Mathematical induction & Recursion
|
|
- Myles Bradley
- 1 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 CS 441 Discrete Mathematics for CS Lecture 15 Mathematical induction & Recursion Milos Hauskrecht 5329 Sennott Square Proofs Basic proof methods: Direct, Indirect, Contradiction, By Cases, Equivalences Proof of quantified statements: There exists x with some property P(x). It is sufficient to find one element for which the property holds. For all x some property P(x) holds. Proofs of For all x some property P(x) holds must cover all x and can be harder. Mathematical induction is a technique that can be applied to prove the universal statements for sets of positive integers or their associated sequences. 1
2 Mathematical induction Used to prove statements of the form x P(x) where x Z + Mathematical induction proofs consists of two steps: 1) Basis: The proposition P(1) is true. 2) Inductive Step: The implication P(n) P(n+1), is true for all positive n. Therefore we conclude x P(x). Based on the well-ordering property: Every nonempty set of nonnegative integers has a least element. Mathematical induction Example: Prove the sum of first n odd integers is n 2. i.e (2n - 1) = n 2 for all positive integers. Proof: What is P(n)? P(n): (2n - 1) = n 2 Basis Step Show P(1) is true Trivial: 1 = 1 2 Inductive Step Show if P(n) is true then P(n+1) is true for all n. Suppose P(n) is true, that is (2n - 1) = n 2 Show P(n+1): (2n - 1) + (2n + 1) =(n+1) 2 follows: (2n - 1) + (2n + 1) = n 2 + (2n+1) = (n+1) 2 2
3 Correctness of the mathematical induction Suppose P(1) is true and P(n) P(n+1) is true for all positive integers n. Want to show x P(x). Assume there is at least one n such that P(n) is false. Let S be the set of nonnegative integers where P(n) is false. Thus S. Well-Ordering Property: Every nonempty set of nonnegative integers has a least element. By the Well-Ordering Property, S has a least member, say k. k > 1, since P(1) is true. This implies k - 1 > 0 and P(k-1) is true (since k is the smallest integer where P(k) is false). Now: P(k-1) P(k) is true thus, P(k) must be true (a contradiction). Therefore x P(x). Mathematical induction Example: Prove n < 2 n for all positive integers n. P(n): n < 2 n Basis Step: 1 < 2 1 (obvious) Inductive Step: If P(n) is true then P(n+1) is true for each n. Suppose P(n): n < 2 n is true Show P(n+1): n+1 < 2 n+1 is true. n + 1 < 2 n + 1 < 2 n + 2 n = 2 n ( ) = 2 n (2) = 2 n+1 3
4 Mathematical induction Example: Prove n 3 - n is divisible by 3 for all positive integers. P(n): n 3 - n is divisible by 3 Basis Step: P(1): = 0 is divisible by 3 (obvious) Inductive Step: If P(n) is true then P(n+1) is true for each positive integer. Suppose P(n): n 3 - n is divisible by 3 is true. Show P(n+1): (n+1) 3 - (n+1) is divisible by 3. (n+1) 3 - (n+1) = n 3 + 3n 2 + 3n n - 1 = (n 3 - n) + 3n 2 + 3n = (n 3 - n) + 3(n 2 + n) divisible by 3 divisible by 3 Strong induction The regular induction: uses the basic step P(1) and inductive step P(n-1) P(n) Strong induction uses: Uses the basis step P(1) and inductive step P(1) and P(2) P(n-1) P(n) Example: Show that a positive integer greater than 1 can be written as a product of primes. 4
