International Economics
|
|
- Chastity Wright
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 International Economics Vienna University of Technology Summer Semester 2006 Lecturer: Walter H. Fisher The Standard Trade Model
2 Krugman and Obstfeld, Chapter 5, 6th ed: The Standard Trade Model There are 4 major relationships in the standard trade model 1. The relationship between the production possibility frontier and the relative supply curve. 2. The relationship between relative prices and relative demand. 3. The determination of world equilibrium by world relative demand and supply. 4. The e ects of the terms of trade the price of a country s exports divided by its imports on a nation s welfare. Consider an economy without market failures that is e cient in production, so that it seeks to maximize the value of output at any given point of time.
3 Graphically, we illustrate the value of output, V, with are termed isovalue lines: P C Q C + P F Q F = V ) Q F = V P F P C P F Q C where Q F =food, Q C =clothing, P C =price of clothing, P F =price of food and where the slope of the isovalue line correspond to the (negative) of the relative price of clothing: dq F dq C = P C P F : In Figure 5-1 the highest value of output is attained at point Q. In Figure 5-2 the economy shifts to textile production after an increase in its relative price.
4
5
6 Since the value of an economy s consumption equals the value of its production: P C Q C + P F Q F = P C D C + P F D F = V where D C consumption of clothing and D F consumption of food, the economy s consumption must also lie on the isovalue line. Precisely where on the isovalue line the economy chooses to consume depends on preferences, which are represented by indi erence curves. Indi erence curves illustrate the combinations of clothing and food that make the individual equally well o, i.e., the combinations that yield the same utility.
7 We can describe an indi erence curve over clothing and food as a function U U (D C ; D F ) with the following partial C = U C F = U F > 2 U = U CC < 2 U = U F F < 2 2 F U CC U F F U 2 CF > 0: The latter condition imposes that the (instantaneous) utility function is strictly concave.
8 Indi erence curves have 3 essential properties 1. Indi erence curves are negatively sloped, since clothing and food are both goods, rather than bads. 2. Since more is preferred to less, indi erence curve lying further to the right correspond to higher levels of welfare, or utility. 3. Diminishing Marginal Rate of Substitution, i.e., the indi erence curve gets atter as the economy chooses more clothing and less food Figure 5-3 illustrates the optimal consumption point D. In this example, the economy exports clothing and imports food.
9
10 In Figure 5-4 illustrating the e ects of a rise in the relative price P C =P F the economy: 1. Produces more clothing and less food. 2. The consumption basket shifts from D 1 to D 2. Observe that D 2 is on a higher indi erence curve so that the economy s welfare improves. This is because the economy is an exporter of cloth and because the relative price of clothing rises, the economy can a ord to import more for any given volume of exports. This re ects the income e ect of the change in the relative price.
11
12 In addition, the change in the relative price leads to a substitution toward food and away from textiles, which, of course, represents the income e ect. In General A rise in the terms of trade increases a country s welfare, while a decline in the terms of trade reduces its welfare. Figure 5-5 depicts the world equilibrium in terms of the relative supply and demand of clothing. Observe that A rise in P C =P F increases the relative supply, RS, of clothing. A rise in P C =P F decreases the relative demand, RD, of clothing.
13
14 Economic Growth Growth and the Production Possibility Frontier This amounts to a shift in the country s production possibility frontier due either to: 1. More resources 2. Better technology Biased Growth Biased growth occurs when the production possibility frontier shifts-out more in one direction than another. For example:
15 Biased technical change can occur in the Ricardian model An increase in a country s supply of factor of production for example, a rise in the capital stock K will produce a biased expansion in the production possibility frontier.
16 This bias will then be in the direction of the good for which the factor is speci c or the good whose production is intensive in the factor whose supply has risen. Figure 5-6a: cloth-biased technical change in the production possibility frontier. Figure 5-6b: food-biased technical change in the production possibility frontier. Figure 5-7a: cloth biased technical change causes RS to rise and the relative price P C =P F to fall. Figure 5-7b: food biased technical change causes RS to fall and relative price P C =P F to rise.
17
18
19 In General Export-biased growth tends to worsen a growing country s terms of trade, to the bene t of the rest of the world, which gets cheaper goods. On the other hand, import-biased growth tends to improve a growing economy s terms of trade, to the cost of the rest of the world, which su ers a terms of trade loss.
