WATER REQUIREMENTS FOR GRAPE VINES. Andrew Teubes Viticultural Consultant

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "WATER REQUIREMENTS FOR GRAPE VINES. Andrew Teubes Viticultural Consultant"

Transcription

1 WATER REQUIREMENTS FOR GRAPE VINES Andrew Teubes Viticultural Consultant

2 Water requirements Most important principles are: Know the symptoms on the vine of water stress Know the physiological stages when a lack of water will affect the size and quality of the crop Know the depth and size of the root system Know the soil in order to know what the storage capacity of the soil is for water Know how much water to apply

3 Know the depth of the rooting system

4 Know the depth of the rooting system

5 SOIL TYPES Alluvial sandy soil with different layers of sand and silt. Clay content <5% Water retention capacity <50 mm/m Irrigate every 7 days

6 SOIL TYPES Deep, well drained red soil of high physical potential, but with low ph. Clay = 15-20% Irrigate every 20 days

7 Types of water Types of water in the soil Gravitational water Free drainage after irrigation/rainfall Drainage water Available water (between field capacity FC and permanent wilting point PWP) Easily available Difficult available Non available water Too dry for soil to use

8 GROWTH STAGES days days days Bud break Flowering Fruit set Pea size Berry softening Harvest Leaf fall Dormancy

9 Critical physiological stages Prior to bud break in dry regions without winter rainfall (Dormant phase) During winter the vine is dormant, low water use Keep moist for risk of frost/freezing Important for even bud break and shoot growth leading up to the flowering period

10 Critical physiological stages Bud break to before flowering Relatively low water requirement because lower spring temperatures and small leaf area Shoots are only point of demand days

11 Critical physiological stages Flowering and fruit set up to pea size Key time for good supply of water Phase 1 of berry growth Influences fruit set Influences berry development (cell division) that determines final crop size Period 3-4 weeks after set days

12 Critical physiological stages Pea size to berry softening Phase 2 of berry growth Not as critical as phase 1 Slower rate of growth lag phase of berry growth days

13 Critical physiological stages Ripening (berry softening to harvest) Phase 3 of berry growth Starts with softening, coloration of berries Fast increase in volume due to cell enlargement, increase in sugar levels, decrease in acidity (high metabolic activity) Very high water requirement in this phase Maintain easily available water levels high days

14 300 BERRY DEVELOPMENT Phase 2 Phase 3 BERRY SIZE Bud break Fruit set Phase 1 Pea size Berry softening No stress Stress at set Harvest 0 GROWING SEASON

15 Critical physiological stages After harvest Building of reserves for next season Period of active root growth Maintain adequate moisture levels, but do not encourage any active growth that can utilize reserves (very dangerous for freeze damage) Leaves should remain active only Manage the ripening of the shoots for protection against winter chilling

16 Most important stages 1. Flowering period Priority 1 2. Berry softening Priority 2 3. After harvest- Priority 3 If adequate water is available, irrigate during 1, 2 and 3 If enough water is available for only 2 times, irrigate during 1 and 2 If enough water is available for only 1 time, irrigate then only during 2

17 Symptoms of water shortages Irrespective of the previous critical physiological stages; vine will show physical symptoms of water shortages Important to recognize the symptoms to know when the vine requires irrigation Growing tip pulls back Growing tip pulls back - 1 Tendril orientation sags - 2 Leaf orientation away from sun 3 Leaf petioles start to sag - 4 Yellow leaves in cluster zone 5 Berries shrink - 6

18 Reduced growth (elongation of shoots) Importance of tendrils 1 2 3

19 Tendril 2 from growing tip sags kpa kpa kpa No stress Mild stress Increased stress

20 Growing tip stops completely First leaf below tip folds over growing tip

21 Leaf orientation away from sun Leaf blade folding to inside

22 Leaf blade petioles start to sag past 90 Brown and yellow leaves in cluster zone Clusters have greyish green colour

23 Severe drought stress Foliage Cluster

24 Practical methods for evaluating soil moisture Various systems can be used to evaluate the soil moisture Important facts Know the rooting depth (make profile pit)

25 Tensiometers Neutron probe Resistance blocks

26 Feeling the soil Take soil sample in hand and squeeze it

27 SOIL MOISTURE FEEL TEST

28 Soil moisture indicators for the FEEL TEST

29 Evaluating soil moisture Most of feeder roots are in top soil Plant extraction of water is 40% from the top 25% of rooting zone

30 Types of irrigation Full surface wetting Flood systems Cover total soil area Furrow Overhead sprinkler systems Micro jets Concentrated wetting Drip systems

31 Flood irrigation full surface 200 m³/hour/ha

32 Flood irrigation - furrow

33 Overhead sprinkler m³/hour/ha

34 Micro sprinkler m³/hour/ha

35 Drip irrigation m³/hour/ha Water distribution of drip Sand Loam Clay

36 Water movement in the soil The longer you irrigate, the deeper the water will penetrate

37 Water penetration time Rate of water infiltration depends on soil type and volume of water applied Flood irrigation examples Sand: mm per hour Loam: mm per hour Clay: mm per hour

38 How long must I irrigate? Length of time of flood irrigation depends on Strength of water current from canal Length of furrow Width of furrow Rooting depth (depth of water penetration) Infiltration time to required depth Water losses through evaporation, drainage, etc If the above information is not available it will be very difficult to determine the correct time of an irrigation Practical answer is to apply irrigation and to make a profile pit to determine the depth of wetting after 2 days

39 When to irrigate? Depends on: Physiological stage Soil type (water holding capacity) Climate (temperature, relative humidity, wind) Type of irrigation (flood, sprinkler, drip) Water quality Most important Availability of water (how much and when available) Experience

