CHAPTER 11: COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN MIDDLE CHILDHOOD

Transcription

1 Middle Childhd Cgnitive & Scial & Emtinal 1 CHAPTER 11: COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN MIDDLE CHILDHOOD Piaget saw as a majr cgnitive turning pint frm preperatinal thinking t mre advanced peratinal thught. Many cntemprary researchers see a majr transitin at abut. CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE Children can nw perfrm (e.g., reversibility) Majr accmplishment = Overcme centratin: Overcme. Lgical thinker f specific. Increase in. Increase in infrmatin-prcessing capacity Cntrl ver attentin & memry Cgnitive Limitatins That Remain Include: limited difficulty applying recently acquired skills (mnemnic strategies) an inability t reasn abut, hypthetical prblems prblems must be. PIAGET vs. INFORMATION PROCESSING Piaget believes that there is a in children s ability t reasn lgically. Qualitative change: a cmpletely new system f lgic.

2 Middle Childhd Cgnitive & Scial & Emtinal 2 Infrmatin Prcessing Therists argue that changes are a result f Quantitative change: Implicit uncnscius use f rule. Cnservatin f Number Task: 3 yrs: 6 yrs: Infrmatin Prcessing Thery Develpment f Prblem Slving Rules 7 yrs: MEMORY ABILITIES DEVELOPMENT OF BASIC MEMORY PROCESSES Shrt term memry imprves Increase in efficiency: mnemnics and autmaticity Increases in capacity 5 year lds digit span = 4 7 year lds digit span = 5 9 year lds digit span = 6 Adults digit span = 7 Increase in Cgnitive inhibitin Rbbie Case Strage space Operating space

3 Middle Childhd Cgnitive & Scial & Emtinal 3 Dmain specific knwledge (expertise): Memry & Grwth f General Knwledge Chi (1978): Nvice Adults vs. 10 y.. children experts. Remembering 10-digit lists vs. reprducing chess psitins. Randm Chess Psitins = N meaning fr experts Actual Chess Psitins = have meaning fr expert chess players Semantic Memry Cnstructive memry: influence n recall accuracy MNEMONIC STRATEGIES Mnemnic strategies Rehearsal Intentinal, gal-directed behavirs designed t imprve memry. The mnemnic strategy f Organizatin The mnemnic strategy f Elabratin The mnemnic strategy f creating a Children begin t use these strategies cnsistently at abut Serial Psitin Effect - Rundus (1971) Recency Effects Primacy Effects

4 Middle Childhd Cgnitive & Scial & Emtinal 4 A Develpmental Trend: Ornstein, Naus, & Liberty (1975): primacy effect recency effect Des training help? Memry Strategies: Researchers have identified 3 types f deficiencies in children s use f memry strategies. Mediatin deficiencies Prductin deficiencies Utilizatin defitiencies MNEMONIC STRATEGIES Children > 7 yrs will initiate sme activity t imprve recall Why use f strategies with age? direct teaching in schl indirect learning general knwledge f the wrld metamemry Metamemry: METACOGNITION: Once children realize mnemnic strategies imprve recall, they are mre likely t use them. Many 5- and 6-year-lds can think f nly ne strategy; lder children think f mre. Flavell, Friedrichs, & Hyt (1970)

5 Middle Childhd Cgnitive & Scial & Emtinal 5 Individual Differences in Intelligence Reliability Test-Retest: Intelligence: Psychmetrics Validity Cnstruct Validity: Predictive Validity: Standardizatin Intelligence Testing First intelligence test by Binet. Revised as the Stanfrd-Binet. Wechsler scales nw mre widely used. Intelligence Qutient: Alternatives t standard IQ tests/definitins Academic intelligence: BROADENING THE DEFINITION OF INTELLIGENCE Gardner s Thery f Multiple Intelligences Sternberg's Triarchic Thery