20 Immiserizing Growth Can growth ever make a country worse-o on net? This question occupied in the 1950s many economists from poorer nations, who feared that developing countries that exported raw materials would experience declining terms of trade if there were growth in the exporting sectors. In other words, growth in the industrial world would be from the developing country point of view import biased, while in the developing world export biased. The famous trade economist Jagdish Bhagwati showed that immiserizing growth growth that makes you poorer is, at least, a theoretical possibility.
21 In terms of Figure 5-7a it would, however, require a very steep RS and RD curves, so that the change in the terms of trade is a large enough to o set the positive e ects of an increase in a country s productive capacity. Most economists regard the case of immiserizing growth to be largely a theoretical curiosity. International Transfers of Income Another important phenomenon that can cause changes in trading patters is international transfers of income. Historically, these have often occurred in the aftermath of war Franco-Prussian War, 1871
22 German reparations, post WW I Marshall plan, post WW II J.M. Keynes believed that the reparations imposed on Germany after WW I would be doubly burdensome, since to pay for the reparations bill, Germany would have to export more, which would require a fall in its terms of trade. B. Ohlin counter-argued that when Germany raised taxes to nance its reparations, its demand for imports would also fall. At the same time, the reparation payments would be distributed to other countries in the form of reduced taxes or increased government spending, some of which would be devoted to buying German exports. Thus, Germany could raise exports and lower imports without at the same time experiencing a deterioration in the terms of trade. In any case, this particular dispute was moot, since Germany in the end paid very little of its reparations bill.
23 The transfer problem is a purely demand-side issue. Consider the case in which Home transfers income to Foreign. If Foreign raises its spending on clothing and food in the same proportions that Home reduced its spending on cloth and food, then RD does not change (this is Ohlin s point). On the other hand, if Home has a higher marginal propensity to spend on cloth than Foreign, then at any given relative price of cloth the RD curve shifts to the left (see Figure 5-8). This lowers P C =P F, which worsen Home s terms of trade, which is the case Keynes described. There is still another possibility: if Home has a lower marginal propensity to spend on cloth than Foreign, then at any given relative price of cloth the RD curve shifts to the right, which causes Home s terms of trade to improve.
24
25 In General A transfer worsens the donor s terms of trade if the donor has a higher marginal propensity to spend on its export good than the recipient. Most economists believe that Keynes was right: due to barriers to trade, which cause domestic residents to buy relatively more domestically produced goods, a transfer of income from the Home country would cause relative demand for domestic goods to fall and result in a decline in the terms of trade.
26 Tari s and Export Subsidies Import tari s: taxes levied on imports. Export subsidies: payments given to domestic producers who sell a good abroad. Tari s and subsidies drive a wedge between prices at which goods are traded internationally (external prices) and the prices at which they are traded within a country (internal prices). The terms of trade correspond to external, not internal prices. So if Home imposes a 20% tari on food imports, the internal price of food relative to cloth will be 20% higher than the external price of food on the world market.
27 Equally, the internal relative price of clothing will be 20% lower. The Home producers of textiles facing a lower relative price will produce less cloth and more food. Home consumers will shift their consumption toward clothing and away from textiles. Thus, the relative supply of clothing will fall and the relative demand for clothing will increase, as is illustrated in Figure 5-9. As such, this results in an improvement in Home s terms of trade. The extent of this terms of trade e ect depends on how large the country is in world markets.
28
29 Suppose the Home country o ers textile producers a subsidy of 20% on the value of any cloth exported. For any given world prices, this subsidy will raise Home s internal price of textiles relative to food by 20%. This causes Home producers to produce more cloth, while home consumers will substitute food for clothing. As illustrated in Figure 5-10, this results in a rise in the world relative supply of cloth, RS, and a fall in the relative demand for cloth. In sum, a Home export subsidy worsens Home s terms of trade and improves Foreign s.
30
The Standard Trade Model
The Standard Trade Model Chapter 5 Intermediate International Trade International Economics, 5 th ed., by Krugman and Obstfeld 1 Standard model of a trading economy the standard trade model is a general
More informationHow To Find Out How To Balance The Two-Country Economy
A Two-Period Model of the Current Account Obstfeld and Rogo, Chapter 1 1 Small Open Endowment Economy 1.1 Consumption Optimization problem maximize U i 1 = u c i 1 + u c i 2 < 1 subject to the budget constraint
More informationThe Circular Flow of Income and Expenditure
The Circular Flow of Income and Expenditure Imports HOUSEHOLDS Savings Taxation Govt Exp OTHER ECONOMIES GOVERNMENT FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS Factor Incomes Taxation Govt Exp Consumer Exp Exports FIRMS Capital
More informationECO364 - International Trade
ECO364 - International Trade Chapter 2 - Ricardo Christian Dippel University of Toronto Summer 2009 Christian Dippel (University of Toronto) ECO364 - International Trade Summer 2009 1 / 73 : The Ricardian
More informationANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS
ANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS 9-1 Explain what relationships are shown by (a) the consumption schedule, (b) the saving schedule, (c) the investment-demand curve, and (d) the investment schedule.
