Introduction to Engineering Systems II EG 10112/ LED POV Display. Section 4, Group 3 Seemit Praharaj

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1 LED Display 1 Introduction to Engineering Systems II EG 10112/11112 LED POV Display Section 4, Group 3 Seemit Praharaj Aaron Crawfis Meaghan Frawley Sherryen Mutoka Emmett Wilmes

2 LED Display 2 Abstract Section 4, group 3 was asked to create a project, either a physical build or a purely computational model, that incorporates the use of a Graphic User Interface (GUI) through MATLAB. Wanting to create a physical build, group 3 decided to design an LED persistence of vision (POV) display. The phenomenon of persistence of vision occurs when light flashes too fast for the human eye to distinguish each pulse. If LED lights are moving at a high enough speed and blinking both quickly and successively, a message can be shown. Using this illusion, group 3 chose to build a POV display using a column with seven LEDs. The model was controlled by a GUI and its incorporated functions, which were both programmed in MATLAB. From the GUI, a user types in a specific message and sends the information to an arduino via a bluetooth modem. The arduino receives the MATLAB information, interprets it, and rapidly blinks the LEDs to create each character in the message. Through persistence of vision, the blinking LEDs make a single static message. Throughout the design and testing process, minor adjustments had to be made to correct software glitches and hardware problems such as an uneven distribution of weight in the model. By the completion of the project, the display was functional and the design statement was met by group 3.

3 LED Display 3 Introduction Group 3 chose to build a rotating model that utilizes persistence of vision to display a user inputted message to an audience. The phenomenon of persistence of vision occurs when a light flashes too fast for the human eye to distinguish each pulse. The same concept enables film to trick the eye into perceiving fluid motion. In film, frames are flashed at an incredibly high rate. This gives the appearance that motion is occurring before the human eye because it cannot distinguish between the collection of thousands of still images. The group took advantage of their knowledge of this phenomena and incorporated it into their LED persistence of vision display. The group knew that if LED lights were moving at a high enough speed and blinking both quickly and successively, a static message could be displayed to a viewer. The group began the design process with a design statement that would provide guidelines for the entire project. The design statement was: Construct an electronic LED display to show a user defined message created and transmitted through a MATLAB GUI. Requiring both a complex physical build, as well as a various scripts and a user friendly GUI, the project was nothing short of a challenge. The group chose to use a mount a piece of wood containing the electronics on a box fan motor for their physical model. As for the computational part of the project, a user can input a message in the MATLAB GUI. Next, underlying functions interpret the message and then send it to an arduino on the rotating box fan display. The message is transformed into the blinking of LEDs to result in a static demonstration. This complete process is described in detail in Computation.

4 LED Display 4 Group 3 s project went through multiple different physical and computational design modifications. The group noticed that the rotating arm attached to the motor spun at a dangerous speed. If someone unfamiliar with the build accidently went too close to the display while it was spinning he/she could be injured. So, for safety reasons, group 3 modified the box fan, re mounting the motor and allowing the arm to be placed inside the metal confines of the box fan frame. This modification was in the best interest of the user. Mathematical Equations Group 3 had to use various mathematical equations to calculate circumference, angular velocity, tangential velocity, and resistance. To compute the maximum number of pixels allowed to ensure that the message was not overlapping, the group had to first calculate the circumference of the rotating system. After taking measurements, circumference was calculated as shown in equation 1. Equation 1: Circumference To calculate the number of pixels, the circumference was divided by the width of a single LED. The group s LEDs had a diameter of 5 mm. Using this and the calculated circumference, the number of pixels was calculated in equation 2. Equation 2: Pixels Group 3 used the number of pixels calculated to determine an estimate of the number of characters that could be inputted into the GUI and displayed clearly by the model. The number

5 LED Display 5 of pixels was divided by 6, for there are six columns of LEDs per character. The calculation follows in equation 3. Equation 3: Characters To find the minimum speed that the LED lights should be spinning, group 3 used the angular velocity equation in conjunction with the equation for tangential velocity. In order to perform this calculation, the group needed to approximate the frequency at which the box fan should spin in order to clearly display a message. The group estimated that with the wood board, electronics, battery, counterweight, and arduino board all attached to the rotating motor, the fan needed to spin at about 2 rotations per second. The angular velocity is calculated in equation 4. Equation 4: Angular Velocity The group then used this answer as well as the previously measured radius of m to calculate the tangential velocity of the rotating system in equation 5. Equation 5: Tangential Speed In order to achieve this velocity, the group found it best to use the fan on the highest speed setting at all times. Testing proved the fan was fast enough to display an image. A reed switch, discussed later in more detail, was used to sync the message with the rotating display.