5 Strong induction Example: Show that a positive integer greater than 1 can be written as a product of primes. Assume P(n): an integer n can be written as a product of primes. Basis step: P(2) is true Inductive step: Assume true for P(2),P(3), P(n) Show that P(n+1) is true as well. 2 Cases: If n+1 is a prime then P(n+1) is trivially true If n+1 is a composite then it can be written as a product of two integers (n+1) = a*b such that 1< a,b < n+1 From the assumption P(a) and P(b) holds. Thus, n+1 can be written as a product of primes End of proof Recursive Definitions Sometimes it is possible to define an object (function, sequence, algorithm, structure) in terms of itself. This process is called recursion. Examples: Recursive definition of an arithmetic sequence: a n = a+nd a n =a n-1 +d, a 0 = a Recursive definition of a geometric sequence: x n = ar n x n = rx n-1, x 0 =a 5
6 Recursive Definitions In some instances recursive definitions of objects may be much easier to write Examples: Algorithm for computing the gcd: gcd(79, 35) = gcd(35, 9) More general: gcd(a, b) = gcd(b, a mod b) Factorial function: n! = n (n-1)! and 0!=1 Recursively Defined Functions To define a function on the set of nonnegative integers 1. Specify the value of the function at 0 2. Give a rule for finding the function's value at n+1 in terms of the function's value at integers i n. Example: factorial function definition 0! = 1 n! = n (n-1)! recursive or inductive definition of a function on nonnegative integers 6
7 Recursively defined functions Example: Assume a recursive function on positive integers: f(0) = 3 f(n+1) = 2f(n) + 3 What is the value of f(0)? 3 f(1) = 2f(0) + 3 = 2(3) + 3 = = 9 f(2) = f(1 + 1) = 2f(1) + 3 = 2(9) + 3 = = 21 f(3) = f(2 + 1) = 2f(2) + 3 = 2(21) = = 45 f(4) = f(3 + 1) = 2f(3) + 3 = 2(45) + 3 = = 93 Recursive definitions Example: Define the function: f(n) = 2n + 1 n = 0, 1, 2,... recursively. f(0) = 1 f(n+1) = f(n) + 2 7
8 Example: Define the sequence: a n = n 2 for n = 1,2,3,... recursively. Recursive definitions a 1 = 1 a n+1 = a n2 + (2n + 1), n 1 Recursive definitions Example: Define a recursive definition of the sum of the first n positive integers: F ( n) i 1 F(1) = 1 F(n+1) = F(n) + (n+1), n 1 n i 8
9 Recursive definitions Some important functions or sequences in mathematics are defined recursively Factorials n! = 1 if n=1 n! = n.(n-1)! if n 1 Fibonacci numbers: F(0)=0, F(1) =1 and F(n) =F(n-1) + F(n-2) for n=2,3, Recursive definitions Methods (algorithms) Greatest common divisor gcd(a,b) = b if b a = gcd(b, a mod b) Pseudorandom number generators: x n+1 = (ax n + c) mod m 9
10 Recursive definitions Assume the alphabet Example: = {a,b,c,d} A set of all strings containing symbols in : * Example: * = {,a,aa,aaa,aaa, ab, b,bb, bbb, } Recursive definition of * Basis step: empty string * Recursive step: If w * and x then wx * Length of a String Example: Give a recursive definition of l(w), the length of the string w. Solution: The length of a string can be recursively defined by: l( ) = 0; the length of the empty string l(wx) = l(w) + 1 if w Σ* and x Σ. 10
11 Recursive definitions Data structures Example: Rooted tree A basis step: a single node (vertex) is a rooted tree Recursive step: Assume T1, T2, Tk are rooted trees, then the graph with a root r connected to T1, T2, Tk is a rooted tree 11
CS 103X: Discrete Structures Homework Assignment 3 Solutions
CS 103X: Discrete Structures Homework Assignment 3 s Exercise 1 (20 points). On well-ordering and induction: (a) Prove the induction principle from the well-ordering principle. (b) Prove the well-ordering
Integers and division
CS 441 Discrete Mathematics for CS Lecture 12 Integers and division Milos Hauskrecht milos@cs.pitt.edu 5329 Sennott Square Symmetric matrix Definition: A square matrix A is called symmetric if A = A T.