More informationMidterm Exam - Answers. November 3, 2005
Page 1 of 10 November 3, 2005 Answer in blue book. Use the point values as a guide to how extensively you should answer each question, and budget your time accordingly. 1. (8 points) A friend, upon learning
More informationNotes - Gruber, Public Finance Chapter 20.3 A calculation that finds the optimal income tax in a simple model: Gruber and Saez (2002).
Notes - Gruber, Public Finance Chapter 20.3 A calculation that finds the optimal income tax in a simple model: Gruber and Saez (2002). Description of the model. This is a special case of a Mirrlees model.
More informationStudy Questions for Chapter 9 (Answer Sheet)
DEREE COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS EC 1101 PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS II FALL SEMESTER 2002 M-W-F 13:00-13:50 Dr. Andreas Kontoleon Office hours: Contact: a.kontoleon@ucl.ac.uk Wednesdays 15:00-17:00 Study
More informationChapter 4. Specific Factors and Income Distribution
Chapter 4 Specific Factors and Income Distribution Introduction So far we learned that countries are overall better off under free trade. If trade is so good for the economy, why is there such opposition?
More informationChapter 27: Taxation. 27.1: Introduction. 27.2: The Two Prices with a Tax. 27.2: The Pre-Tax Position
Chapter 27: Taxation 27.1: Introduction We consider the effect of taxation on some good on the market for that good. We ask the questions: who pays the tax? what effect does it have on the equilibrium
More informationINTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS, FINANCE AND TRADE Vol.I - Economics of Scale and Imperfect Competition - Bharati Basu
ECONOMIES OF SCALE AND IMPERFECT COMPETITION Bharati Department of Economics, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan, USA Keywords: Economies of scale, economic geography, external economies,
More informationQUIZ 3 14.02 Principles of Macroeconomics May 19, 2005. I. True/False (30 points)
QUIZ 3 14.02 Principles of Macroeconomics May 19, 2005 I. True/False (30 points) 1. A decrease in government spending and a real depreciation is the right policy mix to improve the trade balance without
More informationTrade and Resources: The Heckscher-Ohlin Model. Professor Ralph Ossa 33501 International Commercial Policy
Trade and Resources: The Heckscher-Ohlin Model Professor Ralph Ossa 33501 International Commercial Policy Introduction Remember that countries trade either because they are different from one another or
More informationProblem Set #5-Key. Economics 305-Intermediate Microeconomic Theory
Problem Set #5-Key Sonoma State University Economics 305-Intermediate Microeconomic Theory Dr Cuellar (1) Suppose that you are paying your for your own education and that your college tuition is $200 per
More informationChapter 4 Specific Factors and Income Distribution
Chapter 4 Specific Factors and Income Distribution Chapter Organization Introduction The Specific Factors Model International Trade in the Specific Factors Model Income Distribution and the Gains from
More informationChapter 4 Specific Factors and Income Distribution
Chapter 4 Specific Factors and Income Distribution Chapter Organization Introduction The Specific Factors Model International Trade in the Specific Factors Model Income Distribution and the Gains from
More informationRefer to Figure 17-1
Chapter 17 1. Inflation can be measured by the a. change in the consumer price index. b. percentage change in the consumer price index. c. percentage change in the price of a specific commodity. d. change
More informationCorporate Income Taxation
Corporate Income Taxation We have stressed that tax incidence must be traced to people, since corporations cannot bear the burden of a tax. Why then tax corporations at all? There are several possible
More informationReview Question - Chapter 7. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Review Question - Chapter 7 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) International trade arises from A) the advantage of execution. B) absolute
More informationAdvanced International Economics Prof. Yamin Ahmad ECON 758
Advanced International Economics Prof. Yamin Ahmad ECON 758 Sample Midterm Exam Name Id # Instructions: There are two parts to this midterm. Part A consists of multiple choice questions. Please mark the
More information3) The excess supply curve of a product we (H) import from foreign countries (F) increases as B) excess demand of country F increases.
