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1 ..,.. I, II III 2008

2 : - I, II III /..,... : -, ISBN ( ),,,,. : - ; III ; - I, II, III ; -, III; ; -,, «-», c.. ISBN ,.., 2008, 2008.,

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182 13.,. 11 ),, ; ),, - -. ),,. 182

183 8., (EFNTD) EFNTD,,, ( )., ( ), EFNTD - -.,, -,,, ( ), -. -, -,,. ( ) -, ( ) -., (,,, ) N+2, (15) N,

184 - ( ).,,. -,,,, ,, -, - (VT). (PT) (, ),.. -. : ) ; ) ; ) ; ) ) ;, L, Y X,. -,. -,,. -. -, ( ) -, ( - ). 184

185 , (,,,VT) 5 2..,, 50, 5.,, 5., -, -, - 90 ± , ,,, ( ) - ( ) : ) 300±50 ; ) : 1) ; 2) ; 3), ; 4)

186 8.4.3.,, -,,, -, : ) ; ) ; ) ; ) ; ) ) ;. ( / ),.,, -.,, ,,. 300 ± ± ,,.,,,, : ) ; ) ; ) ; 186

187 ) ) ;., ,

188 9. III 9.1. III III : ;, -,, - ; ;, III - - ;, : ),, ; ), - ; II,,. 30 III.,. - : ( - ).. -, [28]. 188

189 III

190 -, 10., -, -.,,,,,. 10, - -,, 5.. III : 3 ; 4. 3,5.,, III -. III -, III. : N = 0,5 N A + 0,5 N B, %, (16) N ; N A ; N B. 190

191 . - III , -, -. : NG1 NG2 NG N 3, %, (17) 3 N ; N G1 1 ( ); N G2 2 ( ); N G3 3 ( ). -, I, II, III SNT-TC-AM, EN 473,, ISO 9712, NORDTEST -, -. SNT-TC-IA ( ),, ( - ). EN 473, NORDTEST, ,,.. : ) SNT-TC-IA MIL-Standart 60-, - 191

192 80- ; ) -, ; ) (, -, - - ). ( )., «written practice» - -,..,, - III. -,,, -,., III. - III - I II ANSI CP ( ),,. -,,. EN , - - «( - )». - (, - DAR),

193 EN c,. - c -,.. ( «written practice»),.,, -,..., (DGZfP), - SECTOR Cert., EN 473, -,,. -, -.,,, -,. «-». -, - - (,,, )., EN , : ; - ( ).. - -, - 193

194 . -,, - ( - ). -, : ; ;, ; -, ;., - ( ).,.. SNT-TC-IA, III -, -. III,. EN 473, - - III,. -, ;,,.,,. I II -, III. EN 473, ISO 9712 NORDTEST, - SNT-TC-IA, -, -. EN 473,, -,. EN 473 (, ), - (, ). COFREND ( ) -,, - 194

195 ,,. PCN ( - ),,,,. - : (,, - ),,,. -, CEN -138 ( ). -,,. SNT-TC-IA : ; ;. NORDTEST EN 473 ISO 9712., III :, I II -. (RT): R-1 ; R-2 ; R-3 ; R-4,. (UT): U-1 ; U-2 ; U-3 ; U-4. ( ): -1, ; -2. -, ( ),. 195

196 I. SNT-TC-IA I - -, -. EN 473, I, - - II III. - :,, -. - I II. SNT-TC-IA EN 473, II, - I II, I, -. III, SNT-TC-IA EN 473,, SNT-TC-IA, III. -,, :,, - ; III. EN 473. ( ), ( ) ( ) - ( )

197 I II -, - III.,. EN 473 ( ), ( ) - ( )., -, -.,,. EN I II. -,, , I II I II, 197 (, ),, -.

198 SNT-TC-IA, I II, : ; ( ). EN 473, - -. EN 473 SNT-TC-IA , I II I II SNT-TC-1A EN473 SNT-TC-IA EN RT UT LT (.) SNT-TC- IA I EN SNT-TC- IA II EN RT UT LT

199 -, III 16 - (, ) -, - 4 II III III.,. EN 473 -, : -, ( ) (. 17);, ( 1, 2 ) (. 18). 17 III ( EN 473), ; 199 II 60 ( EN 473) ( - )

