Process of Germination:

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2 All plants and flowers grow from seeds. Germination is the early growth of a seed. Seeds will grow into new plants just like the plants from which you take them. If you plant the seeds from a yellow sunflower, you will get more sunflowers with yellow petals. If you plant an acorn, the seeds of an oak tree, you will get an oak tree. Seeds are planted in many ways. Some just fall to the ground and grow into new plants. Others are planted by people. Squirrels also plant seeds. The squirrel likes to eat acorns and will sometimes hide them in the ground! The picture below shows how a new plant grows. For a seed to germinate, it needs water and the proper temperature. The tiny plant in the seed will get larger and break through the seed coat. The tiny plant grows roots, stems, and leaves. Later, flowers and new seeds are formed. Start with Seed and you will see part of what happens. Process of Germination: 2

3 Growing oak trees from seeds takes a long time. Growing bean plants from seeds is much faster. Let s take a look at a seed from a bean plant. The bean seed in the picture below has been cut in half. Here you can see both the inside and the outside parts of the seed. The outside part of the bean seed is tough. This tough part of the seed is its skin, or seed coat. Inside the seed coat, you can see the part of the seed where the food is stored. A new plant ill grow through the tough skin. Most plants and flowers grow in outside gardens. They will also grow in other places. If you know how to do it, you can grow a bean plant inside. The best place to grow an inside garden is in a room with lots of sunshine. Most plants and all flowers need light to grow. For seeds to germinate, it needs water and the proper temperature. If you place the bean seeds in some dirt, the new plant will start to grow. Soon the stem will force its way up through the dirt to the sunshine above. The roots will spread through the rough ground and grow too. 3

4 You know that a plant forces its way through the dirt so that it will get enough light. But plants need more than light to help them grow. They also need enough water. If the bean plant gets enough light and enough water, you will soon see a small green leaf on its stem. After a few days, you will see another leaf and then another. Soon your plant will start to grow its own beans. Plant Word Search Find these words: bud flower fruit grow leaf plant pollen root seeds nut spores stem tree trunk 4

5 What Do Plants Need To Grow? Plants are like you. They need food and water to live. Plants need sunlight and air too. 1. Roots take me from the soil up into the plant. What am I? 2. I am warm and bright. Plants get light from me. What am I? 3. Green leaves make me for the plant. What am I? 4. You can t see me, but I am all around. Plants get the gas they need from me. What am I? Extra! Extra! I need little water. What am I? I grow in the salty water. What am I? 5

6 Growing Plants Directions: Order from the beginning stages, the shoot, to the end of the plant life cycle, the flower. Label using 1 8 in the boxes. You may color these in at home. 6

7 With the help of the Plant-Seed Cycle poster, name three things that are needed for a seed to grow

8 Seeds Seeds contain baby plants. If conditions are right, the seed sprouts and the little plant start to grow. The seed contains the food for the new plant until it grows leaves to make its own food. Look for the seeds in these plants. Color the seeds you find. Where can you find seeds? Look around your house and yard. Look for seeds in flowers and weeds. Look for seeds in the food you eat. 8

9 Seed Parts Experiment Materials: Large dry lima bean seeds Large lima bean seeds that have been soaked for 24 hours tooth picks hand lens Procedure: 1) Observe the dry lima bean seeds. 2) Observe the soaked seeds. Observations: When I compared the two lima bean seeds I noticed that 3) Carefully open the seeds with the toothpick. 4) Examine them with the hand lens. Look for a tiny plant on one side of the seed, the beginnings of roots, leaves, and a stem. Find these parts using the diagram below as a guide. 5) Draw and label your seed with as many part names as you can find. 9

10 Comparing and Contrasting Directions: Compare pictures of different fruits and their seeds. Look at the pictures of the apple, peach, and tomato. Label the following parts of each drawing: fruit, seed. 1. In what way are the insides of an apple, peach, and tomato similar? 2. How are the seeds different? 3. All fruits contain seeds. What other fruits can you name? 10