International Economics, 8e (Krugman) Chapter 8 The Instruments of Trade Policy 8.1 Basic Tariff Analysis 1) Specific tariffs are A) import taxes stated in specific legal statutes. B) import taxes calculated
More informationTRADE WITH SCALE ECONOMIES AND IMPERFECT COMPETITION (CONT'D)
ECO 352 Spring 2010 No. 14 Mar. 25 OLIGOPOLY TRADE WITH SCALE ECONOMIES AND IMPERFECT COMPETITION (CONT'D) Example using numbers from Precept Week 7 slides, pp. 2, 3. Ingredients: Industry with inverse
More informationVolatility, Productivity Correlations and Measures of. International Consumption Risk Sharing.
Volatility, Productivity Correlations and Measures of International Consumption Risk Sharing. Ergys Islamaj June 2014 Abstract This paper investigates how output volatility and productivity correlations
More informationAgenda. Saving and Investment in the Open Economy, Part 2. Globalization and the U.S. economy. Globalization and the U.S. economy
Agenda Globalization and the U.S. Economy Saving and Investment in the Open Economy, Part 2 Saving and Investment in Large Open Economies (LOE) The U.S. Current Account Deficit Fiscal Policy and the Current
More informationWith lectures 1-8 behind us, we now have the tools to support the discussion and implementation of economic policy.
The Digital Economist Lecture 9 -- Economic Policy With lectures 1-8 behind us, we now have the tools to support the discussion and implementation of economic policy. There is still great debate about
More informationProfessor H.J. Schuetze Economics 370
Topic 3.1c - Trade Professor H.J. Schuetze Economics 370 Opening Up to Trade Unlike what the simple labour demand model assumes, labour markets do not operate in a global vacuum To be certain, the Canadian
More informationChapter 9. The IS-LM/AD-AS Model: A General Framework for Macroeconomic Analysis. 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved
Chapter 9 The IS-LM/AD-AS Model: A General Framework for Macroeconomic Analysis Chapter Outline The FE Line: Equilibrium in the Labor Market The IS Curve: Equilibrium in the Goods Market The LM Curve:
More informationNatural Resources and International Trade
Department of Economics University of Roma Tre Academic year: 2013 2014 Natural Resources and International Trade Instructors: Prof. Silvia Nenci Prof. Luca Salvatici silvia.nenci@uniroma3.it luca.salvatici@uniroma3.it
More informationTheoretical Tools of Public Economics. Part-2
Theoretical Tools of Public Economics Part-2 Previous Lecture Definitions and Properties Utility functions Marginal utility: positive (negative) if x is a good ( bad ) Diminishing marginal utility Indifferences
More informationDEMAND FORECASTING. Demand. Law of Demand. Definition of Law of Demand
DEMAND FORECASTING http://www.tutorialspoint.com/managerial_economics/demand_forecasting.htm Copyright tutorialspoint.com Demand Demand is a widely used term, and in common is considered synonymous with
More informationAggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Ing. Mansoor Maitah Ph.D. et Ph.D.
Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Ing. Mansoor Maitah Ph.D. et Ph.D. Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Economic fluctuations, also called business cycles, are movements of GDP away from potential
More informationInternational Economic Relations
nswers to Problem Set #5 International conomic Relations Prof. Murphy Chapter 5 Krugman and Obstfeld. Relative PPP predicts that inflation differentials are matched by changes in the exchange rate. Under
More informationCHAPTER 3 CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
CHAPTER 3 CONSUMER BEHAVIOR EXERCISES 2. Draw the indifference curves for the following individuals preferences for two goods: hamburgers and beer. a. Al likes beer but hates hamburgers. He always prefers
More informationPre Test Chapter 3. 8.. DVD players and DVDs are: A. complementary goods. B. substitute goods. C. independent goods. D. inferior goods.
1. Graphically, the market demand curve is: A. steeper than any individual demand curve that is part of it. B. greater than the sum of the individual demand curves. C. the horizontal sum of individual
More informationChapter 16 Output and the Exchange Rate in the Short Run
Chapter 16 Output and the Exchange Rate in the Short Run Prepared by Iordanis Petsas To Accompany International Economics: Theory and Policy, Sixth Edition by Paul R. Krugman and Maurice Obstfeld Chapter
More information13 EXPENDITURE MULTIPLIERS: THE KEYNESIAN MODEL* Chapter. Key Concepts
Chapter 3 EXPENDITURE MULTIPLIERS: THE KEYNESIAN MODEL* Key Concepts Fixed Prices and Expenditure Plans In the very short run, firms do not change their prices and they sell the amount that is demanded.
