Lecture #19 10/19/01 Dr. Wormington
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1 Lecture #19 10/19/01 Dr. Wormington Additional Features of the Genetic Code Codon Redundancy or Degeneracy Reflects the Relative Prevalence of an Amino Acid e.g., Ser & Leu each have 6 codons whereas Tyr & Asp have only 2 apiece Redundant Codons Reduce Potential Deleterious Effects of Mutations Particularly in 3 rd position e.g., CCC, CCU, CCG & CCA All Code for Pro Therefore, such mutations are Silent or Synonymous Several "functionally" equivalent Amino Acids Are Encoded by 2/3 matching codons e.g., UUU (Phe), UUA (Leu), AUU (Ile) Are All Hydrophobic Amino Acids AAA (Lys), AGA (Arg) Are Both Basic Amino Acids Such Mutations are Conservative Substitutions & Unlikely to Affect Protein Function 3 Ways of Depicting Crick's "Adaptor Molecule" transfer RNA aka trna Space-filling model Derived from X-ray crystal structure "Cleaned-up model Derived from X-ray crystal Structure showing internal Double-helical regions Classical "cloverleaf" Note: All RNA Molecules Have Extensive Regions of Intramolecular Base pairing! Anticodon 3 bases complementary to mrna codon
2 Activating Enzymes = trna Synthetases "Charge" trnas with the Correct Amino Acid Requires ATP AMP + PP i 2P i Charging Provides the Only Proofreading Step in Protein Synthesis Must "reject" incorrect trna here What does synthetase see on trna? The "Touchy-Feely" Side of trna Synthetases Yellow Balls Denote Contact Sites Between Synthetases & their cognate trnas
3 Translation Initiation The Big Picture X Streptomycin Neomycin 1. Small Ribosomal Subunit Recruited to mrna by Binding Sequence Preceding AUG Note: Fig (1 st step) is incorrect! The Small Ribosomal Subunit does not recognize RNA by binding directly to the 1 st AUG! In general, it binds at an upstream recognition site & scans to the 1 st AUG. 2. Anticodon of Methionine-Charged trna Recognizes AUG Codon 3. Large Ribosomal Subunit Binds - Methionine-tRNA Occupies P site = Specific step In Bacterial Translation Inhibited by Antibiotic Translation Elongation cont'd Previous Steps Repeated blah, blah, blah Next amino acid-trna (Tyrosine-tRNA) Binds to Its Codon In Empty A Site 5. Peptide Bond Forms Between Tyr & Pro. Free Proline-tRNA Released Ribosome translocates to next codon. Met-Pro-Tyr-polypeptide attached to Tyr-tRNA moves to P site.
4 Structure of Ribosome mrna Complex During Elongation Translation Elongation cont'd Process repeats until
5 The End! Translation Termination Gentamycin 1. Release Factor Recognizes Stop Codon in A Site 2. Release Factor Dissociates Completed Polypeptide from Last trna & Releases Both 3. mrna, Large & Small Ribosomal Subunits All Dissociate From Each Other Small Ribosomal Subunit Can Re-Bind Same mrna or Bind "New" mrna To Reinitiate = Step In Bacterial Translation Inhibited by Antibiotic A Single mrna Can Be Translated By Several Ribosomes Simultaneously Generating a Polyribosome or Polysome Each ribosome "occupies" ~200 nucleotides so Typical 2000 nucleotide long mrna is maximally bound by 10 ribosomes
6 Ribosome Is "Target-Rich" Environment To Direct Highly Specific Antibiotics Numerous rrna & Protein Targets & Multiple Biochemical Steps Basis for Specificity? Gentamycin Interaction between release factor and ribosome Note Ciprofloxicin (CIPRO) does not Target the Ribosome But, It does target.. Catenated (Interlocked) circular chromosomes cannot be segregated during cell division CIPRO inhibits Decatenation i.e. the separation of the 2 newly replicated bacterial chromosomes which is mediated by DNA Gyrase aka Topoisomerase CIPRO
7 Different rrna and Protein Constituents Render Prokaryotic (e.g., bacterial), but not Eukaryotic (e.g., human) Ribosomes Sensitive to Certain Antibiotics Specific Amino Acid Sequences Function as Zip Codes to Target Proteins To Appropriate Organelles & Subcellular Compartments Note: >30 Distinct Destinations In Typical Eukaryotic Cell! e.g., Ser-Lys-Leu e.g., Pro-Lys-Lys-Lys-Arg-Lys-Val e.g., Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu
8 Most Proteins Undergo At Least 1 of 3 Major Post-Translational Modifications To Regulate Stability, Subcellular Localization and Biological Activity As with Protein Localization, Post-Translational Modifications Are Directed by Specific Amino Acid Sequences Within Proteins e.g., Arg-Arg & Lys-Arg e.g., Insulin maturation & HIV Coat Protein e.g., X-Ser-X (X= any amino acid) e.g., Trafficking through the ER & Golgi to the plasma membrane or secretion e.g., Ser-Pro-Ser-Gln-Arg e.g., Phosphorylation by CDKs
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