Linear and Aerial aspect of Basin morphometry of Kundka Sub-basin of Sindphana Basin (Beed), Maharashtra, India.

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1 International Journal of Geology, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Volume 2 Issue 3 June 2014 Website: ISSN: Linear and Aerial aspect of Basin morphometry of Kundka Sub-basin of Sindphana Basin (Beed), Maharashtra, India. Jadhav S.I. and Md. Babar Department of Geology, Dnyanopasak College, Parbhani (M.S.) India Abstract: Geomorphology is a science of landforms, which is concerned with the various geometrical aspects of the basin. Morphometric analysis of Kundka sub-basin was carried out using remote sensing and GIS. Detailed drainage map was prepared from SOI toposheets digitized in ArcGIS The basin morphometric parameters including linear and aerial aspects of the Kundka river sub-basin were determined and computed. The parameters considered for the present analysis are stream length, bifurcation ratio, drainage density, stream frequency, drainage texture, form factor, circularity ratio, elongation ratio, compactness ratio, relief ratio etc. The Kundka sub-basin has a dendritic and sub-parallel drainage pattern and it is the 7 th order drainage basin. Semilog plot of number of stream vs stream order and mean stream length vs stream order were computed in the area. Keywords: Bifurcation ratio, length ratio, drainage density, stream frequency, relief ratio, Kundka sub-basin. 1. Introduction Morphometric analysis is the measurement of the three dimensional geometry of landforms and has traditionally been applied to watershed, drainages, hill slopes and other group of terrain features (Babar 2005). Drainage basin or basins should be the study area for better understanding of the hydrologic system. Basin morphometry is a means of numerically analyzing or mathematically quantifying aspects of drainage channels. Spatial arrangement of streams has given rise to a particular design which is called the drainage pattern (Babar 2005). Morphometric analysis requires measurement of linear features, gradient of channel network and contributory ground slopes of the drainage basin. The morphometric characteristics of various basins have been studied by many scientists using conventional (Horton 1945, Strahler 1957, Babar and Kaplay, 1999 and Kaplay et al 2004) and Remote sensing and GIS methods (Lattman and Parizek, 1964; Bedi and Bhan, 1978; Karanath and Seshu Babu, 1978; Raju et al, 1985; Palanivel et al, 1996; Srinivasa Rao et al, 1997; Babar 2001; Babar 2002; Babar 2005; Babar et al 2010; Muley et al 2010 a and b; Babar and Shah, 2011, Babar 2011 and Babar et al 2011). Remote sensing techniques using satellite images are convenient tools for morphometric analysis. The satellite remote sensing has the ability to provide synoptic view of large area and is very useful in analyzing drainage morphometry. The image interpretation techniques are less time consuming than the ground surveys, which coupled with limited field checks yield valuable results. Geographical Informational system (GIS) is a computer-assisted system designed to capture, store, edit, display and plot geographically referenced data. It has the capability to make quick and unbiased decision, which includes distance, directions, adjacency, relative locations and other spatial concepts. 2. Study Area The Kundka sub-basin, a tributary of the Sindphana river, covers total catchment area of Km 2. The investigated area is enclosed between latitudes " N and " N longitudes " E " E falling in the Survey of India(SOI) toposheet nos. 47 N/13,56 A/4, and 56 B/4 on the 1:50,000 scale (Fig 1). It falls in the semi -arid region. The physiography of the study area varies from gentle sloping pediments to gentle sloping alluvial plain. The area is well represented by denudational hills, alluvial plains, flood plain, structural hill forming soil covers of clay with sand, kankar and alluvium. The area falls under the sub tropical and semiarid climate with temperature ranges from C max and C min in the December C max and C min. in the May. The average annual rainfall in the Beed district is mm (year 2012). WOAR Journals Page 16