More informationReference: Gregory Mankiw s Principles of Macroeconomics, 2 nd edition, Chapters 10 and 11. Gross Domestic Product
Macroeconomics Topic 1: Define and calculate GDP. Understand the difference between real and nominal variables (e.g., GDP, wages, interest rates) and know how to construct a price index. Reference: Gregory
More informationWhere are we? To do today: finish the derivation of the demand curve using indifference curves. Go on then to chapter Production and Cost
Where are we? To do today: finish the derivation of the demand curve using indifference curves Go on then to chapter Production and Cost Utility and indifference curves The point is to find where on the
More informationIn this chapter we learn the potential causes of fluctuations in national income. We focus on demand shocks other than supply shocks.
Chapter 11: Applying IS-LM Model In this chapter we learn the potential causes of fluctuations in national income. We focus on demand shocks other than supply shocks. We also learn how the IS-LM model
More informationSAMPLE PAPER II ECONOMICS Class - XII BLUE PRINT
SAMPLE PAPER II ECONOMICS Class - XII Maximum Marks 100 Time : 3 hrs. BLUE PRINT Sl. No. Form of Very Short Short Answer Long Answer Total Questions (1 Mark) (3, 4 Marks) (6 Marks) Content Unit 1 Unit
More informationHow To Understand The Relationship Between A Country And The Rest Of The World
Lecture 1: current account - measurement and theory What is international finance (as opposed to international trade)? International trade: microeconomic approach (many goods and factors). How cross country
More informationPre-Test Chapter 25 ed17
Pre-Test Chapter 25 ed17 Multiple Choice Questions 1. Refer to the above graph. An increase in the quantity of labor demanded (as distinct from an increase in demand) is shown by the: A. shift from labor
More informationEcon 201 Final Exam. Douglas, Fall 2007 Version A Special Codes 00000. PLEDGE: I have neither given nor received unauthorized help on this exam.
, Fall 2007 Version A Special Codes 00000 PLEDGE: I have neither given nor received unauthorized help on this exam. SIGNED: PRINT NAME: Econ 201 Final Exam 1. For a profit-maximizing monopolist, a. MR
More informationN. Gregory Mankiw Principles of Economics. Chapter 14. FIRMS IN COMPETITIVE MARKETS
N. Gregory Mankiw Principles of Economics Chapter 14. FIRMS IN COMPETITIVE MARKETS Solutions to Problems and Applications 1. A competitive market is one in which: (1) there are many buyers and many sellers
More information7 AGGREGATE SUPPLY AND AGGREGATE DEMAND* Chapter. Key Concepts
Chapter 7 AGGREGATE SUPPLY AND AGGREGATE DEMAND* Key Concepts Aggregate Supply The aggregate production function shows that the quantity of real GDP (Y ) supplied depends on the quantity of labor (L ),
More informationMarket for cream: P 1 P 2 D 1 D 2 Q 2 Q 1. Individual firm: W Market for labor: W, S MRP w 1 w 2 D 1 D 1 D 2 D 2
Factor Markets Problem 1 (APT 93, P2) Two goods, coffee and cream, are complements. Due to a natural disaster in Brazil that drastically reduces the supply of coffee in the world market the price of coffee
More informationEconomics 380: International Economics Fall 2000 Exam #2 100 Points
Economics 380: International Economics Fall 2000 Exam #2 100 Points Name (ID) YOU SHOULD HAVE 7 PAGES FOR THIS EXAM. EXAM WILL END AT 1:50. MAKE SURE YOUR NAME IS ON THE FIRST AND LAST PAGE OF THE EXAM.
More information1. Various shocks on a small open economy
Problem Set 3 Econ 122a: Fall 2013 Prof. Nordhaus and Staff Due: In class, Wednesday, September 25 Problem Set 3 Solutions Sebastian is responsible for this answer sheet. If you have any questions about
More informationFinance 30220 Solutions to Problem Set #3. Year Real GDP Real Capital Employment
Finance 00 Solutions to Problem Set # ) Consider the following data from the US economy. Year Real GDP Real Capital Employment Stock 980 5,80 7,446 90,800 990 7,646 8,564 09,5 Assume that production can
More informationAP Microeconomics Chapter 12 Outline
I. Learning Objectives In this chapter students will learn: A. The significance of resource pricing. B. How the marginal revenue productivity of a resource relates to a firm s demand for that resource.
More informationCHAPTER 7: AGGREGATE DEMAND AND AGGREGATE SUPPLY
CHAPTER 7: AGGREGATE DEMAND AND AGGREGATE SUPPLY Learning goals of this chapter: What forces bring persistent and rapid expansion of real GDP? What causes inflation? Why do we have business cycles? How
More informationThese are some practice questions for CHAPTER 23. Each question should have a single answer. But be careful. There may be errors in the answer key!