6 LED Display 6 The last calculation the group performed determined the resistance needed to make sure the LEDs did not receive too much current. A 9 volt battery was used in the model to power the arduino board. The arduino takes 9v and steps it down to 5 volts. The LEDs purchased needed.022 amps to operate at full brightness. Therefore, the needed resistance supplied by the resistors is calculated in equation 6. Physical Build Equation 6: Resistance To accomplish the goal of creating an LED POV display, the group had to focus a great deal of time on their physical build. The group used a box fan motor to create the rotating display. The actual square apparatus was utilized as a stable base. A wooden arm containing the electrical portion was attached to the motor. Conveniently, this motor rotated at a high enough velocity to clearly display the inputted message. Furthermore, LEDs were soldered to a prototype board (proto board), which was then attached one end of the wooden arm on the box fan motor. Table 1 lists all of the parts and costs associated with the physical build.

7 LED Display 7 Table 1: Parts List Item Unit Cost (USD) Quantity Total Cost (USD) Proto Board Blue LEDs Ω Resistors Green LEDs Yellow LEDs Power Cord v Battery Arduino Box Fan Poster Board Slide Switch Reed Switch Total When construction began, the group noticed that not only did the fan spin the wrong way, but also, the display would be dangerous without modifying the design to contain the spinning parts within the metal frame. To combat the first setback, the group disassembled the motor, reversed the axle, and remounted the motor backwards. To overcome the second obstacle, the group flipped the display over, lowered the motor into the box fan, and added legs to the frame. As described above, it was necessary to place the horizontal arm below the metal sides of the of

8 LED Display 8 the box fan because the group felt it was too dangerous for the arm to rotate freely without an enclosure. After these changes were made, an arm was created to mount the microcontroller and proto board containing the LEDs to the fan. After cutting the fan blades off, the group screwed a light piece of wood into the rotating plastic disk. The LEDs, bread board, battery, reed switch, bluetooth modem, and arduino were mounted on this wood board The side view of the group s final physical build is shown in figure 1. Figure 1: Physical Build Side View As shown in figure 1, a proto board was placed vertically on a wood block screwed into one end of the arm. The LEDs and resistors were soldered to this proto board. Wires were then soldered and connected to the arduino to allow communication between the hardware. Blue wires powered the five flashing LEDs and red wires powered the two border LEDs that always remained on. The arduino controlled the flashing of the LEDs. This process is described in more detail in the Computation.

9 LED Display 9 A breadboard housed a bluetooth modem, which allowed communication between MATLAB and the arduino. Due to the spinning nature of the display a USB connection would not be practical nor functional. Figure 2 below shows the schematic of the electronics used in the project. Figure 2: Electronics Schematic A reed switch was used to sync the display to the rotation of the box fan. Able to detect magnetic impulses, the reed switch received signals from a magnet that placed on the interior of the metal cage. This mechanism allowed the group to control the starting point of a message, as well as sync the message to the motion of the display. A slide switch was added to make turning

10 LED Display 10 off and storing the display more efficient. If the switch was not used, the arduino would always remain powered on and thus drain the attached battery. After all the electro mechanical parts were attached to the rotating arm, it needed to be counterbalanced to achieve the greatest amount of RPMs. Without a properly balanced rotating arm the message was displayed choppily due to insufficient angular speed. In addition, disproportionate weight caused the box fan frame to shake violently. Screws and nuts along the necks of the screws were placed in the rotating arm in order to balance the distribution of weight. After much trial and error, the counterweight was correct and a smooth message was displayed. Lastly, black construction paper was placed around the outside of the display to allow the message to stand out more clearly to the viewer. Overall, the physical build was a success and ran smoothly on demonstration day. Computation To create, transfer, and process user defined messages both C and MATLAB were implemented into the final build to accomplish the design statement. The computational process begins on a computer with MATLAB, which takes user input and converts it into an array of numbers. The computer then sends the information to the arduino, which controls the LEDs. (See Figure 3) Figure 3: Overview of Data Handling The MATLAB GUI tool accepts input from the user in an editable text box.. The group designed a MATLAB GUI that was user friendly and showed how the message would look like

11 LED Display 11 in the physical build. The GUI tool is shown in figure 4 below. Following the input from the user, a function, created by group 3, takes the text from the editable text box and converts each letter into a matrix of ones and zeros (Figure 5). The GUI then takes this matrix and displays it scrolling across the axes as shown in Figure 4 below. Figure 4: Matlab GUI Figure 5: String to Matrix Conversion When the user presses the Send button in the top left portion of the GUI, a second function takes the generated matrix and flattens it out column by column (Figure 6). When the user presses the Connect button, the computer connects to the bluetooth modem on the physical build and sends it the flattened matrix. Conversely, the Disconnect button disconnects the bluetooth from the computer. The connection state is shown directly above the push buttons in a static text box.