2 stream orders which are based on a hierarchic ranking of streams. In the present study, the stream segments of the drainage basin have been ranked according to Strahler s (1957) stream ordering system. The study area belongs to the 7th order drainage basin that reveals well developed dendritic and sub-parallel type drainage network (Fig 2). Individual counting of the streams in the river basin by GIS environment reveals the total number of streams in the Kundka sub-basin. The total number of 2967 streams was identified out of which 2312 are I order, 501 are II order, 119 are III order, 24 are IV order, 8 are V order, 2 are VI order and 01 is indicating VII order stream (Table 1). Fig 1: Location map of the study area 3. Data Used and Methodology For the purpose of the morphometric analysis of the area under study, the base map used was the Survey of India topographic sheets on 1:50,000 scale. The drainage map (Fig 2) with the orders of the basin was prepared with the help of ArcGIS The orders were designated to each stream following Strahler (1964) stream ordering system. The stream number of various orders was counted, while the stream length, basin length, basin area, and perimeter of the basin were measured with the help of ArcGIS 10.1 software. The attributes were assigned to create the digital data base for drainage layer of the river basin. The fundamental parameters namely stream length, area, perimeter, number of streams, order and basin length were derived from the drainage layer. The morphometric parameters for the delineated basin area were calculated based on formulas suggested by various researchers including (Horton 1945, Miller 1953, Schumm 1956 and Strahler 1964). The linear aspect of the drainage network (Table 1): Stream order(nu), bifurcation ratio(rb), stream length(lu), Mean stream length(lsm), stream length ratio(rl), areal aspects include circularity ratio, elongation ratio, form factor, Drainage density(dd), stream frequency(fs), constant of channel maintenance(c) have been calculated with respective formulae (Table 2). 4. Results and Discussion In the present study, morphometric parameters of the Kundka sub-basin determined with respect to various linear aspects are given below. 4.1 Linear Aspect of the Sub-basin Stream Order (Nu) Stream order of the drainage basin is the successive assimilation of streams within a drainage basin. In the drainage basin analysis the first step is to determine the Fig 2. Drainage Order map of the study area Table 1. Bifurcation and length ratio of Kundka river subbasin Stream order No. of streams Bifurcation Ratio Stream length (Km) Mean stream length Length Ratio WOAR Journals Page 17

3 Bifurcation Ratio(Rb) seventh order show the linear plot this indicate some structural control is associated with this in the basin. The term bifurcation ratio (Rb) may be defined as the ratio of the number of stream segments of the given order to the number of the segments of the next higher order (Schumm 1956). Bifurcation ratios range between 2.00 to 4.94 for subbasin in which the geologic structure do not distort the drainage pattern (Strahler 1964). Bifurcation ratios show a small range of variation for different regions or for different environment except where the powerful geological control dominates (Strahler 1957). The bifurcation ratio (Rb) varies from 2.00 to 4.94 for the study area (Table 1), which indicates that geological structure are less disturbing the drainage pattern. Stream Length (Lu) The length of the stream channel is a dimensional property, which reveals the size component of drainage lines. It is the total length of stream in a particular order. It is the most significant hydrological feature of the basin as it reveals surface runoff characteristics. Stream of relatively smaller length are characteristics of areas with larger slopes and finer texture. Generally, the total length of the stream segment is maximum in first order streams and decreases as the stream order increases. The numbers of streams of various orders in a sub-basin were counted and their lengths are measured with the help of the software (Table 1). It is prevailed that the total length of the entire sub-basin is km. Length Ratio (Rl) Length ratio (Rl) may be defined as the ratio of the mean length of the one order to the next lower order of the stream segment (Horton 1945).The Rl between streams of different orders in the study area reveals that there is a variation of Rl in each sub-basin (Table 1).The variation might be due to change in slope and topography. The subbasin shows an increasing trend in length ratio from lower to higher order indicative of its mature geographic stage of geomorphic development (Babar 2005). The relation of number of streams against stream order in the sub-basin (Fig. 3a) shows that the number of streams of a given order forms an inverse geometric sequence by decreasing systematically with increasing order and conforms to the Horton s (1945) law of stream numbers. Kundka river sub-basin has negative correlation between stream number and stream order. From the semi log plot (Fig. 3a) it is clear that the streams of first order to seventh order show the perfect linear plot but the seventh order stream is slightly deviating from the regression line this indicate some structural control is associated with this in the sub-basin but not disturbing the drainage development of the area based on bifurcation ratio. The semi log plot of mean stream lengths for the area is in direct geometric progression to stream orders (Fig.3b). This plot conforms the Horton s (1945) law of stream length. The length of first order streams of Kundka river sub-basin is, however, slightly more than the average trend. From the semi log plot (Fig. 3b) it is clear that the streams of first order to Fig. 3a. Semilog plot of Number of stream vs stream orders. 3b. Semilog plot of Mean stream length (Km) vs stream orders. 4.2 Aerial Aspect of Sub-basin Drainage density (Dd) Drainage density (Dd) expresses the closeness of spacing of channels, thus providing a quantitative measure of the average length of stream channel for the whole basin. In drainage density the total length of the streams of all orders to divide by the area of the basin (Horton 1932). In general, the low drainage density leads to coarse texture while high WOAR Journals Page 18