Mathematical Induction. Lecture 10-11
Mathematical Induction Lecture 10-11 Menu Mathematical Induction Strong Induction Recursive Definitions Structural Induction Climbing an Infinite Ladder Suppose we have an infinite ladder: 1. We can reach
8 Divisibility and prime numbers
8 Divisibility and prime numbers 8.1 Divisibility In this short section we extend the concept of a multiple from the natural numbers to the integers. We also summarize several other terms that express
CS 441 Discrete Mathematics for CS Lecture 5. Predicate logic. CS 441 Discrete mathematics for CS. Negation of quantifiers
CS 441 Discrete Mathematics for CS Lecture 5 Predicate logic Milos Hauskrecht milos@cs.pitt.edu 5329 Sennott Square Negation of quantifiers English statement: Nothing is perfect. Translation: x Perfect(x)
Homework 5 Solutions
Homework 5 Solutions 4.2: 2: a. 321 = 256 + 64 + 1 = (01000001) 2 b. 1023 = 512 + 256 + 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = (1111111111) 2. Note that this is 1 less than the next power of 2, 1024, which
CHAPTER 5. Number Theory. 1. Integers and Division. Discussion
CHAPTER 5 Number Theory 1. Integers and Division 1.1. Divisibility. Definition 1.1.1. Given two integers a and b we say a divides b if there is an integer c such that b = ac. If a divides b, we write a
8 Primes and Modular Arithmetic
8 Primes and Modular Arithmetic 8.1 Primes and Factors Over two millennia ago already, people all over the world were considering the properties of numbers. One of the simplest concepts is prime numbers.
Discrete Mathematics Lecture 3 Elementary Number Theory and Methods of Proof. Harper Langston New York University
Discrete Mathematics Lecture 3 Elementary Number Theory and Methods of Proof Harper Langston New York University Proof and Counterexample Discovery and proof Even and odd numbers number n from Z is called
Mathematical induction. Niloufar Shafiei
Mathematical induction Niloufar Shafiei Mathematical induction Mathematical induction is an extremely important proof technique. Mathematical induction can be used to prove results about complexity of
The Prime Numbers. Definition. A prime number is a positive integer with exactly two positive divisors.
The Prime Numbers Before starting our study of primes, we record the following important lemma. Recall that integers a, b are said to be relatively prime if gcd(a, b) = 1. Lemma (Euclid s Lemma). If gcd(a,
Today s Topics. Primes & Greatest Common Divisors
Today s Topics Primes & Greatest Common Divisors Prime representations Important theorems about primality Greatest Common Divisors Least Common Multiples Euclid s algorithm Once and for all, what are prime
MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION. Mathematical Induction. This is a powerful method to prove properties of positive integers.
MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION MIGUEL A LERMA (Last updated: February 8, 003) Mathematical Induction This is a powerful method to prove properties of positive integers Principle of Mathematical Induction Let P
APPLICATIONS OF THE ORDER FUNCTION
APPLICATIONS OF THE ORDER FUNCTION LECTURE NOTES: MATH 432, CSUSM, SPRING 2009. PROF. WAYNE AITKEN In this lecture we will explore several applications of order functions including formulas for GCDs and
Homework until Test #2
MATH31: Number Theory Homework until Test # Philipp BRAUN Section 3.1 page 43, 1. It has been conjectured that there are infinitely many primes of the form n. Exhibit five such primes. Solution. Five such
Induction. Margaret M. Fleck. 10 October These notes cover mathematical induction and recursive definition
Induction Margaret M. Fleck 10 October 011 These notes cover mathematical induction and recursive definition 1 Introduction to induction At the start of the term, we saw the following formula for computing
The last three chapters introduced three major proof techniques: direct,
CHAPTER 7 Proving Non-Conditional Statements The last three chapters introduced three major proof techniques: direct, contrapositive and contradiction. These three techniques are used to prove statements
Intermediate Math Circles March 7, 2012 Linear Diophantine Equations II
Intermediate Math Circles March 7, 2012 Linear Diophantine Equations II Last week: How to find one solution to a linear Diophantine equation This week: How to find all solutions to a linear Diophantine
Math 55: Discrete Mathematics
Math 55: Discrete Mathematics UC Berkeley, Fall 2011 Homework # 5, due Wednesday, February 22 5.1.4 Let P (n) be the statement that 1 3 + 2 3 + + n 3 = (n(n + 1)/2) 2 for the positive integer n. a) What
Elementary Number Theory and Methods of Proof. CSE 215, Foundations of Computer Science Stony Brook University http://www.cs.stonybrook.
