A safe driver challenges for the future

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1 Helsinki A safe driver challenges for the future Esko Keskinen Traffic psychology research University of Turku

2 Prologue

3 Sancta Birgitta Herre visa mig din väg och gör mig villig att gå den

4 Globally young novice drivers have a high risk of accidents, especially serious accidents

6 Novice driver's injury accident risk and risk level of all drivers ( VALT, AKE) accidents / 1000 licenses year 2.year 3. year 4. year general risk level

7 accidents/1 million inhabitants Risk of fatal accident as a guilty party (VALT, Statistics )

8 Why, what are the reasons

9 Main factors behind novice drivers risk in traffic (OECD, 2006, 68) 1 Poor technical driving skills 2 Acute impairments in the situation (fatigue, alcohol) 3 Risk-enhancing circumstances, elements of exposure 4 The willingness (not) to drive safely and (wrong) self- assessment 5 General nature and nurture aspects of young, novice drivers, not directly related to driving

10 Hierarchical levels of driving behaviour (Keskinen, 1996), Partly based on original ideas of Mikkonen and Keskinen, 1980) 5. Level: Culture and subculture - Values, social and other norms, legislation, social environment 4. Level: Goals for life and skills for living - Importance of cars and driving for personal development - Skills for self-control 3. Level: Goals and context of driving -Purpose, environment, social context, company 2. Level: Mastering traffic situations - Adapting to the demands of the present situation 1. Level: Vehicle manoeuvring - Controlling speed, direction and position

11 Lowest levels of driving behaviour are TOOLS serving higher levels Higher levels give the tasks to lower ones and control them. MOTIVATION, how to use the tools, is crucial. But of course the tools must be sharp too Sancta Birgitta: Herre visa mig din väg och gör mig villig att gå den

12 Novice drivers accidents: younger male female 2 0 months 0-6 6, ,1-18 Self reported accidents per 100 novice drivers according to time from licensure. Length of driving career at least 36 months. Age of drivers: younger than 23 years. Males, n=768, females n=846 (BASIC 2003) 18, , ,1-36

13 16 Novice drivers accidents: older male female months 0-6 6, , , , ,1-36 Self reported accidents per 100 novice drivers according to time from licensure. Length of driving career at least 36 months. Age of drivers: 23 years and older. Males, n=170, females n=373

14 Male drivers AGE / 27% 628 / 29% 696 / 32% 260 / 12% EARL.PUNISH. EARL.PUNISH. EARL.PUNISH. EARL.PUNISH. yes no yes no yes no yes no 366 / 61% 234 / 39% 422 / 67% 206 / 33% 336 / 48% 360/ 52% 57 / 22% 203 / 78% ALCO ALCO ALCO ALCO ALCO ALCO ALCO ALCO yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no % 33% 12% 27% 28% 39% 7% 25% 11% 38% 6% 46% 2% 20% 3% 75% SPD SPD SPD SPD SPD SPD SPD I SPD SPD SPD SPD SPD SPD SPD I SPD SPD yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes % 15% 10% 10% 19% 11% 6% 5% 5% 7% 3% 7% 0% 1% 0,4% 3% no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no % 19% 2% 17% 9% 30% 2% 21% 6% 30% 3% 39% 2% 19% 2% 72% Car drivers in fatal accidents, their age, earlier punishments (3 years), being drunken and speeding in the accident situation. I% of age according all drivers and other % inside age groups (n=2184), (Salo and Keskinen, 2003)

15 Female drivers AGE / 24% 152 / 33% 162 / 35% 34 / 7% EARL.PUN. EAR.PUN. EARL.PUN. EARL.PUN. yes no yes no yes no yes no 22 / 20% 90 / 80% 45 / 30% 107 / 70% 43 / 27% 119/ 73% 4 / 12% 30 / 88% ALCO ALCO ALCO ALCO ALCO ALCO ALCO ALCO yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no % 15% 9% 71% 4% 26% 5% 65% 0,6% 26% 3% 70% 0% 12% 0% 88% SPD SPDI SPD SPD SPD SPD SPD SPD SPD SPD SPD SPD SPD SPD SPD SPD yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes % 3% 5% 9% 2% 6% 2% 9% 0% 2% 1% 6% 0% 0% 0% 0% no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no no ,9% 13% 5% 63% 2% 20% 3% 56% 0,6% 24% 2% 65% 0% 12% 0% 88% 03/09/2009 Car drivers in fatal accidents, Esko their age, Keskinen earlier punishments University (3 years), of Turku being drunken and speeding in the accident situation. I% of age according all drivers and other % inside age groups (n=460), (Salo and Keskinen, 2003)