40 Decisions Afghanistan situation Irregular supply of water for irrigation Mostly flood irrigation Risks of increased diseases with irresponsible water applications Soil type Sandy: more regular water applications Clay: less regular water applications

41 Practical methods to determine timing and size of irrigation Example flood irrigation What do I need? Evaporation figures (Class A pan) Long term weather data? Estimation of soil water holding capacity Plant factors Depletion level of soil water Effectiveness of irrigation system Water volume

42 Flood irrigation example Evaporation=Amount of water that evaporates from an open water surface every day Obtained from direct measurement (Class A pan) that is ideal Obtain from long term weather data

43 Class A evaporation pan

44 Flood irrigation example Crop factor=ratio between evaporation from the soil surface and transpiration by the vine Experimentally calculated for different regions E(t) = E(o) x f E(t)=evapotranspiration (water use by plant) E(o)=evaporation (measured by Class A pan) f=crop factor

45 Plant factors for table grapes Month Plant factor December-March 0.15 April 0.2 May 0.4 June 0.6 July 0.6 August 0.6 September 0.4 October 0.3 November 0.2

46 Flood irrigation example Estimated water holding capacity Sand 50 mm/m Sandy loam 75 mm/m Loam 100 mm/m Silty clay 125 mm/m Clay 150 mm/m

47 Flood irrigation example Depletion level of soil water Table grapes never below 50% during the active growing period (April-September) Can come down to 40% within 3-4 weeks after harvest Can come down to 30% during the dormant phase in winter

48 Flood irrigation example Effectiveness of irrigation system Water losses through mostly evaporation Also soil canals, pressure loss Flood =60% Sprinkler =80% Drip =90%

49 Flood irrigation example Month: July Water holding capacity of soil: 100 mm/m Evaporation figure Thus per week =11 mm/day =77 mm Plant factor =0.6 Thus 77mm x 0.6 =46.2 mm replace every week

50 Flood irrigation example 50% depletion level for active period Thus 100 mm/m available water x 50% =50mm (when this amount of water was used, the 50% level will be reached) Time for the next irrigation Compensate for flood effectiveness, thus 50mm/60% =83 mm 46.2 mm is used every 7 days Thus irrigation is required roughly every week

51 Flood irrigation example How long must the irrigation continue? Flood systems normally delivers between 100 and 200 m³ per hour Calculates to between 10 and 20 mm/hour/ha At 100 m³/hour, it requires the system to run for approximately 8 hours to irrigate 83mm per hectare

52 Water quality Grapevines have moderate to good resistance to salinity Water for irrigation containing saline salts and/or elements has direct and indirect effects on the plant Direct: Uptake of nutrients Indirect: Physical effect on the soil

53 Water quality What is important for water quality? Sodium (Na+) <120 ppm (80) Chlorine (Cl-) <150 ppm (80) Conductivity (EC) <170 ms/m (100) TDS <1000 ppm (640) Bicarbonates (HCO3-) <120 ppm (80) Boron <1 ppm (0.3)

54 Summary Vines have a high requirement for water during Flowering and fruit set At berry softening After harvest Know the symptoms of water stress Make regular holes in the vineyard to feel the water content of the soil Irrigation is a valuable tool to optimize vine performance for quantity and quality

Chapter D9. Irrigation scheduling

Chapter D9. Irrigation scheduling Chapter D9. Irrigation scheduling PURPOSE OF THIS CHAPTER To explain how to plan and schedule your irrigation program CHAPTER CONTENTS factors affecting irrigation intervals influence of soil water using

More information

Phenology. Phenology and Growth of Grapevines. Vine Performance

Phenology. Phenology and Growth of Grapevines. Vine Performance Phenology and Growth of Grapevines Ker 2007 1 Soil Depth Texture Water and nutrient supply Climate Radiation Temperature Humidity Windspeed Rainfall Evaporation Cultural decisions Vine density Scion and

More information

Irrigation Scheduling for Corn Why and How

Irrigation Scheduling for Corn Why and How NATIONAL CORN HANDBOOK WATER MANAGEMENT (IRRIGATION) Irrigation Scheduling for Corn Why and How F. M. Rhoads, University of Florida; and C. D. Yonts, University of Nebraska NCH-20 Reviewers J. E. Hook,

More information

GENERAL WATERING & CARE GUIDE

GENERAL WATERING & CARE GUIDE GENERAL WATERING & CARE GUIDE Between 30-60 percent of water applied to lawns and gardens is never absorbed by the plants. Water is often wasted because it is applied too quickly and runs off, evaporates

More information

Overall Planning for Developing a New Vineyard: Site Selection and Assessment. Ed Hellman Viticulture Extension Specialist

Overall Planning for Developing a New Vineyard: Site Selection and Assessment. Ed Hellman Viticulture Extension Specialist Overall Planning for Developing a New Vineyard: Site Selection and Assessment Ed Hellman Viticulture Extension Specialist Critical Site Selection Criteria Climate (plant adapted varieties) Diseases and

More information

WATER MANAGEMENT IN DRIP-IRRIGATED VEGETABLE PRODUCTION. T.K. Hartz Department of Vegetable Crops University of California, Davis, CA 95616 May 1999

WATER MANAGEMENT IN DRIP-IRRIGATED VEGETABLE PRODUCTION. T.K. Hartz Department of Vegetable Crops University of California, Davis, CA 95616 May 1999 WATER MANAGEMENT IN DRIP-IRRIGATED VEGETABLE PRODUCTION T.K. Hartz Department of Vegetable Crops University of California, Davis, CA 95616 May 1999 Additional Index Words: trickle irrigation, irrigation