Elementary Number Theory and Methods of Proof CSE 215, Foundations of Computer Science Stony Brook University http://www.cs.stonybrook.edu/~cse215 1 Number theory Properties: 2 Properties of integers (whole
Sets and set operations
CS 441 Discrete Mathematics for CS Lecture 7 Sets and set operations Milos Hauskrecht milos@cs.pitt.edu 5329 Sennott Square asic discrete structures Discrete math = study of the discrete structures used
MATH10040 Chapter 2: Prime and relatively prime numbers
MATH10040 Chapter 2: Prime and relatively prime numbers Recall the basic definition: 1. Prime numbers Definition 1.1. Recall that a positive integer is said to be prime if it has precisely two positive
3. Mathematical Induction
3. MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION 83 3. Mathematical Induction 3.1. First Principle of Mathematical Induction. Let P (n) be a predicate with domain of discourse (over) the natural numbers N = {0, 1,,...}. If (1)
Section IV.1: Recursive Algorithms and Recursion Trees
Section IV.1: Recursive Algorithms and Recursion Trees Definition IV.1.1: A recursive algorithm is an algorithm that solves a problem by (1) reducing it to an instance of the same problem with smaller
k, then n = p2α 1 1 pα k
Powers of Integers An integer n is a perfect square if n = m for some integer m. Taking into account the prime factorization, if m = p α 1 1 pα k k, then n = pα 1 1 p α k k. That is, n is a perfect square
GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR
DEFINITION: GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR The greatest common divisor (gcd) of a and b, denoted by (a, b), is the largest common divisor of integers a and b. THEOREM: If a and b are nonzero integers, then their
WOLLONGONG COLLEGE AUSTRALIA. Diploma in Information Technology
First Name: Family Name: Student Number: Class/Tutorial: WOLLONGONG COLLEGE AUSTRALIA A College of the University of Wollongong Diploma in Information Technology Mid-Session Test Summer Session 008-00
Lecture Notes on Discrete Mathematics
Lecture Notes on Discrete Mathematics A. K. Lal September 26, 2012 2 Contents 1 Preliminaries 5 1.1 Basic Set Theory.................................... 5 1.2 Properties of Integers.................................
Full and Complete Binary Trees
Full and Complete Binary Trees Binary Tree Theorems 1 Here are two important types of binary trees. Note that the definitions, while similar, are logically independent. Definition: a binary tree T is full
MACM 101 Discrete Mathematics I
MACM 101 Discrete Mathematics I Exercises on Combinatorics, Probability, Languages and Integers. Due: Tuesday, November 2th (at the beginning of the class) Reminder: the work you submit must be your own.
Solutions for Practice problems on proofs
Solutions for Practice problems on proofs Definition: (even) An integer n Z is even if and only if n = 2m for some number m Z. Definition: (odd) An integer n Z is odd if and only if n = 2m + 1 for some
U.C. Berkeley CS276: Cryptography Handout 0.1 Luca Trevisan January, 2009. Notes on Algebra
U.C. Berkeley CS276: Cryptography Handout 0.1 Luca Trevisan January, 2009 Notes on Algebra These notes contain as little theory as possible, and most results are stated without proof. Any introductory
The Foundations: Logic and Proofs. Chapter 1, Part III: Proofs
The Foundations: Logic and Proofs Chapter 1, Part III: Proofs Rules of Inference Section 1.6 Section Summary Valid Arguments Inference Rules for Propositional Logic Using Rules of Inference to Build Arguments
Mathematics for Computer Science/Software Engineering. Notes for the course MSM1F3 Dr. R. A. Wilson
Mathematics for Computer Science/Software Engineering Notes for the course MSM1F3 Dr. R. A. Wilson October 1996 Chapter 1 Logic Lecture no. 1. We introduce the concept of a proposition, which is a statement
Lecture 13 - Basic Number Theory.
Lecture 13 - Basic Number Theory. Boaz Barak March 22, 2010 Divisibility and primes Unless mentioned otherwise throughout this lecture all numbers are non-negative integers. We say that A divides B, denoted
MATH 289 PROBLEM SET 4: NUMBER THEORY
MATH 289 PROBLEM SET 4: NUMBER THEORY 1. The greatest common divisor If d and n are integers, then we say that d divides n if and only if there exists an integer q such that n = qd. Notice that if d divides
MODULAR ARITHMETIC. a smallest member. It is equivalent to the Principle of Mathematical Induction.