12 LED Display 12 Figure 6: Matrix to Array Conversion Using the programming language C, the arduino was programmed to wait until a full message is received from the computer. Once the bluetooth modem receives the information wirelessly, it directs that information via a serial connection to the arduino as depicted in figure 7 below. Storing the information as an array, the arduino turns on the LEDs corresponding to the ones and zeros in the stored array. The message is repeated every time the arduino receives an input from a trigger, the reed switch, once every revolution. Figure 7: Data Transmission Once the message is displayed for a defined period of time, the arduino resets itself and begins to once again wait for input from the bluetooth modem. All stored information is cleared from the memory. The user can then choose to resend the previous message or create and send a new message.

13 LED Display 13 Error Throughout the building and coding of the project, different sources of error and technical problems appeared. Physical constraints placed limitations on group 3 s build, changing the entire design course. Programming glitches rendered characters incorrectly, and hardware failure required the group to purchase new parts. However, all problems were handled by the group. Hardware Limitations Before the final design was built, the group planned on coding the entire project in MATLAB, using bluetooth to send every single command to the arduino. The plan was for the MATLAB GUI to control everything. However, the bluetooth modem only operated at a max speed of 9600 baud (9600 pieces of data sent over the serial communications every second). Through testing, the group determined relaying every command was much too slow for the display to operate at the required minimum speed. To combat this problem, the group decided to write a program for the arduino to receive the encoded message before displaying it, and decode and operate the display without MATLAB. In doing so, the group needed to learn the programming language C to control the arduino. Although similar to MATLAB in many ways, some problems did arise. Despite the steep learning curve, the group produced a functional arduino program and enabled it to operate fast enough. Software Glitches

14 LED Display 14 While testing the final build, a few different software bugs were discovered. When testing every letter of the alphabet, the group discovered certain letters, although coded correctly, displayed differently on the model. Some letters, including M and K did not look true to form. If group 3 was given more time, they would have been able to fix these glitches, however, with limited time, the group was not able to correct this issue. While working to remedy these glitches, the group s testing process led to hardware failure. A computational modification to the underlying function was also needed to allow more characters to be displayed on the final design. Due to memory constraints of the microcontroller (arduino), messages of only ten characters could be sent at a time. If a message exceeded those bounds only part of the message would be displayed. To allow the user to input a message of longer length, the code controlling the arduino was modified. Hardware Failure While performing tests on the display, the group left the box fan on for an extended period of time. After over ten minutes of continuous rotation, a burning smell started emanating from the fan. By the time the group discovered the problem, the fan s motor had been ruined. Another fan had to be purchased to replace the broken one. Luckily, the group had enough room in their budget to overcome this setback. Reflection and Conclusion There are several ways in which group 3 felt they could have improved their final project. One possible way to improve the LED POV display would be to add more rows of LEDs. Because only seven rows of LEDs were used to produce the message, the text was not very large and possibly hard to see from far away. Increasing the number of LED rows would enhance the

15 LED Display 15 visual experience for the audience of the display. Another way to make the display more aesthetically pleasing would be to use LEDs of various colors or LEDs that can change colors. This would further enrich the appearance of our project. One other area of improvement would be to create moving text on the display. This feature would be an exciting addition and would make the model more eye catching and lively. Group 3 s project did not rely heavily on complex physics or differential equations. For this reason, there were no testing results besides ensuring that the final product performed as the group expected. Throughout the design process the group relied on previous knowledge about manipulating arrays through MATLAB. There was no method for improving formulas as we designed the project since a small set of MATLAB functions controlled the entire project Additionally, there were no major assumptions about the computational or physical aspects of the build. The final product was a success. Figure 8 shows a portion of a displayed message. The user was able to input message of a reasonable length in the GUI and the result was displayed through the LEDs on the rotating arm of the physical build. The LED POV worked as the group intended. Just as the design statement said, group 3 incorporated MATLAB functions and a physical build to create a static message inputted by a user using a MATLAB GUI.

16 LED Display 16 Figure 8: Displayed Message References 1. "Persistence of Vision." Princeton University, Web. 12 Feb < 2. Edridge Green, F. W. "Persistence of Vision." Nature 155 (1945): Howard, Scott. Office Hours. February 2014.

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