11 Flowers Flowers are not just pretty. They are the part of the plant that makes seeds. These seeds grow into new plants. Inside the flower are some special parts. One part of the flower makes pollen. The powder-like pollen must land on another part of the flower to make seeds. This is called pollination. Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains to the sticky part of the pistil. Flowers come in many sizes, colors, and shapes. These colors and shapes are helpful in pollination. The bright colors and the odor of the flowers attract bees and other insects and small birds. As they feed on the plants, they move pollen from one part of the plant to another part. They also move the pollen from one plant to another. Another way pollination occurs is when pollen grains are moved by the wind to the sticky part of the pistil. If someone asked you to tell them about flowers, you could say that many flowers are pretty. Some flowers smell good. They come in beautiful shapes and colors, but flowers don t just look pretty. They have a job to do. Their job is to make seeds so that new plants can grow. 11

12 ACTIVITY: Study the parts of a flower. 12

13 A flower has specialized parts. Each part has a job to do. First, read the description of the flower parts. Then locate and label them on the diagram. The pistil is a single stalk in the center of the flower. The petals are usually colorful and attract birds or insects. The ovary is a pouch at the bottom of the pistil (becomes a fruit) The stamens are the stalks that surround the pistil. The anther is a sac at the top of each stamen. The pollen is a yellowish sticky dust seen on the anthers. The sepals surround the bottom of the flower and protect the ovary. The seeds form in the center after pollen travels down through the pistil. 13

14 How does pollination take place? Flowers can t pollinate all by themselves. They need help. Sometimes the wind blows tiny grains of pollen through the air. If a pollen grain lands on a pistil, a seed will develop. Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains to the sticky part of the pistil. Sometimes insects or birds help to pollinate flowers. Flowers produce a sweet liquid, called nectar, that bees and butterflies like. When an insect collects nectar, pollen may stick to tiny hairs on the insect s body or legs. Some of the pollen may brush off on the pistil of that flower, or on the pistil of another flower the insect lands upon. 14

15 The Cycles of Population A. Connect the dots and label the parts of the flower. B. Use the correct words to complete the paragraph: seeds, pollen, insects, birds, anther, fruit, pistil Before a flower can make a new plant the yellow powder called must travel from the, where it is made, to the. Wind, water, and can help carry this powder. After the flower is pollinated, begin to grow. They are often contained in, such as apples or pears. 15

16 Seeds move from place to place in many ways. Some travel on their own, while others are helped along the way. Wind Seeds moved on the wind have wing-liked parts to catch the wind. Popping Seed Pods Some plants have seed pods that dry out in the fall, then pop open. When this happens the seeds are thrown out & scattered about. Hooks & Stickers Seeds with hookers or stickers catch on the fur of animals that brush against them. The seeds are carried away, falling off later to grow in a new place. Water Some seeds float on water to new places. Coconut seeds have even floated across the ocean to grow on new islands. People People move seeds from place to place, planting them in yards and gardens. 16

17 Flowering plants take root in one spot but their flowers produce seeds that travel in many ways. The boxes below explain the ways seeds are carried away from the parent plant. Use this information to answer the questions below. Seed Pod Explosion Some seeds have pods that explode and scatter their seeds. Animal Carriers Animals may drop, hide, or bury nuts and never return for them. Hitchhiking Seeds with points or barbs attach to clothing or fur and are carried away. Wind A seed s hair like parachutes or wings help it glide in the wind. Animal Droppings An animal eats a plant with seeds and the seeds appear in the animal s droppings. Water Seeds of water plants float away. Others fall in water and are carried by currents. Rain moves seeds along the ground. 1. A dog can carry the seeds of a burdock in his fur. What must the seed have on it to travel this way? 2. How can a plant scatter its own seeds? 17

18 3. How does the tough outer shell of a coconut protect the seed as it travels? 4. Water lilies grow in ponds. How might their seeds travel away from the plant? 5. What might happen if an acorn fell off an oak tree but no animal carried it away? 6. If you were a seed, how would you travel? Where would you go? 18