200 Nb : Nb = 0,5 n + 0,5 nb, (17) Nb ; n ; nb. 70 % Nb 80 %. N : N =(nc1+nc2 + nc3)/3, (18) N ; nc1 C1; 2 2; nc3. 70 % N 80 %.,,. SNT-TC-IA III (. 19): (, ); ;. - I II. 19 III ( SNT-TC-IA) 1 SNT-TC-IA 15 1 b 20 1 II b

201 EN 473, -, -, I II, - ( ). SNT-TC-IA. -. EN 473,,,, -. ( ) , I II III SNT-TC-IA 3 5 EN : ; ; ; I II. EN 473,,,,,.. SNT-TC-IA

202 EN : ; ( 1 ),. 21, 3 5 SNT-TC-IA R R EN 473 R R.,.. - ; R,.. -. EN 473 ( - ) - - : ) I II :. ) 80 %, ; III :, 20 5 EN 473, -. EN 473,. 202

203 SNT-TC-IA : ;, - III ( ). EN 473,.., -. : I II -, 50 %,..,. - - ; -, ; -, ; 10,, -., I II - ;, ; -,. -.,,. EN 473-5, : 1) -, - ( 5 ); ; 2) -,

204 , -. EN 473 ISO ,,, AS ME, API-AI. -,,, (, - ISO ). EN 473: : ), I, II, III; ),, I, II, III; ) I, II, III; ). 2., I, : ) ; ) ; ) ; ). 3., I, : ) ; ) ; ) ; ) II? ). ). ). ). 204

205 5., II, : ) ; ) - ; ) ; ),. 6. III, : ), ; ), - ; ) ; ),. 7.? ). ) III. ). ) : ) I ; ) II ; ) III ; ),. 9. : ) ; ) ; ) ; ). 10. II : ), ; ), ; ),, ; ). 205

206 11. II, I, : ), I II ; ), II ; ) 6 ; ) II, : ) ; ) 25 %; ) 33 %; ),,. 13. II - -, : ) ; ) ; ) 25 %; ) 33 %. 14. : ) ; ) ; ) ; ). 15. I, II, III : ) ; ) ; ) ; ). 16. : ) ; ) ; ) ; ),. 206

207 17. II, : ) ; ) 5 %; ) 30 %; ). 18. I II - : ) ; ). 19. III,, (1),, (2): ) 1, 2 ; ) 1, 2 ; ) 1, 2 ; ) 1, II, : ) ; ) ; ) ; ). 21., I II, : ) 60 %; ) 90 %; ) 80 %; ) 70 %. 22., 70 % 80 %, : ) ; ) ; ) ; ). 207

208 23., : ) - ; ) ; ) ; ),. 24.,, : ) 3 ; ) 5 ; ) 4 ; ), : ) - ; ) - ; ) - ; ) II : ) ; ) ; ) ; ),. 27. II, -, : ) ; ) ; ) ; ). 28. II, -, : ) ; ) ; ) ; ),. 208

209 29.,? ) -. ) -. ). ). 30., -? ). ) -. ). ). 31., : ) ; ) ; ) ; ). 32. III. II : ) ; ) ; ) ; ). 33. II - 71 % 73 % -., : ) 80 %; ) 82 %; ) 88 %; ) 90 %. 34. : ) ; ) ; ) ; ). 209

210 / 1, ( ) «0 50/170» , ,, I º I «-»

211 2 ( ) : 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) , -,,.,,. -,, ,, ,. -, 211

212 ., - 20 %. -. : - - ; /3,. 5, -,, - 1 3, ;,. -.,, ,, 10 %. - -., - -,., 25 %, : 212

213 1) ( ); 2) ; 3) ( ); 4) % -.,,, ( ) , -., , - ( )., ( - ) (, ) : 1) ; 2) ; 3) ,,

214 , ,, -1-4, , , -,. 214

215 3 ( 10 2 ),... 3,... 12,... 5, , : , , ,,,. ( ) 1, :

216 216 4,,.,, : 1... n 1... n 1... n 1... n : ; ; ; : - (150 ) +60, (850 ) : - (150 ) (950 ) , 1 ; : : (250 ) (1000 ) : (200 ) ( ) 20 (1000 ),.

