 Mtpa Overcome Spiral Wound MCHE Limit First Unit Started in 2009 (QG-II) No Plants Outside of Qatar APCI Supplies Process Design Cold Boxes Spiral Wound Exchanger Turbo-Expanders 15

19 All Processes Use Similar Equipment GE MS7001 FB Gas Turbine Most New Plants Use Large Gas Turbine (& Combined Cycle) to Drive Refrigerant Compressors Some Older & Smaller Trains Have Steam Turbine Drives Many Peak Shaving Plants on Electric Drives Use Large Process Type Centrifugal Compressors Main Difference is in the Cryogenic Heat Exchangers 16

20 Main Cryogenic Heat Exchanger Use by Mixed Refrigerant Process Air Products & Chemicals & Linde: Spiral Wound Ex. Max. Diameter: 5,030mm Height: ~55m Stainless Steel Core 25mm Aluminum Tubing Externally Insulated Chill & Liquefy Gas From 34ºC to 152ºC At 55 to 69 Barg 17

21 APCI s MR Main Cryogenic Heat Exchanger (MCHE) Spiral Wound Design 18

22 Heat Exchanger for Cascade Process Plate Fin Exchanger Cold Box Configuration Many Manufacturers Use Extensively in Air Separation Cascade & Other LNG Processes 19

23 Advances in LNG Plants Onshore Conventional Design Near-shore GBS Design Offshore Steel or Concrete Floater 20

24 Conclusions LNG Liquefaction Process Same as AC System in Our Home Pre-Treatment Facilities Can Dwarf Liquefaction System Mole Sieve Dehydration & Mercury Removal Required Gas Treating & NGL Extraction May be Needed Stabilized & Fractionated NGL Add Value LNG Exchangers, & Loading Systems Are Unique Commercial Liquefaction Processes Well Proven, Robust & Can be Optimized for Plant Size, Gas Composition, Sales & Commercial Needs Novel Near-Shore & Offshore Floating Concepts Are Developed 21

25 LNG? 22

26 Your Feedback is Important Enter your section in the DL Evaluation Contest by completing the evaluation form for this presentation : Click on: Section Evaluation Society of Petroleum Engineers Distinguished Lecturer Program 26

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