19 Nature has a way of protecting seeds. After pollination, one or more seeds develop in the ovary of the flower. The ovary grows and becomes a fruit, a special package that protects the seeds until they are ready. Any seed-containing part of a flowering plant is called a fruit. Some fruits are good to eat. You have eaten apples, peaches, or berries. Peppers and cucumbers are classified as fruits because they contain seeds. Many fruits, such as burdocks, are not good to eat. Fruits have different ways of helping their seeds travel. Some fruits burst open and scatter their seeds. Other fruits have hooks that stick to the fur of animals. Sometimes an animal eats a berry or other fruit and the seeds come out in animal droppings. Some fruits have parachutes and are carried by the wind. Others, such as cranberries, have light coverings and can float in water. For each statement below write first, second, or third to show which paragraph contains that information. 1. Cranberries travel in water. 2. The job of the fruit is to protect the plant s seeds. 3. Many fruits are not good to eat. 4. Seeds travel in many ways. 5. The ovary of a plant becomes the fruit. 6. A cucumber is classified as a fruit. 7. Some fruits get carried to new places by animals. 8. A fruit is the part of a flowering plant that contains seeds. 19

20 Gather as many seeds as possible for class study. 1. What is your largest seed? 2. What is your smallest seed? 3. What seeds have parachutes of down? 4. These are the flyaway seeds that take to the air for travel. These seeds have wings: 5. Do the wings help the seeds to fly? 6. Do the wings help the seeds to float on water? 7. Some seeds use birds as if they were airplanes to carry them. How could the seeds ride on the outside of the plane? 8. How would seeds ride on the inside of the bird airplane? 9. Some seeds are hitch hikers. They are carried in the fur of animals. Did you find any? 10. Do you know any plants that SHOOT their seeds? 11. Do animals plant seeds? 12. List the name of all the seeds you collected. 20

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23 Different types of simple plants are found throughout the world. Simple plants do not produce seeds. Read the newspaper page below to learn facts about four groups of simple plants. Then write the correct plant group after each sentence. THE PLANT GAZETTE Ferns Unfold Leaves Ferns have leaves, stems, and roots. They are not able to live in dry places. Ferns have leaves called fronds that unroll as they grow. Mosses Found On Rocks Mosses often grow in tufts on rocks or logs. They can survive in high and low temperatures. Mosses are not usually damaged by insects or disease. Algae in Fresh & Salt Water Algae usually live in water and help keep it pure. Some algae, like seaweed, are large but others can only be seen with a microscope. Algae are food for fish. Fungi-Friend Friend or Foe? Fungi can damage skin and clothing. They are used in making bread and cheese. Mushrooms are fungi that are eaten. Fungi break down dead plant & animal materials. 1. We might get tangled around your legs at the beach 2. We grow in many places, but not in the desert. 3. We sometimes cause problems for people 4. We have three parts that flowering plants have. 5. We are not easily destroyed. 6. We might be in your kitchen. 7. We can grow in hot or cold places. 8. We provide food for fish. 9. Fungi, the only green plants, cannot make their own food. How do you think they get their food? 23

24 Some plants have no flowers, but do grow from seeds. These plants have a cone to hold the seeds. Scotch Pine White Spruce Redwood Some plants have no flowers and no seeds. They grow from spores. Mushrooms, seaweeds, and ferns grow from spores. Ostrich Fern Rattlesnake Fern Pyxie Cups Blusher Sea Palm Giant Kelp Jack o-lantern Draw a circle around the mushrooms. Draw a box around the ferns. Cross out the seaweeds. Draw a triangle around the cones. 24

25 These unusual plants all eat insects. Read each riddle. Find the picture that answers the riddle r and write the number of that picture on top of the riddle to complete the plant. Insects fall deep inside of me and drown. What am I? Insects land on my sticky tips and can t get away. What am I? I snap shut to trap flies inside. What am I? Venus s Flytrap Pitcher Plant Sundew 25

26 Other Ways of Growing Plants Some plants can be grown without seeds. They can grow from plant parts or cuttings. A leaf or a stem cut from a plant that is used to start a new plant is called cutting. Some people raise new philodendron plants by placing part of a stem in water. A snake plant will start from a leaf placed on or in moist sand. Some plants like onions, daffodils, and tulips have underground stems. A bulb is an underground stem that can grow into a new plant. The bulbs in the pictures have thick parts which store food. The stored food is used by the plant when it begins to grow. A strawberry plant has stems that grow along the ground. The stem of a strawberry plant can form new plants at its tip. A stem that grows close to the ground and forms a new plant is called a runner. New plants will grow where the tip of the runner touches the ground. 26