217 : (5 ) (1000 ) :, 5 %, (85 95 %), 95 %, ,,

218 (E/F) ( ), «1011 «1013 « «1021 «1023 «1024 : : 218

219 103 : «1031 «1033 « : «1051 «1053 « : «1061 «1063 «1064 ( ) 200, «2012, 219

220 5 «2013 « , ( ), 2024 ( ) : 220

221 «3012 ( ) « : «3021 «3022 « : «3041 «3042 «

222 5 :,, - ; ( ) - : 1) : 18442:, ISO 6520 : 1011; 2) - : 18442:, ISO 6520: 1063; 3) : 18442:, ISO 6520: 2017; 4), : 18442:, ISO 6520 : 3011; 5) : 18442:, ISO 6520 :

223 6 - ( ) - ( ) ( ) - -,, ( ) ( ) - - ( -, ) ( - ) 223

224 6 ( ) -,, - - ( - ) - ( ) - h h < c 224

225 (, ) 55 2., 40, % II 7., R Z magnaflux (U SKL LO, M SKC S, SKD S2) (II ) , ( ) 225

226 13. / : 1. (, ) ( ) (,, -, ): ( ). -. -,. - ( ) II , , , (.. ) (.. ) «15» TR 200, ( ) U-SKL-LO, M-SKC-S -SKD-S ,,,,,,

227 8 (, ) 55, -15 Magnaflux ( - )_ II ( 5 ) - I < 10 II III < 10 IV - : (.. ) : «15» (.. ) 227

228 9 ( ) - / , , , -, , -, , -, , -, , -,

229 , / , -, , , - - -,, - - -, «-»., -,

230 9 11 ( ), , , -, , , -, , ( «- - - )»

231 9 16 -, - - -, , , ( 1 )., , , «- - -»,

232 , - - -, - - ( ) -,,, , «- - -», , , ,

233 , - - -, «-. -», «- -», «-» , «- - -»,

234 c, , -., « »,

235 10 ( ) -, , , ,2 S, ,2 S, ,2 S, : ; , , ( ) 30, ,

236 : - 2,, ,, 2,. 236

237 11 ( ),,, -, -, -, -, ( ) - ( ) I II I II ( ) - 237

238 11 -,, , ,5 25 2, , ( - 1,0 ) 238

239 12, ( ) 1. 25, ( ) ( ). 2. -, : ( ); -, ; -, ,

240 , , 100, 2 3 0, , , , , , ,5 8. «-» -. 0,2 - ( ) -,.,, -, -. 4.,. 3,, -.

241 12 5. : ; ;. 6., ( ). 241

242 ( -1 ) 1., - ( ), ( -1 ) , -1 ;, ( ),, ,,

243 13,, ( )*,, , , , , , , , ,5 8 * ( ) : - ( -,, - ); - ( - );, - ( - - ) ,8,. 243

244 13 6. : ; ( ), ; ; ; ;

245 14,, ( ) 1. I 2-25, ( ). 2. -,, - -,. ( ) , ,8., 1,6,. 245

246 15, ( , ) ,,, -,,,,,, -.,., -,,,, ( ): - (,, - ); ( - );, - ( - - ); 246

247 15 ( ) ( );. -, (, ) - (, - ) , -,, -, ,. : ; ( ), ; (, ); ( ) ; ; ; ; ; (, );.,,

248 15 ( ) - - -, - - 0,12 + 0,6, 2 0,12 + 0,2, 2,5 1,5 D 25-2,0 D ,5 D 150 0,12 + 0,4, 1,6 (1, ), , , ,05 + 5, 8. -,,

249 16, ( ) , :, ( / 2 ), 1 0,07 (0,7) 2 3 2,5 (25) 2.5(25) 4 (40) 4 (40) 5 (50) 5 (50) 1,6 (16) 1,6 (16) 2,5 (25) 2,5 (25) 4 (40) 4 (40) 5 (50) 4 1,6 (16) 70, , , , 1-, , 1-249

250 16,, -., -, :,,,, ; ( ), ( - ); -, ;,,,, ; ( ); ; ;,.,,,

251 17 ( ) % , : 3.1. : , IS ( S, ); 60 4 ; ,, -, , 2 ( ) , ,

252 ,, ,.3,

253 ( ) - ( ) - ( ),, / 18 (,,,,, ) ( ), 2 - (,, ) ( -, - ), - ( - ) , ( ), , - II, III, IV II, III, IV II, III, IV II, III, IV II, III, IV II, III, IV II, III, IV ,0 20,0 24,0 30,0 6,0 9,0 15,0 11,0 15,0 18,0 22,0 4,5 7,0 11,0 7,5 10,0 12,0 15,0 3,0 4,5 7,5 3,0 + 0,05 ( 20) 3,0 + 0,05 ( 20) 3,0 + 0,05 ( 20) 3,0 + 0,05 ( 20) (10 % )+1,0 3,0 + 0,05 ( 20) 3,0 + 0,05 ( 20) 3,0 + 0,05 ( 20) 3,0 + 0,05 ( 20) 3,0 + 0,05 ( 20) 3,0 + 0,05 ( 20) (10 % )+1,0 3,0 + 0,05 ( 20) 3,0 + 0,05 ( 20) 253

