Tracking Federal Legislation. Pix Kathleen Fleming March 17, 2014
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1 Tracking Federal Legislation Pix Kathleen Fleming March 17, 2014
2 Legislative History Legislative History is the official record or documents of a proposed law. This is all documents from introduction in Congress to Presidential signature.
3 Legislative History can show Intent of Legislators. What language in bill was changed. How members of Congress voted on language changes. Who voted, or did not vote, for passage. How a bill becomes law!
4 Bills Types of measures introduced Simple Resolutions in Congress Concurrent Resolutions Joint Resolutions Most legislation introduced NEVER BECOMES LAW
5 Bills A Bill is a legislative measure that involves the expenditure of money. 1. Bills are assigned a number in the order of introduction in a two year congressional session. (H.R. 1 for House & S. 1 for Senate). Bills must past both House & Senate (identical versions). Bills require Presidential signature.
6 Bills Introduced Passed Chamber (now an Act)
7 Simple Resolutions Typically administrative measures in either House or Senate and only concern the Chamber where resolution is introduced. A resolution is assigned a number in the order it was introduced in a two year congressional session. (H. Res. 1 for House & S. Res. 1 for Senate). Typically not legislative, and do not require Presidential signature.
8 House Resolution
9 Concurrent Resolution For matters affecting both Chambers of Congress (express facts, opinions, etc.). Typically not legislative, do not require Presidential signature. After passage by both Houses are placed in special section of the Statutes at Large. 2. A concurrent resolution is assigned a number in the order introduced in a two year congressional session. (H. Con. Res. 1 for House & S. Con. Res. 1 for Senate).
10 Concurrent Resolution
11 Joint Resolution Limited focus (single appropriation, proclaiming commemorative days, etc.) Must pass both Houses and has force of law. Only way to introduce a Constitutional Amendment. 3. A Joint Resolution is assigned a number in the order it was introduced in a two year congressional session. (H.J. Res. 1 for House & S.J. Res. 1 for Senate).
12 Joint Resolution
13 Focus on Bills
14 Legislative Overview4.
15 Legislative History Research Primary Sources: actual text of Bills, Hearings, Reports, etc. Secondary Sources: articles that discuss/evaluate the Bills, Hearings, Reports, etc. Compiled Legislative Histories
16 Complexity Free or for fee? Primary or secondary sources? Print or electronic?
17 Free & Electonic THOMAS (until end of 2014) Congress.gov Fdsys Sunlight Foundation GovTrack Wikipedia
18 For Fee CQ Products HathiTrust HeinOnline LexisNexis Proquest Congressional products Westlaw United States Code Congressional and Administrative News
19 Government Sources (FREE!!) House and Senate Bills Committee Reports Congressional Debates Committee Hearings Committee Prints Presidential Documents
20 Bill versions Different bill versions can indicate legislative intent. Mark-up typically done in sub-committees Sub-committees do not issue a formal report
21 Committee Reports (House, Senate, Conference) Very useful. Contain revised text of bill. Describe purpose of bill. Contain reason for Committee recommendation. Have analysis & intent of legislation
22 Committee Reports (House, Senate, Conference) Explains rationale behind committee recommendation. Conference reports (a Conference Committee is appointed when House and Senate bills are different) come at end of legislative process and report on text of compromise bill.
23 H.Rpt
24 Congressional Debates Debates are found in the Congressional Record. Can be entertaining. The bound edition is preferred for Legislative History.
25 Congressional Record Sections Daily Digest (e.g. D1234) In the back of each issue; has the table of contents for the day s activities. House section (e.g. H1234) The public proceedings and debates of the House (spoken and inserted word). Senate section (e.g. S1234) Includes public proceedings and debates of the Senate (spoken and inserted word). Extension of Remarks (e.g. E1234) Lists tributes, inserted statements, other information.
26 S7393: Durbin comments
27 Committee Hearings Provide investigative or informative data. Transcripts include questions, answers and other statements. Reflect views of testifying parties, not Congress. Good for background information. Are not always published.
28 From the Committee on Agriculture
29 Committee Prints Special studies for use by committees. Often prepared by the Congressional Research Service. May contain an analysis of similar bills or excerpts from hearings.
30 Committee Print
31 Presidential Documents Recent Administrations make a statement about why they are signing a piece of Legislation.
32 Historical Data ( )
33 National Archives: Center for Legislative Archives
34 U.S. Congressional Serial Set House and Senate Reports & Documents Fdsys has House and Senate Reports & Documents since 104 th Congress (1995-). Bound by session of Congress. Began publication with the 15th Congress, 1st Session (1817). Documents before 1817 may be found in the American State Papers.