27 You already learned that seeds grow into new plants. Plants also grow from bulbs. Bulbs are round buds that grow underground. These buds have short fat leaves and flattened stems. Some bulbs are planted in the autumn. These bulbs begin growing while it is still winter. As soon as it becomes warm, they bloom. Other bulbs are planted in the spring. They bloom in the summer. Other plants are grown from parts that look a lot like bulbs. These parts are planted underground the same way you would plant a bulb. Gladious Bulb Dahlia Tubers Iris Bulbs Ranunculus Bulbs Gladiolus Dahlia Iris Ranunculus 27

28 You have learned that flowers make the seeds that grow into new plants. Not all plants have flowers. But they still make new plants. Some plants make cones. These cones contain their seeds. Some plants have spores. These spores are as tiny as dust. They are blown away by the wind and land on dying plants and trees. They get the food they need from the decaying plants. 28

29 Materials: Bread, jelly, orange, cheese and other foods. Magnifying glasses Plastic margarine containers and lids Procedure: 1. Choose food different foods and place each one in a container. Put the lids on and place each container in a warm, dark place. (If you choose bread, be sure it is moist) 2. In days remove the lid of each container and observe the contents. Observation: Conclusions: 29

30 Summary The flower is a plant part in which seeds are formed. Pollination is the transfer of pollen to the sticky part of the pistil. The joining of egg cells and sperm cells is called fertilization. A fruit is an enlarged ovary. Some plants can be grown from cuttings, bulbs, and runners. Review Questions 1. Why is the flower an important plant part? 2. What is pollination? What are two ways it can occur? 3. What is the difference between fertilization and germination? 4. What is a fruit? From what part of a flower does the fruit come? 30

31 Plants & More Plants Study Guide Parts of a flower: Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains to the sticky part of the pistil. Two ways pollination occurs: a. Pollination occurs when a honeybee moves from flower to flower. b. Pollination also occurs when pollen grains are moved by the wind. Fertilization is the joining of the egg cells and the sperm cells. Germination is the early growth of a seed. What does a seed need to germinate? For a seed to germinate, it needs water and the proper temperature. An ovary becomes a fruit. The fruit contains the seed. How do seeds travel? a. Seeds travel by wind. b. Seeds travel by water. c. Seeds travel by animal droppings. d. Seeds travel by seed pod explosion. e. Seeds travel by animal carriers. f. Seeds travel by hitchhiking. Three ways plants can be grown with out seeds. a. By cutting a leaf or steam b. By bulbs which is an underground stem c. By a runner which is a stem that grows close to the ground (ex. Strawberry) 31

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33 You could stroll among the ancient bristlecones. Some of these trees are almost 5,000 years old. You could wander through a wide meadow waving with wild grasses and wild flowers. 33

34 You can march across a hot desert filled with cacti in unusual shapes. You could climb the Himalayan Mountains, or walk near the frozen poles. Even in these cold places small plants grow. You could swim in the ocean among the giant kelp. You could follow the whales through seas of microscopic plants. 34

35 You don t have to go all around the world to see a world of plants. Just walk around your own neighborhood. You might see fruits and vegetables growing. You might see spiny cactus reaching for the sky or waving palm trees. It all depends on where you live. But. Wherever you live around the world, you will see plants. 35

36 Plants are busy all day and night. Each part of the plant has a special job to do so the whole plant can live and grow. There are parts which: collect water and minerals collect the Sun s energy and turn it into food carry food and water around the plant hold the plant firmly in the soil make the seed which will grow into new plants. Tall plants and small plants all have these parts. 36

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38 Plants have sturdy roots that hold them in the ground They have rootlets that spread out from the main root. The rootlets have tiny little roots called root hairs growing at their tips. The root hairs collect the water and minerals from the soil. The water and minerals are carried up the roots to the stem. Some plants store food in their roots. We eat this stored food when we eat vegetables such as carrots, radishes, and onions. 38