254 , II, III, IV II, III, IV II, III, IV II, III, IV II, III, IV II, III, IV II, III, IV II, III, IV II, III, IV II, III, IV II, III, IV II, III, IV ,0 9,0 15,0 20,0 6,0 9,0 15,0 5,0 6,0 9,0 5,0 6,0 4,5 7,0 11,0 15,0 4,5 7,0 11,0 3,5 4,5 7,0 3,5 4,5 3,0 4,5 7,5 10,0 3,0 4,5 7,5 2,5 3,0 4,5 2,5 3,0 (10 % )+1,0 3,0 + 0,05 ( 20) 3,0 + 0,05 ( 20) 3,0 + 0,05 ( 20) (10 % )+1,0 3,0 + 0,05 ( 20) 3,0 + 0,05 ( 20) (10 % )+1,0 (10 % )+1,0 3,0 + 0,05 ( 20) (10 % )+1,0 (10 % )+1,0 (10 % )+1,0 3,0 + 0,05 ( 20) 3,0 + 0,05 ( 20) 3,0 + 0,05 ( 20) (10 % )+1,0 3,0 + 0,05 ( 20) 3,0 + 0,05 ( 20) (10 % )+1,0 (10 % )+1,0 3,0 + 0,05 ( 20) 10 % )+1,0 (10 % )+1, ( 50 ) 15 ( ) ( ) ( ). 254

255 19 (SHERWIN).. - ( +7 ),. -, -, -.,. 1.,,, ,,,,,. 4.,,.,, SHERWIN HI-TEMP. HI-TEMP, - HI-TEMP K019 HI-TEMP D ,,. HI-TEMP 17, HI-TEMP 19 HI-TEMP D350. :. 255

256 19,, -. -, -,,.,,,., -,. -.,, -,. -,,... ( -,.), -., 62,5...., ,, 256

257 ,

258 20 ( ) 2 Aa Ab Ac Ak ( - ),.. «-» 1 6 L 3d: d, h, ll, lt 0,1S, 2,5 ; 30 d, h, ll, lt 0,1S, 1,5 ; ll S, 30 ; 30 d, h, ll, lt 0,1S, 1,5 ; ll 0,5S, 12,5 ; 25-7 L 3d: d, h, ll, lt 2S, 2,5 L 5d: d, h, ll, lt 0,25S, 3 50 d, h, ll, lt 0,15S, 2 ; ll S, 30 ; 30 h, lt 0,1S, 1,5 ; ll 0,5S, 12,5 ; 25 d, h, ll, lt 0,1S, 1,5 ; ll 0,5S, 15 ; 30 8 L 3d: d, h, ll, lt 2S, 3 L 5d: d, h, ll, lt 0,25S, 3,5 50 d, h, ll, lt 2S, 2,5 ; ll 2S, 30 ; 50 h, lt 0,1S, 2 ; ll S, 15 ;

259 2 Ba Bb Bc Bd1 Bd h 0,1S, lt 2,5, ll 0,5S, 5 ; 30 1 d, h, lt 0,1S, 1 ; ll S, 15 ; 30 d, h, 0,1S, 1 ; ll, lt S, 12,5 ; 25 h 0,1S, 1,5 ; ll S, 15 ; h 0,1S, lt 3, ll 0,5S, 7 ; 30 d, h, lt 0,1S, 1,5 ; ll 2S, 25 ; 50 d, h, 0,1S, 1,5 ; ll, lt 0,5S, 12,5 ; 30 h 0,1S, 1,5 ; ll 2S, 25 ; 50 h 0,1S, 1,5 ; S 0,8 ( ) ll S, 30 ; 30 ( ) ll S, 30 ; 50 ( ) ( ) 259