More information

IRRIGATING TOBACCO. J. Michael Moore

IRRIGATING TOBACCO. J. Michael Moore IRRIGATING TOBACCO J. Michael Moore Irrigation is an important component for the production of quality tobacco in Georgia. Rainfall is unpredictable and generally unreliable during the critical growth

More information

Measuring Soil Moisture for Irrigation Water Management

Measuring Soil Moisture for Irrigation Water Management Measuring Soil Moisture for Irrigation Water Management FS 876 by Hal Werner, Extension irrigation engineer Irrigation water management requires timely application of the right amount of water. Competition

More information

Management Allowed Depletion Irrigation Scheduling. Doug Callison CID-CLIA Senior Product Manager

Management Allowed Depletion Irrigation Scheduling. Doug Callison CID-CLIA Senior Product Manager Management Allowed Depletion Irrigation Scheduling Doug Callison CID-CLIA Senior Product Manager Question? What irrigation controller program day cycle setting should I use? Custom, Odd, Odd31, Even, or

More information

COTTON WATER RELATIONS

COTTON WATER RELATIONS COTTON WATER RELATIONS Dan R. Krieg 1 INTRODUCTION Water is the most abundant substance on the Earth s surface and yet is the most limiting to maximum productivity of nearly all crop plants. Land plants,

More information

Salinity Management and Soil Amendments for Southwestern Pecan Orchards

Salinity Management and Soil Amendments for Southwestern Pecan Orchards Salinity Management and Soil Amendments for Southwestern Pecan Orchards Thomas L. Thompson, Professor and Soils Specialist James L. Walworth, Associate Professor and Soils Specialist Department of Soil,

More information

Water movement in the xylem Water moves from roots to leaves through the xylem. But how? Hypotheses: 1. Capillary action - water will move upward in

Water movement in the xylem Water moves from roots to leaves through the xylem. But how? Hypotheses: 1. Capillary action - water will move upward in Transport in Plants Two Transport Processes Occur in Plants 1. Carbohydrates carried from leaves (or storage organs) to where they are needed (from sources to sinks) 2. Water transported from roots to

More information

Drip Irrigation and Fertigation Management of Processing Tomato

Drip Irrigation and Fertigation Management of Processing Tomato Drip Irrigation and Fertigation Management of Processing Tomato Tim Hartz, Dept. of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis Blaine Hanson, Dept. of Land, Air & Water Resources, University of California,

More information

Waterwise Landscaping: Designing a Drought-tolerant (and deer-resistant) Landscape and Garden

Waterwise Landscaping: Designing a Drought-tolerant (and deer-resistant) Landscape and Garden Waterwise Landscaping: Designing a Drought-tolerant (and deer-resistant) Landscape and Garden Basic principles of xeriscaping How to Design and Implement Plants and Practical Information UCCE Master Gardeners

More information

http://store.elsevier.com/forest-monitoring/ isbn-9780080982229/ Recommended citation for the full chapter:

http://store.elsevier.com/forest-monitoring/ isbn-9780080982229/ Recommended citation for the full chapter: 330 V Monitoring Methods for Atmosphere-Related Variables This is a publisher-agreed excerpt of a book chapter from a book published by Elsevier. The full content can be accessed via the following link:

More information

College of Agriculture, P.O. Box 210036 Tucson, Arizona 85721-0036

College of Agriculture, P.O. Box 210036 Tucson, Arizona 85721-0036 Irrigating Citrus Trees ISSUED FEBRUARY 2000 BY: Glenn C. Wright Associate Specialist ag.arizona.edu/pubs/ crops/az1151.pdf This information has been reviewed by university faculty. COOPERATIVE EXTENSION

More information

FULL COVERAGE IRRIGATION for tree & vine crops the facts.

FULL COVERAGE IRRIGATION for tree & vine crops the facts. Handy Pocket Guide rotator technology save water, save energy and do a better job of irrigating. FULL COVERAGE IRRIGATION for tree & vine crops the facts. Copyright 2008 Nelson Irrigation Corporation 1

More information

Over the past two decades, advancements

Over the past two decades, advancements Trellis Selection and Canopy Management Over the past two decades, advancements in vineyard design, trellis and training systems, and canopy management practices have dramatically improved wine grape productivity

More information

Irrigation - How Best to Water Your Desert Trees

Irrigation - How Best to Water Your Desert Trees Irrigation - How Best to Water Your Desert Trees John Eisenhower, ISA Certified Arborist WE-5213A Integrity Tree Service, Inc. 602-788-0005 www.itreeservice.com How much water do my trees need? How much

More information

Horticulture Information Leaflet 33-E

Horticulture Information Leaflet 33-E Department of Horticultural Science Horticulture Information Leaflet 33-E Revised 9/93 -- Author Reviewed 8/97 VEGETABLE CROP IRRIGATION Douglas C. Sanders, Extension Horticultural Specialist Distributed

More information

Practical Consideration For Promoting Drip Irrigation. R.L. Tinsley 1 Inma Irrigation, Water Management, & Soil Reclamation Specialist

Practical Consideration For Promoting Drip Irrigation. R.L. Tinsley 1 Inma Irrigation, Water Management, & Soil Reclamation Specialist Practical Consideration For Promoting Drip Irrigation R.L. Tinsley 1 Inma Irrigation, Water Management, & Soil Reclamation Specialist Overview Drip is perhaps the most heavily promoted form of irrigation,