39 Roots hold a plant in place. Plants need water and minerals. Roots take water and minerals from the soil. Roots take water and minerals up to the rest of the plant. Some plants store food in the roots. Carrots and beets are examples of roots we eat. Not all roots are the same. Some roots have spreading or fibrous roots. Others, like dandelions, have a root called a tap root that goes straight down. Some roots have fleshy parts with tiny roots branching from them. Sweet potatoes are example of this type of root. They are storage roots. Many trees have roots that go straight down as well as spread out. Fill in the blanks with the correct word from the word box. 1. Some plants store in the roots. 2. Roots take & from the soil to the plant. 3. Roots the plant in place. 4. are roots we eat. Carrots Food Hold Minerals Water 39

40 Why do plants have stems? Are all stems the same? Could plants get along without stems? Stems have several jobs to. Each job is important to the plant. The first job is to separate the leaves and hold them out so that each leaf gets light and air. If the leaves were clump together they would not get much light. Stems can also be used for storage. Grass, flowers, and vines have soft stems. Trees have one hard, woody stem called a trunk. Most stems grow up, but some like strawberry vines grow along the ground. Stems have a third important job. They contain small tubes called xylem (zi-luhm) and phloem (flo-uhm), which carry food, water, and minerals from one part of the plant to another. Match: 1. Most stems the leaves and flowers. 2. Stems have tubes that called a trunk. 3. Stems hold up grow up. 4. Trees have a stem carry water and food. 40

41 Stems have tiny tubes that carry water and food around the plant. One type of tube is the xylem (zi-luhm); it carries water water and minerals up into the plant. Another type is the phloem (flo-uhm), which carries sugar to the parts of the plant that need food. Do this experiment to see how the tubes in stems work. You will need the following. Celery Food coloring Glass of water Steps: 1. Put a few drops of food coloring in the glass of water. 2. Put the celery in the water. 3. Sit the glass in the sunlight and leave it for a day. 4. Check you experiment after a complete day. What did you observe? Why did this happen? 41

42 A green plant can make its own food. The leaves collect energy from the sun all day. At night the plant uses this energy to make kind of sugar. The plant uses this sugar (glucose) for food. A plant needs the following to make their food: 1. the green part (chlorophyll) of the leaves 2. water from the soil 3. gas from the air (carbon dioxide) 4. Energy from the sunlight. This process is called photosynthesis. Plants give off a gas too. This gas is very important to us. It is the oxygen we breathe. If there were no plants on Earth, we wouldn t be able to live. What do plants need to make food?

43 Leaves come in many sizes and shapes. There are two kinds of leaves found on broadleaf trees. Some of the leaves have only on section. These are called simple leaves. Some leaves have little leaflets. Theses are called compound leaves. Examples of simple leaves Examples of compound leaves Trees such as pines have leaves that look like little bundles of green needles. Other conifers have flat, leathery leaves. Needles flat, feathery leaves 43

44 Midrib Leaves come in many different sizes and shapes. Vein Leaflet Blade Simple leaf Compound leaf Color the leaves. Match each leaf to its plant. Circle the compound leaf. 44

45 Green plants are special because their leaves contain chlorophyll, a green substance that helps the plant make food. Study the diagram below to learn about the plant s food factory. Each sentence below explains part of the diagram. Write the numbers from the diagram beside the matching sentences. sun Water and minerals from the soil are carried to the leaves through the root and stem. Carbon dioxide from the air enters the plant through the leaves. Energy from the sun is captured by the chlorophyll in the leaves. The leaves use the sun s energy to produce food from carbon dioxide, water, and minerals. The food produced travels through the stem to all parts of the plant. Some of it is used by the plant, the rest is stored. The food making process releases oxygen into the air. Now read the sentences in order. On the blanks below write the underlined letters as you come to them and discover the name of the food making process. 45