MODULAR ARITHMETIC 1 Working With Integers The usual arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction and multiplication can be performed on integers, and the result is always another integer Division, on
Handout NUMBER THEORY
Handout of NUMBER THEORY by Kus Prihantoso Krisnawan MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY 2012 Contents Contents i 1 Some Preliminary Considerations
GCDs and Relatively Prime Numbers! CSCI 2824, Fall 2014!
GCDs and Relatively Prime Numbers! CSCI 2824, Fall 2014!!! Challenge Problem 2 (Mastermind) due Fri. 9/26 Find a fourth guess whose scoring will allow you to determine the secret code (repetitions are
Number Theory. Proof. Suppose otherwise. Then there would be a finite number n of primes, which we may
Number Theory Divisibility and Primes Definition. If a and b are integers and there is some integer c such that a = b c, then we say that b divides a or is a factor or divisor of a and write b a. Definition
6.2 Permutations continued
6.2 Permutations continued Theorem A permutation on a finite set A is either a cycle or can be expressed as a product (composition of disjoint cycles. Proof is by (strong induction on the number, r, of
God created the integers and the rest is the work of man. (Leopold Kronecker, in an after-dinner speech at a conference, Berlin, 1886)
Chapter 2 Numbers God created the integers and the rest is the work of man. (Leopold Kronecker, in an after-dinner speech at a conference, Berlin, 1886) God created the integers and the rest is the work
WRITING PROOFS. Christopher Heil Georgia Institute of Technology
WRITING PROOFS Christopher Heil Georgia Institute of Technology A theorem is just a statement of fact A proof of the theorem is a logical explanation of why the theorem is true Many theorems have this
PUTNAM TRAINING POLYNOMIALS. Exercises 1. Find a polynomial with integral coefficients whose zeros include 2 + 5.
PUTNAM TRAINING POLYNOMIALS (Last updated: November 17, 2015) Remark. This is a list of exercises on polynomials. Miguel A. Lerma Exercises 1. Find a polynomial with integral coefficients whose zeros include
SUM OF TWO SQUARES JAHNAVI BHASKAR
SUM OF TWO SQUARES JAHNAVI BHASKAR Abstract. I will investigate which numbers can be written as the sum of two squares and in how many ways, providing enough basic number theory so even the unacquainted
Basic Proof Techniques
Basic Proof Techniques David Ferry dsf43@truman.edu September 13, 010 1 Four Fundamental Proof Techniques When one wishes to prove the statement P Q there are four fundamental approaches. This document
Kevin James. MTHSC 412 Section 2.4 Prime Factors and Greatest Comm
MTHSC 412 Section 2.4 Prime Factors and Greatest Common Divisor Greatest Common Divisor Definition Suppose that a, b Z. Then we say that d Z is a greatest common divisor (gcd) of a and b if the following
SOLUTIONS FOR PROBLEM SET 2
SOLUTIONS FOR PROBLEM SET 2 A: There exist primes p such that p+6k is also prime for k = 1,2 and 3. One such prime is p = 11. Another such prime is p = 41. Prove that there exists exactly one prime p such
ALGEBRAIC APPROACH TO COMPOSITE INTEGER FACTORIZATION
ALGEBRAIC APPROACH TO COMPOSITE INTEGER FACTORIZATION Aldrin W. Wanambisi 1* School of Pure and Applied Science, Mount Kenya University, P.O box 553-50100, Kakamega, Kenya. Shem Aywa 2 Department of Mathematics,
RSA and Primality Testing
and Primality Testing Joan Boyar, IMADA, University of Southern Denmark Studieretningsprojekter 2010 1 / 81 Correctness of cryptography cryptography Introduction to number theory Correctness of with 2
Solutions to Homework 6 Mathematics 503 Foundations of Mathematics Spring 2014
Solutions to Homework 6 Mathematics 503 Foundations of Mathematics Spring 2014 3.4: 1. If m is any integer, then m(m + 1) = m 2 + m is the product of m and its successor. That it to say, m 2 + m is the
Greatest Common Divisor
Greatest Common Divisor Blake Thornton Much of this is due directly to Josh Zucker, Paul Zeitz and Harold Reiter. Divisibility 1. How can 48 be built from primes? In what sense is there only one way? How
Test1. Due Friday, March 13, 2015.