These are some practice questions for CHAPTER 23. Each question should have a single answer. But be careful. There may be errors in the answer key! 67. Public saving is equal to a. net tax revenues minus
More informationChapter 3 Consumer Behavior
Chapter 3 Consumer Behavior Read Pindyck and Rubinfeld (2013), Chapter 3 Microeconomics, 8 h Edition by R.S. Pindyck and D.L. Rubinfeld Adapted by Chairat Aemkulwat for Econ I: 2900111 1/29/2015 CHAPTER
More informationAgenda. Exchange Rates, Business Cycles, and Macroeconomic Policy in the Open Economy, Part 1. Exchange Rates. Exchange Rates.
Agenda, Business Cycles, and Macroeconomic Policy in the Open Economy, Part 1 How Are Determined A Supply-and-Demand Analysis 19-1 19-2 Nominal exchange rates: The nominal exchange rate indicates how much
More informationA. a change in demand. B. a change in quantity demanded. C. a change in quantity supplied. D. unit elasticity. E. a change in average variable cost.
1. The supply of gasoline changes, causing the price of gasoline to change. The resulting movement from one point to another along the demand curve for gasoline is called A. a change in demand. B. a change
More informationWeek 4 Tutorial Question Solutions (Ch2 & 3)
Chapter 2: Q1: Macroeconomics P.52 Numerical Problems #3 part (a) Q2: Macroeconomics P.52 Numerical Problems #5 Chapter 3: Q3: Macroeconomics P.101 Numerical Problems #5 Q4: Macroeconomics P102 Analytical
More informationAnswers to Text Questions and Problems in Chapter 8
Answers to Text Questions and Problems in Chapter 8 Answers to Review Questions 1. The key assumption is that, in the short run, firms meet demand at pre-set prices. The fact that firms produce to meet
More informationEcon 336 - Spring 2007 Homework 5
Econ 336 - Spring 2007 Homework 5 Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The real exchange rate, q, is defined as A) E times P B)
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
MBA 640 Survey of Microeconomics Fall 2006, Quiz 6 Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) A monopoly is best defined as a firm that
More informationCommon sense, and the model that we have used, suggest that an increase in p means a decrease in demand, but this is not the only possibility.
Lecture 6: Income and Substitution E ects c 2009 Je rey A. Miron Outline 1. Introduction 2. The Substitution E ect 3. The Income E ect 4. The Sign of the Substitution E ect 5. The Total Change in Demand
More informationTHE IMPACT OF FUTURE MARKET ON MONEY DEMAND IN IRAN
THE IMPACT OF FUTURE MARKET ON MONEY DEMAND IN IRAN Keikha M. 1 and *Shams Koloukhi A. 2 and Parsian H. 2 and Darini M. 3 1 Department of Economics, Allameh Tabatabaie University, Iran 2 Young Researchers
More informationMICROECONOMICS II PROBLEM SET III: MONOPOLY
MICROECONOMICS II PROBLEM SET III: MONOPOLY EXERCISE 1 Firstly, we analyze the equilibrium under the monopoly. The monopolist chooses the quantity that maximizes its profits; in particular, chooses the
More informationGovernment Budget and Fiscal Policy CHAPTER
Government Budget and Fiscal Policy 11 CHAPTER The National Budget The national budget is the annual statement of the government s expenditures and tax revenues. Fiscal policy is the use of the federal
More informationPOTENTIAL OUTPUT and LONG RUN AGGREGATE SUPPLY
POTENTIAL OUTPUT and LONG RUN AGGREGATE SUPPLY Aggregate Supply represents the ability of an economy to produce goods and services. In the Long-run this ability to produce is based on the level of production
More informationChapter 10 Fiscal Policy Macroeconomics In Context (Goodwin, et al.)