46 Green plants have the unusual ability to produce their own food. They are able to capture the Sun s light energy with a special substance in their leaves call chlorophyll. Chlorophyll and water combine with the Sun s light energy to manufacture simple raw materials into the carbohydrates that the green plant uses for food. This process is call photosynthesis, which means to synthesize chemicals with the aid of sunlight energy. Write the correct letter, on the line provided, that matches the definition with the word. 1. carbon dioxide a. The process green plants use o produce basic foods for themselves 2. photosynthesis b. A gas in the air which is given off by the leaves of green plants. 3. oxygen c. Plants which contain chlorophyll & combine it with the Sun s energy 4. Sun d. The substance that combines with the Sun s energy to produce carbohydrates. 5. water e. The source from which green plants get their energy. 6. chlorophyll f. The basic foods created by green plants. 7. green plants g. An element other than the Sun s energy that makes it possible for green plants to produce their own food. 8. carbohydrates h. The gas that plants need along with water 46

47 We eat many parts of plants. Using the word box, below, indicate what each picture is. Write the words in the space provided. fruit leaf flower root stem seed What can you eat that is made from wheat seeds? 47

48 Name the parts of the plants. branch flower fruit leaf root stem trunk 48

49 Observer s Name Date 49

50 Height Draw The Plant Number of Leaves Type of Leave (simple or compound) Comments: Height Draw The Plant Number of Leaves Type of Leave (simple or compound) Comments: 50

51 Height Draw The Plant Number of Leaves Type of Leave (simple or compound) Comments: Height Draw The Plant Number of Leaves Type of Leave (simple or compound) Comments: 51

52 Name Date 52

53 Plants are like people. They need a good place to live. The soil must be right. They must have food and air. They must have the right amount of water and sunshine. Plants have special green cells (chlorophyll) that can make food. These cells are in the plant s leaves. Roots collect water from the soil. The roots carry the water to the stem. Tiny tubes in the in the stem carry the water up to the leaves. Water is used to help the leaves make food for the plant. Water is needed to help seeds grow. 53

54 Each Plant Part Has A Job I think a root s job is Draw a picture of a root. I learned that a root s job is Each Plant Part Has A Job I think a stem s job is Draw a picture of a stem. I learned that a stem s job is 54

55 Each Plant Part Has A Job I think a plant makes its food by Draw the part of the plant that makes the food. I learned that a plant makes its food by Each Plant Part Has A Job I think a flower s job is Draw a picture of a flower I learned that a flower s job is 55

56 Plants As Producers Study Guide Photosynthesis Water + Carbon Dioxide + Light Food + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide - a gas in the air needed by plants for photosynthesis Humans benefit from photosynthesis by getting food & oxygen. Plants store food in the form of sugar and starch. Respiration is the process that breaks down digested food and releases energy. A green chemical in plants that trap light and energy is chlorophyll. A gas in the air used during respiration is oxygen. Some plants store food in their roots. We eat this stored food when we eat vegetables such as carrots. Label the parts of a plant. (stem, roots, leaves, flower) 56

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58 by: Emilie Ferry The world is full of plants. Plants grow in hot places, cold places, sunny places, shady places, and even underwater. In some very cold parts of the earth, only a few different kinds of grass grow. But a hot rain forest is thick with plants that often climb all over each other, trying to find room to grow. One kind of plant that grows underwater is so very tiny that two hundred of them in a row would only be one inch long. Other plants, like redwood trees, grow to be as tall as three hundred and fifty feet. Redwood trees are the tallest trees in the world. Some plants live a long time. Some redwood trees are over one thousand years old, but they aren t as old as one kind of pine tree. The oldest of these pine trees is about five thousand years old. Other plants, however, live a very short time. There are some very small plants that live for less than an hour. With so many plants in the world, most of us see them very often, and we sometimes forget how important they are. We couldn t live without plants. Plants provide food for people and animals, and if all plants disappeared from Earth, we would run out of a food very soon. We eat all parts of plants. We eat the roots of carrots and the stems of celery. We eat the leaves of many plants. When we eat green onions, we re eating a part of the leaves. Some vegetables we eat are flowers, such as the cauliflower. When we think of eating fruit, we may think of apples, bananas, peaches, and melons. But the part of any plant that holds the seed is a fruit. When we eat bread or any food made with flour, we are eating the fruit of different kinds of grass, such as wheat or oats. Even corn is the fruit of a very large grass. Chickens, cows, and other animals eat food from plants, then the animals, in turn, provide us with food such as milk, eggs, and meat. 58