4 drainage density leads to fine texture (Strahler 1964).High drainage density is the resultant of weak and impermeable subsurface material and sparse vegetation and mountainous relief. The drainage density (Dd) of the basin is 2.80 km/ km 2 (Table 2) indicating high drainage density. It indicates that the basin is impermeable sub soil and sparse vegetation cover. Table 2: Morphometric parameters of Kundka sub-basin Sr. No Parameters Kundka Subbasin 1 Total stream length-l (Km) Total basin area-a (Km 2 ) Total no. stream-(n) Basin perimeter-p (Km) Maximum basin length - MBL(Km) Form factor-f Elongation ratio-e Circularity ratio-rc Drainage density (Km/Km 2 ) Stream frequency-(streams/km 2 ) Length of overland flow (L) Km Constant channel maintenance(c) Highest point on the basin perimeter (m) Height of the basin mouth (m) Maximum basin relief (H) meters Relief ratio H/MBL Stream frequency (Fs) Stream frequency (Fs) is the total number of stream segments of all orders per unit area (Horton 1932).The stream frequency of the sub-basin is 4.30 (Table 2). The higher value indicates that the sub-basins possess higher relief and the moderately slopping topography. Due to weak and impermeable subsurface material the surface runoff is high and infiltration capacity is low within in the study area. Circularity and Elongation ratio The values of circularity ratio and elongation ratio indicate that the basin is moderately circular and somewhat elongated. The circularity ratio is a significant ratio, which indicates the stages of dissection in the study area. Its value (0.37) can be correlated with the youth stage of the cycle of the erosional development. In comparison with Strahler (1964) the value of elongation ratio (0.68) suggests that the basin is associated with strong relief and steep ground slope. Constant of channel maintenance (C) Schumm (1956) has used the reciprocal of drainage density as a property termed constant of channel maintenance. It is expressed in sq km 2 /km. Since it represents the drainage to maintain one unit of channel length, hence it is a measure of basin erodibility. The value of Constant of channel maintenance of sub-basin is 0.36 (Table 2), expressing strong lithologic rocks with a surface of low permeability. Relief ratio The maximum basin relief is obtained from the elevation difference between highest point on the basin perimeter and its confluence with the trunk stream. The value of maximum basin relief obtained for Kundka sub-basin is 328 m (Table 2). The relief ratios obtained for the sub-basin is (Table 2) indicating that the basin lies within hilly terrain in the initial stages and further down stream in the gently or flat sloping terrain. 5. Conclusions The morphometric analysis of the drainage network of the Kundka sub-basin exhibits the dendritic (which indicates the homogeneity in texture and lack of structural control) pattern while in some parts it represents parallel pattern which indicate a gentle, uniform slopes and with less resistant bed rock.the variation in stream length ratio might be due to changes in slope and topography. The basin is having moderate to high relief of the terrain and elongated in shape. The higher drainage density indicates that the subbasin is impermeable sub soil and sparse vegetation cover. The values of bifurcation ratio indicate no structural control over the drainage pattern and not affected by structural disturbances. The drainage texture falls under the category of fine drainage texture (>2). The Circularity and elongation ratio values are 0.37 and 0.68 respectively indicating that the sub-basin is elongated in shape, with high discharge of runoff and impermeable sub soil condition. Remote sensing and GIS techniques have best efficient tool in drainage delineation. The quantitative analysis of morphometric parameters is found to be of immense utility in river basin evaluation, watershed prioritization for soil and water conservation, natural resource management at micro level. 6. Acknowledgement The second author takes the opportunity to thanks University Grants Commission, New Delhi for financial assistant in the form of Major Research Project scheme (F.No /2012 (SR) Dated 23 rd July 2012). Author also officially acknowledged to Dnyanopasak Shikshan Mandal Parbhani. References [1] Babar, Md. (2001) Hydrogeomorphological studies by Remote sensing application in Akoli Watershed (Jintur) Parbhani dist., Maharashtra, India. Spatial information Technology, Remote sensing and GIS-ICORG, Vol-II pp [2] Babar, Md. (2002). Application of Remote Sensing in Hydrogeomorphological Studies of Purna River Basin in Parbhani District, Maharashtra, India. In proceeding volume of the international symposium of ISPRS Commission VII on Resource and Environmental WOAR Journals Page 19

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