Principles, Models, and Applications for Distributed Systems M
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1 Università degli Studi di Bologna Facoltà di Ingegneria Principles, Models, and Applications for Distributed Systems M Input-Output, Stream, File Jacopo De Benedetto Stream A stream is a virtually unlimited sequence of elements. Input-Output in Java is done using streams. 1
2 BYTE STREAMS Programs use byte streams to perform input and output of bytes. All byte stream classes are descended from java.io.inputstream and java.io.outputstream. NOTE: InputStream and OutputStream are abstract classes, so cannot be instantiated! InputStream METHODS abstract int read() Reads the next byte of data from the input stream int read(byte[] b) Reads some number of bytes from the input stream and stores them into the buffer array b void close() Closes this input stream and releases any system resources associated with the stream see documentation 2
3 OutputStream METHODS abstract void write(int b) Writes the specified byte to this output stream. void write(byte[] b) Reads some number of bytes from the input stream and stores them into the buffer array b void close() Closes this output stream and releases any system resources associated with the stream see documentation CHARACTER STREAMS All character stream classes are descended from java.io.reader and java.io.writer. The Java platform stores character values using Unicode conventions. Character stream I/O automatically translates this internal format to and from the local character set. 3
4 Reader METHODS int read() Reads a single character int read(char[] cbuf) Reads characters into the array cbuf void close() Closes the stream and releases any system resources associated with the stream see documentation I/O FROM COMMAND LINE Standard Streams are a feature of many operating systems. By default, they read input from the keyboard and write output to the display. The Java platform supports three Standard Streams: Standard Input, accessed through System.in; Standard Output, accessed through System.out; Standard Error, accessed through System.err. These stream objects are defined automatically and do not need to be opened. 4
5 STANDARD STREAMS Standard Streams are a feature of many operating systems. By default, they read input from the keyboard and write output to the display. The Java platform supports three Standard Streams: Standard Input, accessed through System.in; Standard Output, accessed through System.out; Standard Error, accessed through System.err. These stream objects are defined automatically and do not need to be opened and closed. READ FROM STANDARD INPUT Sytem.in is an input stream. It s an object of type InputStream, a byte-based strem. int byte = System.in.read(); To use a character-based stream, is possible to wrap the InputStream object inside a InputStreamReader object: InputStreamReader cin = new InputSreamReader(System.in); 5
6 WRITE TO THE STANDARD INPUT System.out and System.err are output stream. They are both objects of type PrintStream, a byte stream derived from OutputStream that can write not only bytes but also other objects (numbers, string, etc..) System.out.print(5); System.out.print("hello"); System.out.println("hello"); is the same as: System.out.print("hello\n"); BUFFERED STREAMS Unbuffered I/O can make a program much less efficient, since each such request often triggers disk access, network activity, or some other operation that is relatively expensive. Java platform implements buffered I/O streams. Buffered input streams read data from a memory area known as a buffer; the native input API is called only when the buffer is empty. Similarly, buffered output streams write data to a buffer, and the native output API is called only when the buffer is full. 6
7 BUFFERED STREAMS Byte-based stream classes: BufferedInputStream (subclass of InputStream) BufferedOutputStream (subclass of OutputStream) Character-based stream classes: BufferedReader (subclass of Reader) BufferedWriter (subclass of Writer) WRAPPING A STREAM A program can convert an unbuffered stream into a buffered stream by wrapping it, passing the unbuffered stream object to the constructor of a buffered stream class. For example, InputStreamReader and OutputStreamReader are subclasses of classes Reader and Writer and their constructor accepts respectively an InputStream and an OutputStream. 7
8 DATA STREAM Data streams support binary I/O of primitive data type values (boolean, char, byte, short, int, long, float, and double) as well as String values. All data streams implement either the DataInput interface or the DataOutput interface. The most widely-used implementations of these interfaces are DataInputStream and DataOutputStream. FILES AND DIRECTORIES java.io.file class represents the files and directory pathnames. It can be used to work with files and directories (create, search, delete, etc..). Constructor: File(String pathname); Methods: boolean exists(); boolean isdirectory(); boolean isfile(); String[] list(); File[] listfiles(); 8
9 FILES I/O Is possible to interact with files using streams. Byte-based stream classes: FileInputStream (subclass of InputStream) FileOutputStream (subclass of OutputStream) Character-based stream classes: FileReader (subclass of Reader) FileWriter (subclass of Writer) File f = ; READ A FILE FileReader fr = new FileReader(f); BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(fr); String line; while ((line=br.readline())!= null) { System.out.println(line); } br.close(); fr.close(); 9
10 WRITE A FILE File f = ; FileWriter fw = new FileWriter(f); BufferedWriter bw = new BufferedWriter(fw); String line = ; fw.write(line); String anotherline = ; fw.write(anotherline); bw.flush(); bw.close(); fw.close(); 10
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