1 Abstract Algebra Professor M. Zuker Test1. Due Friday, March 13, 2015. 1. Euclidean algorithm and related. (a) Suppose that a and b are two positive integers and that gcd(a, b) = d. Find all solutions
Cardinality. The set of all finite strings over the alphabet of lowercase letters is countable. The set of real numbers R is an uncountable set.
Section 2.5 Cardinality (another) Definition: The cardinality of a set A is equal to the cardinality of a set B, denoted A = B, if and only if there is a bijection from A to B. If there is an injection
Elementary Number Theory
Elementary Number Theory A revision by Jim Hefferon, St Michael s College, 2003-Dec of notes by W. Edwin Clark, University of South Florida, 2002-Dec L A TEX source compiled on January 5, 2004 by Jim Hefferon,
Fractions and Decimals
Fractions and Decimals Tom Davis tomrdavis@earthlink.net http://www.geometer.org/mathcircles December 1, 2005 1 Introduction If you divide 1 by 81, you will find that 1/81 =.012345679012345679... The first
CLASS 3, GIVEN ON 9/27/2010, FOR MATH 25, FALL 2010
CLASS 3, GIVEN ON 9/27/2010, FOR MATH 25, FALL 2010 1. Greatest common divisor Suppose a, b are two integers. If another integer d satisfies d a, d b, we call d a common divisor of a, b. Notice that as
SECTION 10-2 Mathematical Induction
73 0 Sequences and Series 6. Approximate e 0. using the first five terms of the series. Compare this approximation with your calculator evaluation of e 0.. 6. Approximate e 0.5 using the first five terms
Induction Problems. Tom Davis November 7, 2005
Induction Problems Tom Davis tomrdavis@earthlin.net http://www.geometer.org/mathcircles November 7, 2005 All of the following problems should be proved by mathematical induction. The problems are not necessarily
Mathematical Induction. Mary Barnes Sue Gordon
Mathematics Learning Centre Mathematical Induction Mary Barnes Sue Gordon c 1987 University of Sydney Contents 1 Mathematical Induction 1 1.1 Why do we need proof by induction?.... 1 1. What is proof by
Discrete Mathematics: Solutions to Homework (12%) For each of the following sets, determine whether {2} is an element of that set.
Discrete Mathematics: Solutions to Homework 2 1. (12%) For each of the following sets, determine whether {2} is an element of that set. (a) {x R x is an integer greater than 1} (b) {x R x is the square
5-4 Prime and Composite Numbers
5-4 Prime and Composite Numbers Prime and Composite Numbers Prime Factorization Number of Divisorss Determining if a Number is Prime More About Primes Prime and Composite Numbers Students should recognizee
CONTINUED FRACTIONS AND PELL S EQUATION. Contents 1. Continued Fractions 1 2. Solution to Pell s Equation 9 References 12
CONTINUED FRACTIONS AND PELL S EQUATION SEUNG HYUN YANG Abstract. In this REU paper, I will use some important characteristics of continued fractions to give the complete set of solutions to Pell s equation.
Winter Camp 2011 Polynomials Alexander Remorov. Polynomials. Alexander Remorov alexanderrem@gmail.com
Polynomials Alexander Remorov alexanderrem@gmail.com Warm-up Problem 1: Let f(x) be a quadratic polynomial. Prove that there exist quadratic polynomials g(x) and h(x) such that f(x)f(x + 1) = g(h(x)).
it is easy to see that α = a
21. Polynomial rings Let us now turn out attention to determining the prime elements of a polynomial ring, where the coefficient ring is a field. We already know that such a polynomial ring is a UF. Therefore
Discrete Mathematics, Chapter 4: Number Theory and Cryptography
Discrete Mathematics, Chapter 4: Number Theory and Cryptography Richard Mayr University of Edinburgh, UK Richard Mayr (University of Edinburgh, UK) Discrete Mathematics. Chapter 4 1 / 35 Outline 1 Divisibility
Number Theory: A Mathemythical Approach. Student Resources. Printed Version
Number Theory: A Mathemythical Approach Student Resources Printed Version ii Contents 1 Appendix 1 2 Hints to Problems 3 Chapter 1 Hints......................................... 3 Chapter 2 Hints.........................................