More information

Organic Gardening Certificate Program Quiz Week 3 Answer Key

Organic Gardening Certificate Program Quiz Week 3 Answer Key Q uiz for week 3 readings: 1. The database on the Organic Weed management Website contains the following sections except: A. Picture B. Ecology C. Management D. Description 2. The weed quackgrass can reproduce

More information

Plant Responses to Environmental Cues Tropisms, Photoperiodism, and Plant Hormones

Plant Responses to Environmental Cues Tropisms, Photoperiodism, and Plant Hormones Plant Responses to Environmental Cues Tropisms, Photoperiodism, and Plant Hormones Plant Responses to Environmental Cues Phototropism - plant growth response to light shoots bend toward light - positive

More information

For all turfgrass areas. Now you can test soil reaction at different levels in the soil profile. Check Soil ph on:

For all turfgrass areas. Now you can test soil reaction at different levels in the soil profile. Check Soil ph on: Turf-Tec ph Meter Test soil ph in the mat, thatch and above and below the root zone. ph can be checked, 0" to 4" inch level right on the turfgrass area. Simply insert probe to desired depth, allow to stand

More information

Water Saving Technology

Water Saving Technology Water Saving Technology Water Demand & Irrigation Miguel Aguila aguila@gemuese-garten.com Prof. Dr. S. Kleisinger Project for Water and Fertilizer Use Efficiency November 6, 2009 EDUCATIONAL AND WORK HISTORY

More information

Drip Irrigation for the Yard and Garden

Drip Irrigation for the Yard and Garden Drip Irrigation for the Yard and Garden R. Troy Peters, Ph.D. WSU Extension Irrigation Engineer Drip irrigation has many advantages over sprinklers. The application efficiency of sprinklers is typically

More information

Soil Sampling for Nutrient Management

Soil Sampling for Nutrient Management Soil Sampling for Nutrient Management Nutrient Management Factsheet No. 2 in Series Revised September 2010 Order Reference No. 631-500-1 For nutrient management, soil sampling is done to collect a soil

More information

Using Web-based Software for Irrigation and Nitrogen Management in Onion Production: our Research Plan for 2013

Using Web-based Software for Irrigation and Nitrogen Management in Onion Production: our Research Plan for 2013 Using Web-based Software for Irrigation and Nitrogen Management in Onion Production: our Research Plan for 2013 Andre Biscaro, Farm Advisor UCCE Los Angeles County Michael Cahn, Farm Advisor UCCE Monterey

More information

Culture in field conditions - Challenges A South American point of view Roberto Campos Pura Natura, Argentina

Culture in field conditions - Challenges A South American point of view Roberto Campos Pura Natura, Argentina A South American point of view Roberto Campos Pura Natura, Argentina EUSTAS 6 th Stevia Symposium Leuven, July 3 rd and 4 th I. Area of cultivation II. Environment III. Production of seedlings IV. Planting

More information

Onion & Leek Planting Guide

Onion & Leek Planting Guide Onion & Leek Planting Guide Important Remove plants from box immediately. Do not put in soil or water before planting. Keep cool and dry until you can plant. Follow the instructions inside for best results.

More information

CUSTOMISING DRIP IRRIGATION FOR PROFITABLE VEGETABLE PRODUCTION

CUSTOMISING DRIP IRRIGATION FOR PROFITABLE VEGETABLE PRODUCTION CUSTOMISING DRIP IRRIGATION FOR PROFITABLE VEGETABLE PRODUCTION CWL Henderson 1, MB Yeo 1, G Finlay 1 1 Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Gatton Qld. ABSTRACT Ongoing drought throughout

More information

Best Practice in Row Crop Irrigation

Best Practice in Row Crop Irrigation 2004 G R D C F O R I R R I G A T I O N C R O P P E R S Best Practice in Row Crop Irrigation An introduction to WATERpak a guide for irrigation management in Cotton Paper prepared by DAVID WILLIAMS NSW

More information

Making a Terrarium. fairchild tropical botanic garden 1

Making a Terrarium. fairchild tropical botanic garden 1 Making a Terrarium What is a Terrarium? A terrarium is a collection of small plants growing in a transparent, sealed container. A terrarium is a closed environment, and can actually be used to illustrate

More information

Transpiration. C should equal D.BUT SOMETIMES. 1. Loss in mass is greater than volume of water added.

Transpiration. C should equal D.BUT SOMETIMES. 1. Loss in mass is greater than volume of water added. Transpiration Transpiration is the loss of water by evaporation from the leaves through the stomata. The source of water for the plants is soil water. It is taken up by root hair cells by osmosis. Once

More information

WHAT IS WRONG WITH MY LAWN?

WHAT IS WRONG WITH MY LAWN? WHAT IS WRONG WITH MY LAWN? Lawn problems can occur in small areas or larger patches and entire lawns can be affected. Sometimes the problems are due to poor growing conditions, improper lawn care practices,

More information

Fertility Guidelines for Hops in the Northeast Dr. Heather Darby, University of Vermont Extension Agronomist

Fertility Guidelines for Hops in the Northeast Dr. Heather Darby, University of Vermont Extension Agronomist Fertility Guidelines for Hops in the Northeast Dr. Heather Darby, University of Vermont Extension Agronomist The increasing acreage of hops in the Northeast has prompted the need for fertility guidelines

More information

Summer Stress Arrives Early on Cool Season Lawns

Summer Stress Arrives Early on Cool Season Lawns Summer Stress Arrives Early on Cool Season Lawns Figure 1. A fall installed tall fescue sod showing the first signs of summer stress following the arrival of record setting heat in central Virginia in

More information

Strawberry Anthracnose

Strawberry Anthracnose Strawberry Anthracnose Bill Turechek and Cathy Heidenreich Introduction - The term anthracnose is a general term used to describe plant diseases. Strawberry anthracnose refers to several diseases of strawberry