59 Plants provide many other things that we use, such as wax, cotton for clothes, and natural oil for soap. We use things made with wood from trees all the time. Many homes and other buildings are made with wood and some people even wear wooden shoes. Trees also provide paper for books and film for pictures. Plants help us in other ways. They keep soil from washing or blowing away (erosion), and they keep the air fresh for us to breathe. People get pleasure from plants. Everyone enjoys the shade of trees on a hot day. People who work with plants in a garden get pleasure from seeing natural things grow. And the natural beauty of plants gives us all a lot of pleasure, too. Plants are wonderful things. We couldn t get along without them. Questions: 1.) What kind of tree is the oldest and how old is it? 2.) What parts of plants are eaten? 3.) What things that we use do plants provide? 4.) Why is it important that plants keep the air fresh? 5.) Name the uses of plants. 59

60 Plants As Food Plants can be big or small. They can be smooth or prickly. Plants can be poisonous. They can grow where it is hot or cold. They grow where it is wet or dry. Plants grow all over the world. We eat many parts of the plants we grow. We eat seeds: sunflower corn walnut We eat fruit: grapes apples pears We eat leaves: cabbage lettuce We eat stems: We eat roots: carrot radish 60

61 Trees Are Plants Too A sugar maple tree is one example of a plant that is the source of many everyday products. The wood is used for furniture, musical instruments, sporting goods, and fuel. Native Americans made a kind of flour by drying and pounding the inner bark of maple trees. This flour was then used to make bread. The sugar maple is also a source of maple syrup and maple sugar. 61

62 What We Get From Plants A raw material is any matter that can be made into useful products. Plants and parts of plants are used to make everyday products. The plants and plant parts are called raw materials. Trees are raw materials for many products. Name some products made from plants. 62

63 Economic Uses of Plants 63

64 Other Uses for Plants Plants are used in many ways, not just for food. Cotton and linen cloth comes from plant fibers. Lumber used in building comes from trees. Fibers from plants are woven into ropes and mats. Baskets and some kind of hats are made from parts of plants. Some medicines come from parts of plants. Paper is made from trees. You can see how important plants are to us. They feed us, produce oxygen for us to breathe, and are used to make all kinds of things we use everyday. Plants Prevent Erosion The removal of soil by wind and water is called erosion. Plants prevent erosion. The roots of the plants keep the soil from being blown or washed away. Plants Add Beauty Many plants are used to decorate our homes, schools, businesses, and hospitals. Trees, shrubs, and grasses of all kinds are planted around buildings. Some plants can provide protection from wind, rain, and snow. Sometimes they are planted to provide shade. Plants can also improve the appearance of buildings by providing pleasing shapes and colors. Summary We use many plants for food. A raw material is any matter that can be made into useful products. Plants provide raw materials for many kinds of products. Some medicines or drugs are made from plants. Plants can be used to prevent erosion. Plants can be used for decoration. 64

65 NYS Science Review Questions: 1. In which part of a plant is food made? a. roots b. stem c. leaves d. flowers 2. In the story Jack and the Beanstalk, what part of the bean plant grew toward the sky and helped Jack as he climbed up the clouds? a. roots b. stem c. leaves d. flowers 3. Which part of a plant would be most important if a very strong wind started to blow? a. roots b. stem c. leaves d. flowers 4. The term for when a seed sprouts (starts to grow) is a. germination b. implantation c. reproduction d. photosynthesis 5. What is a raw material? 6. Name two raw materials from plants and the useful products made from them? 7. How do plants prevent erosion? 8. How can plants improve our environment? 65

