Outlines. I) Biomass: presenta3on and issues at stake. II) How to green biomass

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2 Outlines I) Biomass: presenta3on and issues at stake A) What Biomass is B) Biomass in the Myanmar energy mix C) Biomass issues II) How to green biomass A) Biofuel: a risky technology B) Waste management for energy efficiency C) Opportuni<es for biogas: exemple of rice husk and focus on manure

3 I) Biomass: presenta3on and issues at stake

4 A) What biomass is Biomass energy is made from organic material, including wood, crops, manure, and some garbage. These organic materials, or biomass, contain stored energy from the sun. Manure Crops Waste Wood

5 B) Biomass: the main energy resource of Myanmar Biomass amounts to 64% of the total energy consump3on in Myanmar! è But is it always a green energy?

6 B) Is biomass a green energy? Gasifica3on of organic waste and manure is a green technology It decreases the volume of waste and replaces fuel wood ONLY in few cases, biofuels are green technologies It can be CO2 neutral if the amount of CO2 absorbed during growing phase equals the emissions released during fuel combus<on BUT: Due to land use compe<<on betweeen food and fuel crops, these technologies should be small- scale implemented for the benefit of local popula<ons and the environment Fuel wood energy isn t a green one Because the forests are carbon stocks and burning them releases CO2 in the atmosphere

7 B) Who uses biomass energy in Myanmar? Most of the biomass energy is used by households! As 70% of the popula3on live in rural area, let s focus on their use of biomass

8 B) What kind of biomass is used in rural area? These figures are at the same 3me: - Bad news: Deforesta<on and CO2 emissions - Good news: The use of fuel wood by rural households can easily be replaced by renewable sources of biomass energy (contrary to the use of oil for transporta<on, for instance)

9 C) Consequences of fuel wood use: deforesta3on Huge deforesta3on rate: 1.4% per year Disappearing of primary forests CO2 emissions Greening the use of biomass is an urgent need! Threat to biodiversity

10 II) How to green the use of biomass in Myanmar? A) Biofuels: a risky technology B) Energy efficiency through waste management C) Opportuni<es for biogas: focus on rice husk and manure

11 A) Bio- ethanol and bio- diesel: risky technologies Compe33on for land use between food crops and fuel crops in the presence of land grabbing issues and high risks of deforesta3on Bioethanol (areas of producible fuel crops) Sugar cane Maize ha ha. Biodiesel (areas of producible fuel crops) Jatropha Palm oil Palm oil planta+on in Indonesia the third contributor to GHG emissions: due to deforesta+on and notably palm oil planta+on ha ha.

12 A) The false solu3on of Jatropha planta3ons Today one of the government priority ha currently in Myanmar Easy to grow and produce biodiesel Jatropha is not economically viable : No guarantee on high returns No thrive on marginal land Needs significant amounts of water Not pest resistant Jatropha is bad for people and the environment : - Compe<<on with food produc<on Displacement of local communi<es - No help for poor - - Damages to biodiversity

13 A) Biofuel produc3on: the smaller, the more energy- efficient! Energy return (=Output Input) on investment for small- scale ethanol fuel produc3on from sweet sorghum (a survey from Kentucky State university) Biointensive, managed with hand tools Net energy return: 13 GJ/ha Market- Garden scale, managed with walk- behind tractors Small farm scale, managed with 4- wheeled tractors Net energy return: 11 GJ/ha Net energy return: 8 GJ/ha

14 B) Turning organic waste to composte to improve resource efficiency Case study : Waste Concern Dhaka Bangladesh : A business social enterprise for waste recycling - Each day : 100 tonnes of organic wastes treated - Transformed in compost and sold : $88/ ton - Reduc<on of 25 to 50% of chemical fer<lizers needed - Increase in farming yields by 30% - Decrease irriga<on requirements by 35% T eq CO2 avoided funds (CDM) In more than 28 ci3es in Bangladesh today!

15 C) Focus on biogas: what is it? Biogas typically refers to a mixture of gases, mainly methane, produced by the breakdown of organic ma_er in the absence of oxygen It is a renewable energy source and in many cases exerts a very small carbon footprint. - It can be used for any hea3ng purpose, such as cooking - It only requires organic mafer, such as rice husk, agricultural waste or manure è It can easily replace fuel wood in rural areas!

16 C) Myanmar rich endowments for biogas Rice husk Sawdust t/year Only 8% of this amount is used in rice husk gasifier! t/year 70 kg/household/ year Manure Due to the importance of the agricultural sector: In 2011, 2.4 million of households keep ca_le, 1 million keep pigs, 0.6 million keep buffalos In the Dry Zone, 45% of households keep ca_le, and 20% are capable to collect 20 kg manure per day, what is enough for a biogas plant for cooking

17 C) Implementa3on in Myanmar: Biogas with rice husk Case study : rice husks gasifier Project in Dagoondaing Village, Yangon Region Method: using rice residues (rice husk, 20% paddy) in rice mills for steam engine in motors or diesel engines Results: - 50 KWh generated households targeted Rice husk gasifier used for water pump at Meik- h+- lar Township, Mandalay Division

18 C) Implementa3on in Myanmar: Biogas with manure Final results of the Study on the feasibility of a naeonal programme on domesec biogas in Myanmar, conducted by FAO and Mangrove Service Network in 2011 Most poten3al area is the Dry Zone (Mandalay, Magwe and Sagaing) due to: - Abundance in livestock - DZ is prone to deforesta<on - Water requirement for biogas may not be a limi<ng factor in the DZ - Temperature are favourable for the process of gasifica<on - Small risk of flooding in the DZ Challenges: - Li_le awareness on domes<c biogas Demo- plants, awareness campaign are needed - Willingness to pay for the installa<on might be limited An earmarked credit fund is needed

19 C) Implementa3on in Myanmar: Biogas with manure Final results of the Study on the feasibility of a naeonal programme on domesec biogas in Myanmar, conducted by FAO and Mangrove Service Network in 2011 It is feasable! Here is a costs estimate: - An investment of 375 $ per household and 4875$ per village would be sufficient (partly provided with an appropriate credit fund), for a total of 3 million $ - An other 3 million $ would be provided by subsidies In 5 years, 3600 households and 300 villages would be provided with biogas in the DZ

20 Thank you!