More information

Identification and Prevention of Frost or Freeze Damage By Linda Reddick, Kingman Area Master Gardener

Identification and Prevention of Frost or Freeze Damage By Linda Reddick, Kingman Area Master Gardener KINGMAN IS GROWING! COLUMN Identification and Prevention of Frost or Freeze Damage By Linda Reddick, Kingman Area Master Gardener Again this year we have been experiencing some very cold weather, with

More information

Efficient Irrigation Using Closed-Loop Feedback. Rick Foster

Efficient Irrigation Using Closed-Loop Feedback. Rick Foster Efficient Irrigation Using Closed-Loop Feedback Rick Foster When the well s dry, we know the worth of water. -Benjamin Franklin 97% of all water is saltwater, 2% is held in snow and icebergs. Only 1% is

More information

NO-TILL AND NITROGEN FIXING INOCULANTS

NO-TILL AND NITROGEN FIXING INOCULANTS NO-TILL AND NITROGEN FIXING INOCULANTS Tom Wacek R & D Director for Urbana Laboratories St. Joseph, Missouri Nitrogen fixation is the utilization of the free gaseous nitrogen in the air by soil bacteria

More information

Influence of Climatic Factors on Stormwater Runoff Reduction of Green Roofs

Influence of Climatic Factors on Stormwater Runoff Reduction of Green Roofs Influence of Climatic Factors on Stormwater Runoff Reduction of Green Roofs North Temperate Zone Greenskins Lab Runoff Retention / Precipitation (Annual %) Vancouver, BC 29% Malmö, Sweden 47 % Rock Springs,

More information

Plant Classification, Structure, Growth and Hormones

Plant Classification, Structure, Growth and Hormones Biology SAT II Review Sheet Plants Plant Classification, Structure, Growth and Hormones Multicellular autotrophs (organisms that use the energy of inorganic materials to produce organic materials) Utilize

More information

In this lesson, students will identify a local plant community and make a variety of

In this lesson, students will identify a local plant community and make a variety of MAKING COMMUNITY MEASUREMENTS: ABIOTIC FACTORS Grades 3 6 I. Introduction In this lesson, students will identify a local plant community and make a variety of measurements, preferably during two different

More information

Inherent Factors Affecting Soil Nitrogen

Inherent Factors Affecting Soil Nitrogen Nitrogen (N) is the most abundant element in the atmosphere and is usually the most limiting crop nutrient. Nitrogen cycles through soil in various processes and forms. Some processes are necessary to

More information

Optimizing the hydraulic designing of pressurized irrigation network on the lands of village Era by using the computerized model WaterGems

Optimizing the hydraulic designing of pressurized irrigation network on the lands of village Era by using the computerized model WaterGems Optimizing the hydraulic designing of pressurized irrigation network on the lands of village Era by using the computerized model WaterGems Ali Ghadami Firouzabadi 1 and Majid Arabfard 2 1. Ali Ghadami

More information

Lab 7 Soil ph and Salinity OBJECTIVE INTRODUCTION Soil ph active

Lab 7 Soil ph and Salinity OBJECTIVE INTRODUCTION Soil ph active Lab 7 Soil ph and Salinity OBJECTIVE In this lab you will learn the effect of the concentration of hydrogen ions (ph) and various salts on the fertility of a soil. You will perform some tests which are

More information

INTEGRATED IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT ON VITICULTURE

INTEGRATED IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT ON VITICULTURE INTEGRATED IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT ON VITICULTURE Posible evolución costes componentes 1 What is different in viticulture 2 3 4 Irrigation strategies Irrigation practices New technologies Posible evolución

More information

EFFECT OF IRRIGATION FREQUENCY AND TIMING ON TOMATO YIELD, SOIL WATER DYNAMICS AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY UNDER DRIP IRRIGATION

EFFECT OF IRRIGATION FREQUENCY AND TIMING ON TOMATO YIELD, SOIL WATER DYNAMICS AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY UNDER DRIP IRRIGATION Eleventh International Water Technology Conference, IWTC11 2007 Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt 69 EFFECT OF IRRIGATION FREQUENCY AND TIMING ON TOMATO YIELD, SOIL WATER DYNAMICS AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY UNDER DRIP

More information

NCWCD IRRIGATION SCHEDULING PROGRAM - CONVERTING TO A WEB-BASED ACCESSIBLE PROGRAM. James E. Draper 1 ABSTRACT

NCWCD IRRIGATION SCHEDULING PROGRAM - CONVERTING TO A WEB-BASED ACCESSIBLE PROGRAM. James E. Draper 1 ABSTRACT NCWCD IRRIGATION SCHEDULING PROGRAM - CONVERTING TO A WEB-BASED ACCESSIBLE PROGRAM James E. Draper 1 ABSTRACT In an effort to assist residents with conserving water, Northern Colorado Water Conservancy

More information

Fertilizer, Weed Control, Grubs, and General Application Questions

Fertilizer, Weed Control, Grubs, and General Application Questions Lawn Care FAQ s Fertilizer, Weed Control, Grubs, and General Application Questions Why do we have so many weeds? Dandelions in particular, weeds in general, do not seem concerned about how long lawn has

More information

Canopy Management. Chapter 7. Canopy Microclimate. Grapevine Canopies. The North Carolina Winegrape Grower s Guide

Canopy Management. Chapter 7. Canopy Microclimate. Grapevine Canopies. The North Carolina Winegrape Grower s Guide The North Carolina Winegrape Grower s Guide High-quality wines those that command premium prices can be produced only from high-quality grapes. Grape quality can be defined in various ways, but ripeness