INTRODUCTORY SET THEORY
M.Sc. program in mathematics INTRODUCTORY SET THEORY Katalin Károlyi Department of Applied Analysis, Eötvös Loránd University H-1088 Budapest, Múzeum krt. 6-8. CONTENTS 1. SETS Set, equal sets, subset,
Divisor graphs have arbitrary order and size
Divisor graphs have arbitrary order and size arxiv:math/0606483v1 [math.co] 20 Jun 2006 Le Anh Vinh School of Mathematics University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia Abstract A divisor graph G
Elementary Number Theory We begin with a bit of elementary number theory, which is concerned
CONSTRUCTION OF THE FINITE FIELDS Z p S. R. DOTY Elementary Number Theory We begin with a bit of elementary number theory, which is concerned solely with questions about the set of integers Z = {0, ±1,
12 Greatest Common Divisors. The Euclidean Algorithm
Arkansas Tech University MATH 4033: Elementary Modern Algebra Dr. Marcel B. Finan 12 Greatest Common Divisors. The Euclidean Algorithm As mentioned at the end of the previous section, we would like to
Functions and Equations
Centre for Education in Mathematics and Computing Euclid eworkshop # Functions and Equations c 014 UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO Euclid eworkshop # TOOLKIT Parabolas The quadratic f(x) = ax + bx + c (with a,b,c
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln MAT Exam Expository Papers Math in the Middle Institute Partnership 7-1-007 Pythagorean Triples Diane Swartzlander University
Handout #1: Mathematical Reasoning
Math 101 Rumbos Spring 2010 1 Handout #1: Mathematical Reasoning 1 Propositional Logic A proposition is a mathematical statement that it is either true or false; that is, a statement whose certainty or
= 2 + 1 2 2 = 3 4, Now assume that P (k) is true for some fixed k 2. This means that
Instructions. Answer each of the questions on your own paper, and be sure to show your work so that partial credit can be adequately assessed. Credit will not be given for answers (even correct ones) without
Mathematics of Cryptography Modular Arithmetic, Congruence, and Matrices. A Biswas, IT, BESU SHIBPUR
Mathematics of Cryptography Modular Arithmetic, Congruence, and Matrices A Biswas, IT, BESU SHIBPUR McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Set of Integers The set of integers, denoted by Z,
Section 6-2 Mathematical Induction
6- Mathematical Induction 457 In calculus, it can be shown that e x k0 x k k! x x x3!! 3!... xn n! where the larger n is, the better the approximation. Problems 6 and 6 refer to this series. Note that
Factoring Algorithms
Factoring Algorithms The p 1 Method and Quadratic Sieve November 17, 2008 () Factoring Algorithms November 17, 2008 1 / 12 Fermat s factoring method Fermat made the observation that if n has two factors
a = bq + r where 0 r < b.
Lecture 5: Euclid s algorithm Introduction The fundamental arithmetic operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. But there is a fifth operation which I would argue is just as fundamental
Section 4.2: The Division Algorithm and Greatest Common Divisors
Section 4.2: The Division Algorithm and Greatest Common Divisors The Division Algorithm The Division Algorithm is merely long division restated as an equation. For example, the division 29 r. 20 32 948
SUBGROUPS OF CYCLIC GROUPS. 1. Introduction In a group G, we denote the (cyclic) group of powers of some g G by
SUBGROUPS OF CYCLIC GROUPS KEITH CONRAD 1. Introduction In a group G, we denote the (cyclic) group of powers of some g G by g = {g k : k Z}. If G = g, then G itself is cyclic, with g as a generator. Examples
Examination paper for MA0301 Elementær diskret matematikk
Department of Mathematical Sciences Examination paper for MA0301 Elementær diskret matematikk Academic contact during examination: Iris Marjan Smit a, Sverre Olaf Smalø b Phone: a 9285 0781, b 7359 1750
Mathematical Induction
Mathematical Induction (Handout March 8, 01) The Principle of Mathematical Induction provides a means to prove infinitely many statements all at once The principle is logical rather than strictly mathematical,
. 0 1 10 2 100 11 1000 3 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Introduction The purpose of this note is to find and study a method for determining and counting all the positive integer divisors of a positive integer Let N be a given positive integer We say d is a
Overview of Number Theory Basics. Divisibility
Overview of Number Theory Basics Murat Kantarcioglu Based on Prof. Ninghui Li s Slides Divisibility Definition Given integers a and b, b 0, b divides a (denoted b a) if integer c, s.t. a = cb. b is called
Discrete Mathematics and Probability Theory Fall 2009 Satish Rao, David Tse Note 2
CS 70 Discrete Mathematics and Probability Theory Fall 2009 Satish Rao, David Tse Note 2 Proofs Intuitively, the concept of proof should already be familiar We all like to assert things, and few of us
The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic 1 Introduction: Why this theorem? Why this proof? One of the purposes of this course 1 is to train you in the methods mathematicians use to prove mathematical statements,
Discrete Mathematics Problems
Discrete Mathematics Problems William F. Klostermeyer School of Computing University of North Florida Jacksonville, FL 32224 E-mail: wkloster@unf.edu Contents 0 Preface 3 1 Logic 5 1.1 Basics...............................