35 Serial Set Numerical Lists of Documents & Reports Schedule
36 Print All Bills, Reports, Hearings are sent to full depository libraries. Partial depository libraries receive a portion of legislative material.
37 Primary sources from the Government + History of Bills: FDsys 98 th Cong. (1983-) (is separate file) Bills: FDsys 103 rd Cong. (1993-), THOMAS 101 st Cong. (1989-), Congress.gov 103 rd Cong. (1993-), Committee Reports: FDsys 104 th Cong. (1995-), THOMAS 104 th Cong. (1995-), Congress.gov 104 th Cong. (1995-)
38 Primary sources from the Government Congressional Record (Congressional Debates): FDsys 103 RD Cong , THOMAS 101 st Cong , Congress.gov 104 th Cong Congressional Record Index: FDsys 98 th Cong. (1983), THOMAS 104 th Cong. (1995--) Committee Prints: FDsys 104 th Cong. (1995-) Presidential Documents: FDsys 1993-
39 Primary sources from the Government Committee Hearings: FDsys 104 th Cong. (1995-) May also be on committee/subcommittee web page and are NOT ALWAYS PUBLISHED
40 THOMAS Calendars House Roll Call Votes Senate Roll Call Votes Legislation by Sponsor Congressional Record Laws Advanced search has Congress-to-Year Conversion
41 Bills Bill Summary and Status Text of legislation (for all versions) All Congressional Actions (links to all documents except Hearings) Congressional Committees Congressional documents THOMAS
42 Summary Text Actions Titles Amendments Co-Sponsors Committees Related Bills
43 Actions Major actions All actions All actions including floor amendments
44 FDsys provides free online access to official Federal Government publications.
45 Legislative Collections History of Bills (advanced search) Congressional Bills Congressional Documents Congressional Hearings Congressional Record Public and Private Laws U.S. Statutes at Large
46 Lists Legislative actions on bills as reported in the Congressional Record (FDsys has 1983-) In print: The Congressional Record Index has History of Bills. History of Bills (advanced search)
47 History of Bills (free) A History of Bills entry includes: Bill number Title Summary Names of Sponsors and Co-sponsors Chronological list of actions on a Bill Each action references a Congressional Record page and date, e.g. H8892 [21DE] H=House section of CR and [21DE] is December 21 st
48 History of Bills (for fee)
49 Statutes at Large First page of Law Last page of Law
50 Compiled Legislative Histories Johnson, Nancy P. Sources of Compiled Legislative Histories Reams, Bernard D. Federal Legislative Histories: An Annotated Bibliography and Index to Officially Published Sources. (out of print) Law Librarians Society of Washington, D.C. LLDC Legislative SourceBook (REALLY USEFUL!!) Many sources and links to all aspects of legislation
51 Compiled Legislative Histories HeinOnline: U.S. Federal Legislative History Library Proquest: Legislative Insight WestLaw: US GAO Federal Legislative Histories
52 Secondary Sources can be QUITE Academic Search Premier CQ Researcher Google Scholar LexisNexis New York Times Almost any database will have an article or two about legislation. useful!!
53 Questions?
54 Potentially Useful Web Sites for Tracking Legislative History Via Open CRS ( the Congressional Research Service has a great deal of information on legislative history (including compiled histories). The following are a few sources. Legislative History: Legislative History Research: A Basic Guide: Law Librarian s Society of Washington, D.C. ( also has a great deal of relevant information. Illustrative examples follow. LLSDC Legislative Sourcebook: Finding or Compiling Federal Legislative Histories Electronically Legislative Histories of Selected U.S. Laws on the Internet: Free Sources Quick Links to House and Senate Committee Hearings and Other Publications Sources for the Text of Congressional Bills and Resolutions THOMAS has links to data about the legislative process (and a congressional dictionary). The Legislative Process: Congress.gov also videos and a transcript of the legislative process. FDsys has an extensive help file. In Help under What s Available, Congressional Bills explains the measures that can be introduced in Congress, and defines 50+ versions of bills.
55 Sources Cited 1. Morehead, Joe, and Fetzer, Mary. Introduction to United States Government Information Sources. 4 th ed. Englewood, Colorado: Library Unlimited, Inc, U.S. House of Representatives. Parlimentarian, Sullivan, John V. How Our Laws are Made. p 7. (H.Doc ). Washington: Government Printing Office, U.S. House of Representatives. Parlimentarian, Sullivan, John V. How Our Laws are Made. p 6. (H.Doc ). Washington: Government Printing Office, ND Law Library Guide. Federal Legislative History Research. Research Department Pub. 7 Rev, 10/115.
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