More information

Virginia Gardener http://www.hort.vt.edu/envirohort

Virginia Gardener http://www.hort.vt.edu/envirohort The Virginia Gardener http://www.hort.vt.edu/envirohort Name Help Sheets: Seeds What Is a Seed? A seed is a very young plant that is in the dormant, or resting stage. It is very much alive. There are three

More information

Chapter 1 FAO cropwater productivity model to simulate yield response to water

Chapter 1 FAO cropwater productivity model to simulate yield response to water Chapter 1 FAO cropwater productivity model to simulate yield response to water AquaCrop Version 3.1plus Reference Manual January 2011 Developed by Dirk RAES, Pasquale STEDUTO, Theodore C. HSIAO, and Elias

More information

Strawberry Production Basics: Matted Row

Strawberry Production Basics: Matted Row Strawberry Production Basics: Matted Row David T. Handley, Vegetable and Small Fruits Specialist University of Maine Cooperative Extension Highmoor Farm, P.O. Box 179, Monmouth, Maine 04259 (207) 933-2100

More information

Chapter B7. Managing saline soils

Chapter B7. Managing saline soils Chapter B7. Managing saline soils PURPOSE OF THIS CHAPTER To outline the management of saline soils CHAPTER CONTENTS causes and signs of salinity management strategies ASSOCIATED CHAPTERS B10 Does my soil

More information

Plants, like all other living organisms have basic needs: a source of nutrition (food),

Plants, like all other living organisms have basic needs: a source of nutrition (food), LEARNING FROM LEAVES: A LOOK AT LEAF SIZE Grades 3 6 I. Introduction Plants, like all other living organisms have basic needs: a source of nutrition (food), water, space in which to live, air, and optimal

More information

WILLOCHRA BASIN GROUNDWATER STATUS REPORT 2009-10

WILLOCHRA BASIN GROUNDWATER STATUS REPORT 2009-10 WILLOCHRA BASIN GROUNDWATER STATUS REPORT 2009-10 SUMMARY 2009-10 The Willochra Basin is situated in the southern Flinders Ranges in the Mid-North of South Australia, approximately 50 km east of Port Augusta

More information

GCLs USED IN SECONDARY CONTAINMENT

GCLs USED IN SECONDARY CONTAINMENT TECHNICAL REFERENCE GCLs USED IN SECONDARY CONTAINMENT Secondary containment systems are required for many aboveground storage tanks. Secondary containment typically consists of a low permeability liner

More information

Climate Change and Infrastructure Planning Ahead

Climate Change and Infrastructure Planning Ahead Climate Change and Infrastructure Planning Ahead Climate Change and Infrastructure Planning Ahead Infrastructure the physical facilities that support our society, such as buildings, roads, railways, ports

More information

WATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR URBAN TREES IN AN UNCERTAIN ENVIRONMENT

WATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR URBAN TREES IN AN UNCERTAIN ENVIRONMENT WATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR URBAN TREES IN AN UNCERTAIN ENVIRONMENT GEOFF CONNELLAN INTRODUCTION The vulnerability and dependence of urban landscapes on supplementary watering has become evident in

More information

NUTRIENT DISORDERS IN TREE FRUITS

NUTRIENT DISORDERS IN TREE FRUITS PNW 121E NUTRIENT DISORDERS IN TREE FRUITS A Pacific Northwest Extension Publication Washington Idaho Oregon NUTRIENT DISORDERS IN TREE FRUITS By Nels R. Benson, Soil Scientist and Horticulturist (retired),

More information

Extension Viticulture Program

Extension Viticulture Program Extension Viticulture Program Bernd Maier Extension Viticulture Specialist 575 642 6553 bemaier@nmsu.edu viticulture.nmsu.edu Cooperative Extension Service Subjects of Engagement Supporting agents with

More information

Soil-Moisture Monitoring

Soil-Moisture Monitoring Soil-Moisture Monitoring A Simple Method to Improve Alfalfa and Pasture Management Steve Orloff, Blaine Hanson & Dan Putnam Introduction water is essential for profitable crop production in most of the

More information

HAY MOISTURE & WEATHER:

HAY MOISTURE & WEATHER: HAY MOISTURE & WEATHER: IMPLICATIONS FOR HAY HARVEST Paul Brown Extension Specialist, Biometeorlogy University of Arizona Harvest Losses vs. Moisture From Collins & Owens, 1995 Losses During Haymaking

More information

Water efficiency in agriculture

Water efficiency in agriculture CHAPTER 5 Water efficiency in agriculture Water efficiency of irrigation can be improved by making the right decisions regarding: Crop selection Irrigation scheduling Irrigation methods Source of water.

More information

EFFECTS OF VARYING IRRIGATION AND MEPIQUAT CHLORIDE APPLICATION ON COTTON HEIGHT, UNIFORMITY, YIELD, AND QUALITY. Abstract

EFFECTS OF VARYING IRRIGATION AND MEPIQUAT CHLORIDE APPLICATION ON COTTON HEIGHT, UNIFORMITY, YIELD, AND QUALITY. Abstract EFFECTS OF VARYING IRRIGATION AND MEPIQUAT CHLORIDE APPLICATION ON COTTON HEIGHT, UNIFORMITY, YIELD, AND QUALITY Glen Ritchie 1, Lola Sexton 1, Trey Davis 1, Don Shurley 2, and Amanda Ziehl 2 1 University

More information

SOIL MOISTURE MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY Terry L. Prichard, Water Management Specialist University of California Davis