Basic Set Theory. Chapter Set Theory. can be written: A set is a Many that allows itself to be thought of as a One.
Chapter Basic Set Theory A set is a Many that allows itself to be thought of as a One. - Georg Cantor This chapter introduces set theory, mathematical induction, and formalizes the notion of mathematical
Proof of Infinite Number of Fibonacci Primes. Stephen Marshall. 22 May Abstract
Proof of Infinite Number of Fibonacci Primes Stephen Marshall 22 May 2014 Abstract This paper presents a complete and exhaustive proof of that an infinite number of Fibonacci Primes exist. The approach
Appendix I: Proof by Induction [Fa 13]
Jeder Genießende meint, dem Baume habe es an der Frucht gelegen; aber ihm lag am Samen. [Everyone who enjoys thinks that the fundamental thing about trees is the fruit, but in fact it is the seed.] Friedrich
Quotient Rings and Field Extensions
Chapter 5 Quotient Rings and Field Extensions In this chapter we describe a method for producing field extension of a given field. If F is a field, then a field extension is a field K that contains F.
Chapter 4, Arithmetic in F [x] Polynomial arithmetic and the division algorithm.
Chapter 4, Arithmetic in F [x] Polynomial arithmetic and the division algorithm. We begin by defining the ring of polynomials with coefficients in a ring R. After some preliminary results, we specialize
I. GROUPS: BASIC DEFINITIONS AND EXAMPLES
I GROUPS: BASIC DEFINITIONS AND EXAMPLES Definition 1: An operation on a set G is a function : G G G Definition 2: A group is a set G which is equipped with an operation and a special element e G, called
Cartesian Products and Relations
Cartesian Products and Relations Definition (Cartesian product) If A and B are sets, the Cartesian product of A and B is the set A B = {(a, b) :(a A) and (b B)}. The following points are worth special
Introduction to Programming (in C++) Loops. Jordi Cortadella, Ricard Gavaldà, Fernando Orejas Dept. of Computer Science, UPC
Introduction to Programming (in C++) Loops Jordi Cortadella, Ricard Gavaldà, Fernando Orejas Dept. of Computer Science, UPC Example Assume the following specification: Input: read a number N > 0 Output:
Example. Introduction to Programming (in C++) Loops. The while statement. Write the numbers 1 N. Assume the following specification:
Example Introduction to Programming (in C++) Loops Assume the following specification: Input: read a number N > 0 Output: write the sequence 1 2 3 N (one number per line) Jordi Cortadella, Ricard Gavaldà,
Cryptography and Network Security Number Theory
Cryptography and Network Security Number Theory Xiang-Yang Li Introduction to Number Theory Divisors b a if a=mb for an integer m b a and c b then c a b g and b h then b (mg+nh) for any int. m,n Prime
PROBLEM SET 6: POLYNOMIALS
PROBLEM SET 6: POLYNOMIALS 1. introduction In this problem set we will consider polynomials with coefficients in K, where K is the real numbers R, the complex numbers C, the rational numbers Q or any other
Breaking The Code. Ryan Lowe. Ryan Lowe is currently a Ball State senior with a double major in Computer Science and Mathematics and
Breaking The Code Ryan Lowe Ryan Lowe is currently a Ball State senior with a double major in Computer Science and Mathematics and a minor in Applied Physics. As a sophomore, he took an independent study