17 Not only the SKILLS but also the WILL

18 What shall we do with the novice drivers?

19 GDE-model (Goals and Contents for Driver Education) (Hatakka, Keskinen, Glad, Gregersen, Hernetkoski, 2002) Knowledge and skills Risk-increasing factors Selfevaluation Goals for life, skills for living (general) Goals and context of driving (trip related) Mastery of traffic situations Vehicle manoeuvring Lifestyle, age, group norms, motives, selfcontrol, personal values Modal choice Choice of time Trip goals Social pressure Traffic rules Observation Driving path Communication Control of direction, position Tyre grip Physical laws Sensation seeking Group norms Complying to social pressure Use of alcohol Alcohol, fatigue Purpose of driving Rush hours Extra motives: competing Disobeying rules Information overload Unsuitable speed. Unsuitable speed Insufficient automatism Difficult conditions Risky tendencies Personal skills for impulse control Safety negative motives Planning skills Typical goals Typical risky motives Awareness of personal strengths and weaknesses Strong and weak points of basic manoeuvring

20 Knowledge and skills Essential curriculum Risk-increasing factors Selfevaluation Hierarchical levels of behaviour Goals for life and skills for living (general) Driving goals and context (journey-related) Mastery of traffic situations Vehicle manoeuvring Stefan Siegrist (Bfu), Hatakka, Keskinen, Glad, Gregersen, Hernetkoski, 2002

21 Knowledge and skills Essential curriculum Risk-increasing factors Selfevaluation Hierarchical levels of behaviour Goals for life and skills for living (general) Driving goals and context (journey-related) Mastery of traffic situations Vehicle manoeuvring Stefan Siegrist (Bfu), Hatakka, Keskinen, Glad, Gregersen, Hernetkoski, 2002

22 Drivers social skills in traffic SOSITA Esko Keskinen, Sirkku Laapotti, Ari Katila, Kati Hernetkoski ja Antero Lammi A LINTU-project

23 Social skills in traffic 1. prosocial behaviour - willingness to act prosocially - knowing the norms 2. prediction skills - prediction of others behaviour - making own behavior predictable 3. emotion skills - perceiving others emotions - expressing own emotions in an appropriate way - controlling the negative consequences of own emotions

24 Stradling & Meadows

25 Social skills in traffic 1. prosocial behaviour - willingness to act prosocially - knowing the norms 2. prediction skills - prediction of others behaviour - making own behavior predictable 3. emotion skills - perceiving others emotions - expressing own emotions in an appropriate way - controlling the negative consequences of own emotions

26 Stradling & Meadows

27 Self reported negativity concerning traffic safety and age of novice drivers (scale 1= no negativity ja 5=very neagtive) (Koskenpää 2008) Notice self selection of drivers. No effect of experience. 5,00 1 n e g a t i v i t y SummaLiikennekielt 4,00 3,00 2, , Age Ikä

28 Social skills in traffic 1. prosocial behaviour - willingness to act prosocially - knowing the norms 2. prediction skills - prediction of others behaviour - making own behavior predictable 3. emotion skills - perceiving others emotions - expressing own emotions in an appropriate way - controlling the negative consequences of own emotions

29 What about older drivers

31 SEVERELY OR FATALLY INJURED DRIVERS IN CAR TO CAR COLLISIONS. Peräaho & Keskinen, 2004 % ,4 66,8 82,9 61, ,4 38,9 Responsible Non-responsible

32 ALCOHOL, SPEEDING, NIGHT DRIVING: RESPONSIBLE DRIVERS Peräaho & Keskinen 2004 % ,0 38,8 46,4 35,2 Alcohol Speeding Night, dusk 30 26, ,5 22, ,2 5, n = 701 n = 706 n = 467

33 MORE LONG-TERM ILLNESSES AMONG RESPONSIBLE DRIVERS. Peräaho & Keskinen, 2004 % Responsible Non-responsible ,8 39,2 48,1 25,3 21,3 9,

34 Older drivers have problems in their COMPETENCE (health), but not in their motivation to behave safely They are also not a special risk for others in traffic but mainly for them selves

35 How about future

37 Japan 2007 IATSS

38 Japan 2007 IATSS

39 Swedish strategies for improving safety among young drivers Nils P. Gregersen, VTI, 2002

40 Citicens, decision makers, traffic safety and decision making process in 2006 Kati Hernetkoski, Esko Keskinen, Mika Hatakka and Ville Pitkänen University of Turku Department of Psychology Department of Political History, Centre for Parlament studies

41 Main finding Citizens and decision makers both were safety oriented e.g. in accepting safety increasing restrictions but decision makers thought that citizens would not be as safety minded as decision makers were and decision makers also thought that citizens were not as safety minded as citizens were in reality

42 Considering safety measures for drivers we have to take care of drivers skills, drivers motives, drivers competencies, decision makers knowledge and motives creating and affecting culture and values, regulations, environment and vehicles

43 Safe driving to you.

FATAL ROAD ACCIDENTS OF HEAVY GOODS VEHICLES IN FINLAND

FATAL ROAD ACCIDENTS OF HEAVY GOODS VEHICLES IN FINLAND TRANSBALTICA 2011 The 7 th International Conference May 5 6, 2011, Vilnius, Lithuania Selected papers ISSN 2029-2376 print / ISSN 2029-2384 online ISBN 978-9955-28-840-4 http://transbaltica.vgtu.ltt Vilnius