SOIL MOISTURE MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY Terry L. Prichard, Water Management Specialist University of California Davis SOIL MOISTURE MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY Terry L. Prichard, Water Management Specialist University of California Davis Achieving maximum vine performance requires an irrigation management program that determines

More information

Maintaining a Healthy Lawn

Maintaining a Healthy Lawn Maintaining a Healthy Lawn in Western Oregon A.M. VanDerZanden and T. Cook EC 1521 Reprinted February 2001 $1.50 The typical home lawn is an evolving ecosystem that gets more complex each year. At first,

More information

Irish potatoes are one of America s most

Irish potatoes are one of America s most E-511 11-10 Easy Gardening Joseph Masabni, Assistant Professor and Extension Horticulturist, The Texas A&M University System Irish potatoes are one of America s most popular vegetables the average American

More information

VIII. PLANTS AND WATER

VIII. PLANTS AND WATER VIII. PLANTS AND WATER Plants play a large role in the hydrologic cycle. Transpiration, the evaporative loss of water from leaves of natural and cultivated vegetation, returns to the atmosphere about 60

More information

Dry Bean Types and Development Stages

Dry Bean Types and Development Stages Dry Bean Types and Development Stages Two basic plant growth habits are found in dry edible bean: determinate (bush) or indeterminate (vining or trailing). Cultivars may be classified according to plant

More information

AUTOMATED SOIL WATER TENSION-BASED DRIP IRRIGATION FOR PRECISE IRRIGATION SCHEDULING

AUTOMATED SOIL WATER TENSION-BASED DRIP IRRIGATION FOR PRECISE IRRIGATION SCHEDULING AUTOMATED SOIL WATER TENSION-BASED DRIP IRRIGATION FOR PRECISE IRRIGATION SCHEDULING Sabine Seidel sabine.seidel@tu-dresden.de Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences,

More information

William Northcott Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Michigan State University. NRCS Irrigation Training Feb 2-3 and 9-10, 2010

William Northcott Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Michigan State University. NRCS Irrigation Training Feb 2-3 and 9-10, 2010 William Northcott Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Michigan State University NRCS Irrigation Training Feb 2-3 and 9-10, 2010 Irrigation Scheduling Process of maintaining an optimum

More information

Copyright Advanced Viticulture, Inc. www.advancedvit.com

Copyright Advanced Viticulture, Inc. www.advancedvit.com Pressure bomb Real-time Soil Moisture + PB + Porometer P. Bomb + ET Soil Moisture +PB + Porometer P. Bomb + Porometer Determine Site Characteristics Rooting Depth Soil Type Install Soil Moisture Sensors

More information

WATER CONSERVATION TECHNICAL BRIEFS

WATER CONSERVATION TECHNICAL BRIEFS WATER CONSERVATION TECHNICAL BRIEFS TB6 - Irrigation scheduling SAI Platform June 2010 This document has been produced for internal information purposes only among SAI platform members. It represents a

More information

Settlement of Foundations on Expansive Clays Due to Moisture Demand of Trees CIGMAT 2008

Settlement of Foundations on Expansive Clays Due to Moisture Demand of Trees CIGMAT 2008 Settlement of Foundations on Expansive Clays Due to Moisture Demand of Trees CIGMAT 2008 Kenneth E. Tand, P.E. Practicing Geotechnical Engineer FRIEND OR FOE Trees are our friends. They extract carbon

More information

Drip Fertigation in Horticultural crops

Drip Fertigation in Horticultural crops Drip Fertigation in Horticultural crops G. Sri Krishna, Research Associate, Agricultural Research Station, Utukur, Kadapa - 516003 Mail: srikrishna12@rediffmail.com Application of Fertilizers to plantation,

More information

Managing of Annual Winter Forages in Southwest Texas

Managing of Annual Winter Forages in Southwest Texas r r r rr EDUCATION RESEARCH EXTENSION The Texas A&M University System Soil & Crop Sciences Managing of Annual Winter Forages in Southwest Texas Mr Charles Stichler Assocaite Professor and Extension Agronomist

More information

IRRIGATION. Operate irrigation systems. RTE3611A Operate pressurised irrigation systems. RTE3610A Operate gravity fed irrigation systems

IRRIGATION. Operate irrigation systems. RTE3611A Operate pressurised irrigation systems. RTE3610A Operate gravity fed irrigation systems IRRIGATION L E A R N I N G G U I D E Operate irrigation systems Supports learning against competency standards RTE3611A Operate pressurised irrigation systems RTE3610A Operate gravity fed irrigation systems

More information

Irrigation Water for Greenhouses and Nurseries

Irrigation Water for Greenhouses and Nurseries Agriculture and Natural Resources Irrigation Water for Greenhouses and Nurseries FSA6061 James Robbins Professor - Ornamentals Arkansas Is Our Campus Visit our web site at: http://www.uaex.edu Both the

More information

Climate, Vegetation, and Landforms

Climate, Vegetation, and Landforms Climate, Vegetation, and Landforms Definitions Climate is the average weather of a place over many years Geographers discuss five broad types of climates Moderate, dry, tropical, continental, polar Vegetation:

More information

A guide for handling for cabbage, carrot, hot pepper, lettuce, sweet potato and tomato. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

A guide for handling for cabbage, carrot, hot pepper, lettuce, sweet potato and tomato. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations A guide for handling for cabbage, carrot, hot pepper, lettuce, sweet potato and tomato Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations A guide for handling for cabbage 1. HARVESTING Harvesting

More information

Gr o w i ng Bl u e b e r r i e s

Gr o w i ng Bl u e b e r r i e s EC 1304 Revised March 2008 u $1.50 Gr o w i ng Bl u e b e r r i e s in Yo u r Ho m e Ga r d e n B.C. Strik Growing highbush or cultivated blueberries can be very rewarding. You can eat the berries fresh,