6 Middle Childhd Cgnitive & Scial & Emtinal 6 Explaining IQ Differences There is evidence fr bth genetic and envirnmental influences n IQ. The hereditary influence invlves many genes. Reactin range Stability f IQ increases with age. The Stability f IQ By elementary schl years, intelligence tests seem t measure relatively stable aspects f cgnitive functining. As children grw lder, IQ tests becme increasingly gd predictrs f adult IQ. Hw Meaningful Are IQ Scres? Ever since IQ scres were intrduced, peple have debated their value. The cntrversy centers n issues f and the questin f just what an IQ scre can. Cultural bias can affect IQ tests many ways: language fluency knwledge f cultural references cultural differences in definitins f intelligence setting in which test is given Steretype Threat T vercme prblems f culture bias, sme psychlgists have tried t develp IQ tests that are: culture-free culture-fair Attempts t develp these have nt generally succeeded. IQ tests ffer effective cmparisns within the same culture r subculture.

7 Middle Childhd Cgnitive & Scial & Emtinal 7 What IQ Scres Can Predict Predictive Validity: In general, IQ tests are fairly gd predictrs f Childhd IQ may predict lng-term success in ccupatins that require abstract thught. Adult IQ scres are gd predictrs f success in

8 Middle Childhd Cgnitive & Scial & Emtinal 8 MORAL DEVELOPMENT The prcess by which an individual cmes t understand what sciety accepts as right and wrng. THEORIES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT Cgnitive Theries: emphasis n mral reasning & related t cgnitive develpment. Mral develpment depends n: There are 2 majr cgnitive therist: Piaget s Cgnitive Thery f Mral Develpment Piaget used 2 methds t study Mral Dev: Questins pertaining t rules invlved in playing games: Stages f Rule Develpment: Children Playing Games Preschlers: Age 6: Age 10: Mral Dilemmas A: Jhn accidentally breaks 15 cups while respnding t his mm s call t dinner. 15 cups were n a tray n a chair behind the dr. B: Henry tried t get sme jam ut f the cupbard while his mm was nt hme. He climbed n a chair and stretched his arm but culd nt reach the jam. But while ding this he kncked ne cup ver and it brke.

9 Middle Childhd Cgnitive & Scial & Emtinal 9 Respnses t Mral Dilemmas: Which by is naughtier? First stage: Mral Realism (< 10 yrs) bjective visible cnsequences f an act. Secnd Stage: Mral Relativism (10 yrs +) The mtives r intentins f the persn are cnsidered. Decreasing egcentrism Interactin with peers Parents pinting ut cnsequences f child s actins Evaluating Piaget s Thery

10 Middle Childhd Cgnitive & Scial & Emtinal 10 SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT MIDDLE CHILDHOOD PEER POPULARITY & ACCEPTANCE MEASURING PEER ACCEPTANCE Scimetric Nminatin: Scimetric Rating Scales: Peer Status: Ppular Rejected Neglected Cntrversial WHAT CHARACTERISTICS ARE RELATED TO POPULARITY? Characteristics f ppular children Entry Int An Unknwn Grup: Kenneth Ddge Characteristics f unppular children Rejected Neglected

11 Middle Childhd Cgnitive & Scial & Emtinal 11 BULLIES AND CHILDREN WHO ARE CHRONICALLY VICTIMIZED BY THEIR PEERS Apprximately f children fall int each f these categries. A number f studies have dcumented amng middle-schl aged children. Schwartz, Ddge, and Cie (1993) unacquainted 6- and 8-year-ld bys wh interacted n 5 cnsecutive days CAN PEER STATUS BE IMPROVED? SOCIAL SKILLS TRAINING. It is thught that training in scial skills leads t increased peer acceptance in tw ways. The greatest bstacle t the success f scial skills training is ften? Encding Interpretatin Of Cues Kenneth Ddge s Five-Stage Mdel f Scial Cmpetence Respnse Search Prcess generate ne r mre ptential respnses nnaggressive rejected children may have prblem here Rabiner, Lenhart, & Lchman (1990) invke autmatic prblem slving invke reflective prblem slving Respnse Decisin Prcess Enactment Prcess