Chapter 10 Fiscal Policy Macroeconomics In Context (Goodwin, et al.) Chapter Overview This chapter introduces you to a formal analysis of fiscal policy, and puts it in context with real-world data and
More informationEconomics 326: Duality and the Slutsky Decomposition. Ethan Kaplan
Economics 326: Duality and the Slutsky Decomposition Ethan Kaplan September 19, 2011 Outline 1. Convexity and Declining MRS 2. Duality and Hicksian Demand 3. Slutsky Decomposition 4. Net and Gross Substitutes
More informationProblem Set #1 14.41 Public Economics
Problem Set #1 14.41 Public Economics DUE: September 24, 2010 1 Question One For each of the examples below, please answer the following: 1. Does an externality exist? If so, classify the externality as
More informationNational Income Accounting
: A set of rules and definitions for measuring economic activity in the aggregate economy (The economy as a whole.) As we noted earlier, the main measure of aggregate economic activity are GDP and GNP
More informationProduction Possibilities Frontier and Output Market Efficiency. 1 Production Possibilities Frontier
Production Possibilities rontier. Principles of Microeconomics, all hia-hui hen October, Lecture Production Possibilities rontier and Output Market Efficiency Outline. hap : Production Possibilities rontier.
More informationA Theory of Capital Controls As Dynamic Terms of Trade Manipulation
A Theory of Capital Controls As Dynamic Terms of Trade Manipulation Arnaud Costinot Guido Lorenzoni Iván Werning Central Bank of Chile, November 2013 Tariffs and capital controls Tariffs: Intratemporal
More informationPractice Problems on Current Account
Practice Problems on Current Account 1- List de categories of credit items and debit items that appear in a country s current account. What is the current account balance? What is the relationship between
More informationSolution to Exercise 7 on Multisource Pollution
Peter J. Wilcoxen Economics 437 The Maxwell School Syracuse University Solution to Exercise 7 on Multisource Pollution 1 Finding the Efficient Amounts of Abatement There are two ways to find the efficient
More informationApril 4th, 2014. Flow C was 9 trillion dollars, Flow G was 2 trillion dollars, Flow I was 3 trillion dollars, Flow (X-M) was -0.7 trillion dollars.
Problem Session I April 4th, 2014 Reference: Parkin, Introduction to economics, 2011 1. The rm that printed your Introduction to economics textbook bought the paper from XYZ Paper Mills. Was this purchase
More informationTable of Contents MICRO ECONOMICS
economicsentrance.weebly.com Basic Exercises Micro Economics AKG 09 Table of Contents MICRO ECONOMICS Budget Constraint... 4 Practice problems... 4 Answers... 4 Supply and Demand... 7 Practice Problems...
More informationThe level of price and inflation Real GDP: the values of goods and services measured using a constant set of prices
Chapter 2: Key Macroeconomics Variables ECON2 (Spring 20) 2 & 4.3.20 (Tutorial ) National income accounting Gross domestic product (GDP): The market value of all final goods and services produced within
More informationManagerial Economics Prof. Trupti Mishra S.J.M. School of Management Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. Lecture - 13 Consumer Behaviour (Contd )
(Refer Slide Time: 00:28) Managerial Economics Prof. Trupti Mishra S.J.M. School of Management Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Lecture - 13 Consumer Behaviour (Contd ) We will continue our discussion
More informationEC2105, Professor Laury EXAM 2, FORM A (3/13/02)
EC2105, Professor Laury EXAM 2, FORM A (3/13/02) Print Your Name: ID Number: Multiple Choice (32 questions, 2.5 points each; 80 points total). Clearly indicate (by circling) the ONE BEST response to each
More informationAGGREGATE DEMAND AND AGGREGATE SUPPLY The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand
AGGREGATE DEMAND AND AGGREGATE SUPPLY The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand Suppose that the economy is undergoing a recession because of a fall in aggregate demand. a. Using
More informationCAPM, Arbitrage, and Linear Factor Models
CAPM, Arbitrage, and Linear Factor Models CAPM, Arbitrage, Linear Factor Models 1/ 41 Introduction We now assume all investors actually choose mean-variance e cient portfolios. By equating these investors
More informationThe economics of the Export-Import Bank: a teaching note
The economics of the Export-Import Bank: a teaching note Abstract Robert Beekman The University of Tampa Brian Kench The University of Tampa The U.S. Export-Import Bank provides financing for U.S. exporters.
More informationLecture 9: Keynesian Models
Lecture 9: Keynesian Models Professor Eric Sims University of Notre Dame Fall 2009 Sims (Notre Dame) Keynesian Fall 2009 1 / 23 Keynesian Models The de ning features of RBC models are: Markets clear Money
More information3. a. If all money is held as currency, then the money supply is equal to the monetary base. The money supply will be $1,000.
Macroeconomics ECON 2204 Prof. Murphy Problem Set 2 Answers Chapter 4 #2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9 (on pages 102-103) 2. a. When the Fed buys bonds, the dollars that it pays to the public for the bonds increase
More informationManagerial Economics. 1 is the application of Economic theory to managerial practice.