More information

Managing Black Walnut

Managing Black Walnut Managing Black Walnut Mel Baughman Professor Emeritus University of Minnesota Lenny Farlee Extension Forester Purdue University Why Grow Black Walnut? Wood Products Rich, brown color Novelty items Lumber

More information

System of Rice Intensification (SRI)

System of Rice Intensification (SRI) System of Rice Intensification (SRI) Ramasamy Selvaraju Climate, Energy and Tenure Division (NRC), FAO Fifth annual Investment Days, Rome, Italy; 17 December 2013 Contents What is SRI? Main concepts of

More information

THE ECOSYSTEM - Biomes

THE ECOSYSTEM - Biomes Biomes The Ecosystem - Biomes Side 2 THE ECOSYSTEM - Biomes By the end of this topic you should be able to:- SYLLABUS STATEMENT ASSESSMENT STATEMENT CHECK NOTES 2.4 BIOMES 2.4.1 Define the term biome.

More information

Managing Crops for Excess Water Stress

Managing Crops for Excess Water Stress Managing Crops for Excess Water Stress Curtis Cavers* and John Heard Canada-Manitoba Crop Diversification Centre (CMCDC) Potato Agronomist (curtis.cavers@agr.gc.ca) A review of literature on the effect

More information

What is Soil Survey?

What is Soil Survey? What is Soil Survey? Soil Survey is a systematic examination, description, classification, and mapping of the soils in a given area. Brady and Weil. 1996 Who Produces Soil Survey Cooperative effort between

More information

The advanced monitoring system of the vineyard for an efficient and practical management of production. white paper 2014

The advanced monitoring system of the vineyard for an efficient and practical management of production. white paper 2014 The advanced monitoring system of the vineyard for an efficient and practical management of production. white paper 2014 Auroras S.r.l. - via Paolo Gorini - 26845 Codogno (LO) Italy tel. e fax 0377 220666

More information

Wildfire Damage Assessment for the 2011 Southeast Complex Fires

Wildfire Damage Assessment for the 2011 Southeast Complex Fires Wildfire Damage Assessment for the 2011 Southeast Complex Fires Chip Bates & Mark McClure, Forest Health Management Background: On March 24, 2011, multiple wildfires began across southeast Georgia. Strong,

More information

Moisture Indicator Reference Book

Moisture Indicator Reference Book Moisture Indicator Reference Book Contents Checking in Shipments...................................... 2 Preparing IRROMETERS for Installation......................... 2 Selecting Locations for Installation..............................

More information

GRAPE COLD INJURY Causes, Prevention, Assessment, and Compensation. Nevada Grape Growers

GRAPE COLD INJURY Causes, Prevention, Assessment, and Compensation. Nevada Grape Growers GRAPE COLD INJURY Causes, Prevention, Assessment, and Compensation Nevada Grape Growers Washington Precipitation Washington AVA S Understanding Vine Cold Injury Mechanics of cold injury Avoiding cold injury

More information

Efficient Irrigation via Smart Control. Rick Foster Sr. Product Manager

Efficient Irrigation via Smart Control. Rick Foster Sr. Product Manager Efficient Irrigation via Smart Control Rick Foster Sr. Product Manager The World s Water Crisis There is no new water. Current Water Issues The cost of water & power is rising annually As the population

More information

Testing Water for Gardening and Lawn Irrigation

Testing Water for Gardening and Lawn Irrigation wellcare information for you about Testing Water for Gardening and Lawn Irrigation Within a household, water may serve many functions beyond everyday household uses such as drinking, cooking, laundry,

More information

Functional Biology of Plants

Functional Biology of Plants Brochure More information from http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/2252012/ Functional Biology of Plants Description: Functional Biology of Plants provides students and researchers with a clearly

More information

Name: PLSOIL 105 & 106 First Hour Exam February 27, 2012. Part A. Place answers on bubble sheet. 2 pts. each.

Name: PLSOIL 105 & 106 First Hour Exam February 27, 2012. Part A. Place answers on bubble sheet. 2 pts. each. Name: PLSOIL 105 & 106 First Hour Exam February 27, 2012 Part A. Place answers on bubble sheet. 2 pts. each. 1. A soil with 15% clay and 20% sand would belong to what textural class? A. Clay C. Loamy sand

More information

Growing Balaton - Horticultural Considerations

Growing Balaton - Horticultural Considerations Growing Balaton - Horticultural Considerations Amy Iezzoni Dept. of Horticulture Michigan State University Jim Nugent District Horticulturist MSU Extension The fruit industry in Michigan has generations

More information

Managing the Root Zone in Soilless Culture

Managing the Root Zone in Soilless Culture Managing the Root Zone in Soilless Culture Author: Eyal Ronen Haifa Chemicals Chief Agronomist In solid growing media, there are five important parameters that should be monitored around the root zone

More information

WATER QUALITY MONITORING AND APPLICATION OF HYDROLOGICAL MODELING TOOLS AT A WASTEWATER IRRIGATION SITE IN NAM DINH, VIETNAM

WATER QUALITY MONITORING AND APPLICATION OF HYDROLOGICAL MODELING TOOLS AT A WASTEWATER IRRIGATION SITE IN NAM DINH, VIETNAM WATER QUALITY MONITORING AND APPLICATION OF HYDROLOGICAL MODELING TOOLS AT A WASTEWATER IRRIGATION SITE IN NAM DINH, VIETNAM LeifBasherg (1) OlujZejlllJul Jessen (1) INTRODUCTION The current paper is the

More information