66 Was that a plant? Without plants, there would be no life on the earth because humans and animals depend on plants for food and oxygen. Also, many products that people use every day are made from plants. Read the clues about plant products. Then complete the puzzle using the words on the leaves of the plant. Across 1. food seasonings made from seeds or dried leaves 2. perfume and lotion made from flower oils, and lipstick made from seaweed 6. fruits, vegetables, grains 7. used for tires; made of latex from trees 8. used for tying boxes; made from leaf fibers 10. coal, oil, natural gas from decayed plants 11. used for writing; made from wood fibers Down 1. a home for people and animals 3. cures for disease made from bark, dried leaves, mold, roots 4. paint remover made from pine pitch 5. materials made from cotton and flax plants 6. desks, tables, chairs made of wood from trees 9. liquids taken from seeds or fruits used in cooking and making soap 66

67 Planting Seeds Read each clue. Write the missing word in the puzzle. Use the word bank. Word Bank wind different coconut eat food parts embryo coat protects seeds water light travel sprout Across 2. Every seed wear a seed. 5. Seeds can be shapes and sizes 8. A partly formed plant is in a seed s. 10. some seeds never. 12. Most people seeds every day. 13. A seed needs lots of to sprout. 14. The scatters some seeds. Down 1. Every seed has three. 3. Most seeds do not need to sprout. 4. The seed coat a seed. 6. Seeds have their own. 7. A is a big seed. 9. Seeds in many different ways. 11. Plants make. 67

68 Plants Review Across 3. a makes seeds 5. apples and oranges are 6. the holds the plant in the soil 7. new plants grow from 10. the stem of a tree is its 11. a is a tall plant with a trunk and branches 12. a grows into a leaf or a flower Down 1. trees and flowers are 2. a makes food for the plant 4. you get bigger as you 8. the holds up the rest of the plant 9. a tulip grows from a 68

69 Plants Unit Test Study Guide 1. PARTS OF A FLOWER There will be a picture of a flower and you must be able to identify the part of the flower based on the descriptions below. Pistil: the long stalk in the center of the flower. Petals: attract birds, bees, and other insects. Ovary: female part containing the egg cells. It will become the fruit. Pollen: male part containing the sperm cells. Anther: sac containing the pollen grains. Stamen: stalks that surround the pistil. Seed: inside of the ovary after pollen travels down through pistil. 2. POLLINATION: The transfer of pollen grains to the sticky part of the pistil is called pollination. Pollination can occur when a honeybee moves from flower to flower. It can also occur when pollen grains are moved by the wind. 3. GERMINATION: The early growth of the seed is called germination. For a seed to germinate, it needs water and the proper temperature. 4. FERTILIZATION: The joining of the egg cells and the sperm cells are called fertilization. 5. HOW CAN PLANTS BE GROWN WITHOUT SEEDS? d. By cutting a leaf or steam e. By bulbs which is an underground stem f. By a runner which is a stem that grows close to the ground (ex. Strawberry) 6. HOW DO SEEDS TRAVEL? g. Seeds travel by wind. b. Seeds travel by water. c. Seeds travel by animal droppings. d. Seeds travel by seed pod explosion. e. Seeds travel by animal carriers. f. Seeds travel by hitchhiking. 69

70 7. WHAT IS THE PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS? Fill in the blanks: Water + Carbon Dioxide + Light Food + Oxygen The plant takes in water through the roots and travels up the stem through the xylem. Carbon dioxide enters from the air into the plant and light hits the green leaves of the plant. This reaction produces food for the plant and gives of oxygen gas. Plants store food in the form of sugars and starch. A green chemical in plants that trap the light and energy during photosynthesis is called chlorophyll. 8. RESPIRATION: Respiration is the process that breaks down digested food and releases energy. A gas in the air used during respiration is oxygen. 9. PLANT PARTS: There will be a picture of a plant and you will have to identify the parts based on the descriptions below. Leaves: They make their own food inside the leaves and provide for other living things. Stem: Getting water and nutrients from the roots to the rest of the plant. Stems also hold plants up so that the leaves can get sunlight. Roots: The structures that hold the plant in the ground. Roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil, and without these the plant could not survive. Flower: The part of the plant that contains the new seed. 10. WHY ARE PLANTS IMPORTANT? Plants are important because they provide oxygen gas so other living things can breathe. They are also important because they give us fruits and vegetables. Plants are used as raw materials such as paper, medicines, leather, latex, and fibers. They prevent erosion and add beauty. 70