Managerial Economics 1 is the application of Economic theory to managerial practice. 1. Economic Management 2. Managerial Economics 3. Economic Practice 4. Managerial Theory 2 Managerial Economics relates
More informationCurrent Accounts and Demand Transmission in a Two-Country World Econ 182, 11/17/99 Marc Muendler
Current Accounts and Demand Transmission in a Two-Country World Econ 182, 11/17/99 Marc Muendler The first thought in international economics usually is to consider a small open economy. When doing macroeconomics
More informationECO 745: Theory of International Economics. Jack Rossbach August 26, 2015 - Week 1
ECO 745: Theory of International Economics Jack Rossbach August 26, 2015 - Week 1 Course Details Time & Location: 1:15-2:35 PM Wed & Fri in BA 214 Office Hours: 3:00-4:00 PM Wed in BA 109B (or by appointment)
More informationHealth Economics Demand for health capital Gerald J. Pruckner University of Linz & Lecture Notes, Summer Term 2010 Demand for health capital 1 / 31
Health Economics Demand for health capital University of Linz & Gerald J. Pruckner Lecture Notes, Summer Term 2010 Demand for health capital 1 / 31 An individual s production of health The Grossman model:
More informationExercises Lecture 8: Trade policies
Exercises Lecture 8: Trade policies Exercise 1, from KOM 1. Home s demand and supply curves for wheat are: D = 100 0 S = 0 + 0 Derive and graph Home s import demand schedule. What would the price of wheat
More informationEconomics 212 Principles of Macroeconomics Study Guide. David L. Kelly
Economics 212 Principles of Macroeconomics Study Guide David L. Kelly Department of Economics University of Miami Box 248126 Coral Gables, FL 33134 dkelly@miami.edu First Version: Spring, 2006 Current
More informationI. Introduction to Taxation
University of Pacific-Economics 53 Lecture Notes #17 I. Introduction to Taxation Government plays an important role in most modern economies. In the United States, the role of the government extends from
More informationChapter 12: Gross Domestic Product and Growth Section 1
Chapter 12: Gross Domestic Product and Growth Section 1 Key Terms national income accounting: a system economists use to collect and organize macroeconomic statistics on production, income, investment,
More informationInternational Trade Policy ECON 4633 Prof. Javier Reyes. Test #1
International Trade Policy ECON 4633 Prof. Javier Reyes Test #1 Instructions Out of the following 10 questions you must answer only 8. You are free to choose questions from different sections. Section
More informationChapter 30 Fiscal Policy, Deficits, and Debt QUESTIONS
Chapter 30 Fiscal Policy, Deficits, and Debt QUESTIONS 1. What is the role of the Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) as it relates to fiscal policy? Use an Internet search to find the names and university
More informationIII. INTERNATIONAL TRADE
III. INTERNATIONAL TRADE A. Gains from Trade -- a history of thought approach 1. The idea of mercantilism (15-175) argued that a country s well-being is directly tied to the accumulation of gold and silver.
More informationWorking Paper No. 549. Excess Capital and Liquidity Management
Working Paper No. 549 Excess Capital and Liquidity Management by Jan Toporowski Economics Department, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London and the Research Centre for the History
More informationCHAPTER 14 BALANCE-OF-PAYMENTS ADJUSTMENTS UNDER FIXED EXCHANGE RATES
CHAPTER 14 BALANCE-OF-PAYMENTS ADJUSTMENTS UNDER FIXED EXCHANGE RATES MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Which of the following does not represent an automatic adjustment in balance-of-payments disequilibrium?
More information1 The Market for Factors of Production Factors of Production are the inputs used to produce goods and services. The markets for these factors of production are similar to the markets for goods and services
More informationECON 103, 2008-2 ANSWERS TO HOME WORK ASSIGNMENTS
ECON 103, 2008-2 ANSWERS TO HOME WORK ASSIGNMENTS Due the Week of June 23 Chapter 8 WRITE [4] Use the demand schedule that follows to calculate total revenue and marginal revenue at each quantity. Plot
More informationThis paper is not to be removed from the Examination Halls
This paper is not to be removed from the Examination Halls UNIVERSITY OF LONDON EC2065 ZA BSc degrees and Diplomas for Graduates in Economics, Management, Finance and the Social Sciences, the Diplomas
More informationI. Introduction to Aggregate Demand/Aggregate Supply Model
University of California-Davis Economics 1B-Intro to Macro Handout 8 TA: Jason Lee Email: jawlee@ucdavis.edu I. Introduction to Aggregate Demand/Aggregate Supply Model In this chapter we develop a model
More information