BASICS OF MAP DESIGN A-B. Dr. Ori Gudes

Transcription

1 BASICS OF MAP DESIGN A-B Dr. Ori Gudes

2 Outline of Presentation Maps and Cartography. Topographic vs. Thematic maps. Paper maps vs. Digital maps. Principles of Map Design. Practical Tips.

3 Maps and Cartography Cartography is the science and art of making maps The term map is used to describe digital or analog (soft- or hardcopy) output from a GIS that shows geographic information using wellestablished cartographic conventions.

4 Topographic vs. Thematic Maps Topographic maps show all natural (rivers, ridges) and man-made (roads, buildings) geographic features on a terrain (i.e., topography). Thematic maps reflects a particular theme, for example political, cultural or agricultural features of an area.

5 Topographic vs. Thematic Maps

6 Paper Maps vs. GIS Maps

7 Principles of Map design

8 Principles of Map design Purpose Typically, a map does not have more than one purpose. Audience Who will be reading your map? Size, scale, and media The physical size of a map relative to the geographic extent shown on the map. Focus Refers to where the designer wants the map reader to first focus. Integrity Cross validating some of your information. Balance How does your map look on the page or screen? Completeness Use of basic map elements, which is the subject of the next presentation (ESRI, 2007).

9 Classification Schemes

10 Examples

11 Making maps more readable 1. Using transparency to show more than one phenomena. 2. Converting labels to annotation for customisation. 3. Use of colours ( and meanings attributed to them. 4. Providing context and extra information with inset maps. 5. As a general rule, the typical user is unable to differentiate between more than seven (plus or minus two) ordinal categories and have a tendency to look at the maps from upper left corner to lower right. 6. Mimicking or creating special effects may cost you time and a cluttered map.

12 Examples

13 Elements of a Map 1. Map body 2. Legend 3. Title 4. Scale 5. North arrow 6. Preview map 7. Other elements (grid etc;)

14 Layout Component

15 Basic map design Inset map Scale Author North Arrow Map Body Data Source Title Grid Legend Projection 15 Tuesday, 9 August 2016

16 Map Layout examples Map layout example 1: This map (the shape of the mapped area is based on a composition of satellite images) has a neutral grey background. This grey background unites the marginal information to the mapped area evokes the impression that no disturbing 'gaps' occur in the layout, yet the map remains transparent. A good example of an informal balance. Map type: Frame map in combination with Bleeding edge. 16 Tuesday, 9 August 2016

17 Map Layout examples Map layout example 2: This map is an standard example of a topographic map. Notice the typical symmetric balance in a frame type of map layout. 17 Tuesday, 9 August 2016

18 Map Layout examples Map layout example 3: This is a typical design problem. How to represent an area with a strong one directional stretched out shape, like The Gambia or Chili. Easy solution is to represent the area more times containing related themes!! 18 Tuesday, 9 August 2016

19 Map Layout examples Map layout example 4: A very good example of uniformity. Orientation has been the leading guide for this design and has been carried though to the extreme: All maps: slanted All marginal information slanted items: All legend components: slanted All text: Italic Result: coherency 19 Tuesday, 9 August 2016

20 Map Layout examples Map layout example 5: The Solomon Islands area widely spread out in the South Pacific Ocean. Here a great number of extension insets have been used to map the entire country. A location map displays the true geographical position. This map is a good example of the map type: bleeding edge map 20 Tuesday, 9 August 2016

21 Map Layout examples Map layout example 6: A typical example of a very bad map design and layout. The mapped area should cover approx % of the paper size. This example has even less that 35% mapped area coverage. The distance from the lower legend items to the mapped area is far too remote to make any sensible relation. Possible solutions: Choose different scale Reduce the extensive legend by generalizing the thematic content 21 Tuesday, 9 August 2016

22 Map Layout examples Map layout example 7: Sometimes creativity in layout leads to interesting points of view. The world represented upside down shows clearly that the majority of the landmass is on the Southern hemisphere (according to this map)?! 22 Tuesday, 9 August 2016

23 Map Layout, final note Final note: Those who have studied these slides should be aware that the information obtained should be an incentive for further exploring the possibilities of text and map layout. Each map is unique and requires its' own unique layout (with the exception of map series). Imagination and artistic feeling are beyond doubt of paramount importance to achieve this goal. I hope the preceding slides contribute to create suitable, interesting and complete designs. 23 Tuesday, 9 August 2016

24 Adding Cartographic Elements to the Map - Demo in Class

25 Adding a Reference System (GRID) There are three types of reference systems you can add in ArcMap: Intersecting lines that show location using geographic coordinates (degrees of latitude and longitude). Graticule measure grid: Intersecting lines that show location using projected (x,y) coordinates. References grid: A grid of lines that divides a map into a specified number of rows and columns; the row and column labels often identify locations listed in a map index. For example like A1, B2 etc; The map on the left includes a graticule to allow readers to locate features by their latitude and longitude coordinates. The map on the right uses a simple reference grid to help readers find map features.

26 Adding a Grid to the Map - Demo in Class

27 Exporting Maps

28 Exporting Map - Demo in Class

29 Exporting Maps to PDF

30 Exporting Map to PDF- Demo in Class

31 Web Cartographic Resources (Colour Brewer) (Ask a Cartographer) apevaluationguidelines.pdf (Map Evaluation Guidelines) Visit ArcGIS Online to discover maps produced by ArcMap Designing Better Maps: A Guide for GIS Users / /qid= /sr=8-2/ref=sr_8_xs_ap_i2_xgl14/ ?v=glance&s=books&n=507846

32 Review Visually, the map body should be the most prominent element on the map. The main elements of a map are the map body, legend, title, scale, north arrow, and the inset map. Maps can also contain other elements such as graticules, text boxes, charts, graphics, and images. You can modify the properties of all the elements in a layout to suit your needs. ArcMap gives you tools to organise and arrange the elements so that a map is easy to read. To increase the information conveyed by a map and to make a map more readable, you can adjust layer transparency, convert labels to annotation, and add a reference system. To improve a map's visual balance, you can add graphic elements such as borders and text boxes.

33 Review 6 Cs of a map (Wheaton, 2011) 1. Colourful - (able to distinguish key features and the patterns, but not cluttered). 2. Creative - (but not confusing). 3. Correct (all information provided in the map should be correct). 4. Context - (location, coordinates, projections, scale, orientation, setting). 5. Convincing - (fits to purpose and conveys the message). 6. Consistent - (connection and consistency between all map elements logic, graphic and typography). Follow the principles introduced in this workshop, ask your colleagues to comment on your maps, and do a little research on maps with the similar theme before/during your map design. KISS... Wheaton, Joe, Advanced GIS Courses, retrieved at 01/05/2012 from ESRI, 2007, Basics of map making, retrieved at 01/05/2012 from Acknowledgement: Thanks to Dr John Hayes from QUT for the materials and ideas used in this presentation

34 Thank you