260 2 Mw Da1 Da2 Da3 Db Dc d, h, ll 0,1S, 1,5 ; ll 3, L 50 ; - : ; >219 h 0,05S, 0,75 ; ll S, 12,5 ; 25 ll 2S, 30 ; 50 h 0,05S, 1 ; ll 2S, 12,5 ; 25 ll 2S, 25 ; d, h, ll 0,1S, 3 ; ll 6, L 50 ; : ; >219. h 0,05S, 0,75 ; ll S, 15 ; 30 ll 2S, 30 ; 50 h 0,05S, 1 ; ll 2S, 25 ; 50 h 0,1S, 2 ; ll 2S, 12,5 ; 25 ll 2S, 30 ; 30 h 0,05S, 1 ; ll S, 15 ;

261 2 Dc2 E Fa Fb Fc Fd 3 4 5, - - ( - ) ( ) h 0,05S, 0,75 ; ll S, 15 ; 15 h 0,1S, 1 ; ll S, 30 ; 50 h 0,2S, 2 ; ll 2S, 50 ; 100 h 3 ; ll 0,5S; 30 h 5 ; ll S; 50 h 0,1S, 0,5 ; ll 150 h 0,2S, 3 S>10 h 0,2S, 2 S

262 , 1/6, - Fa, Fc, Fd,. 3., 1/6,. 4., h 0,05S, 3, ,. 262

263 21 MIL-I-25135E,. - QPL-AMS-2644 ASTM E ASTM E EN ISO : EN ISO : EN ISO : EN DIN ISO 5817 DIN EN EN ,2 EN EN EN 1713 EN EN EN EN ,,, ( ) : :. 1:. 2:

264 21 EN EN ISO : - EN ISO : - EN ISO :. EN ISO , -. EN ISO 3059 EN 1956 EN 415E, ( ) ISO

265 , , ( ). 265

266 , , , , , ,

267 24 / 1 2 3,, ( ) -, Magnaflux, , , , , MAGNAFLUX, 267

268 25. - : 1. - ( ), 30.,. 2. (,,,, - 645, 647.) (,..) ,

269 ,,. 2. ( ). 3., 3 ( -,..) (,,,,,, ). 5., -. 6.,,. 7., ( ) ( ) -. 8., - (,, ) ( - ). 11. ( ) ,, (, - ). 269

270 , -,, , «-» - -. : ,,. -,, «-».,, -.. «-» «( )» 270

271 , - -,.. -, - -, :

272 , -,, ,,,, ( ) , , - -,, -, - -, - - -,

273 , - -, - -,, -, - -,, - -,, -, -, - -,

274 , - -, :,,, - -, -,, - - : -,,, -, -, - 274

275 , -, 38., , - -,, -, -, -, -, -,, - - -,,, -, 275

276 ,,,,, -,, -, -, -, -, -, - -,, -,, -, - - -, 276

277 ,, - -,, -,, -, -, (,,,,,,..), ,,, -.. : -,,,

278 , - -, -, -,, -,, -, ( ), - ( - ) 278

279 28 1 2,,, - 1.,,, ,,, -, -, - -, ,

280 , - 9., - -, ,,,, , - -, -, - 280

281 ,, - -,, -, -,

282 , , -, -,,, ,,, - -, -,,,,, - - -, - 282

283 ,,, - - -, - - -, -,, -, -,, 283

284 29 1. ( ),, ( ) 3., 4., 5., ( ) 6., 7.,, 8., Angstrom unit (A) a unit of length which may be express the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation, that is, light. One angstrom unit is equal to 0.1 nm (1 nm = 10 9 m) Visible light electromagnetic radiation in nm ( A) wavelength range Developing time in liquid penetrant examination, the elapsed time between the application of the developer and the examination of the part Drain time in liquid penetrant examination, that portion of the dwell time during which the excess penetrant or emulsifier drains from the part Emulsification time in liquid penetrant examination, the time that an emulsifier is permitted to remain on the part to combine with the surface penetrant prior to removal. Also called emulsifier dwell time Defect in liquid penetrant examination, a discontinuities whose indications violate specified acceptance criteria Contaminant any foreign substance present on the test surface or in the inspection materials which will adversely affect the perfomance of liquid penetrant materials Indication in nondestructive examination, of a discontinuity that requires interpretation to determine its significanse Interpretation in nondestructive examination, the determination whether indications are relevant or nonrelevant

285 10. ( ) 11., ( ) , ( ) 18., 29 Contrast in liquid penetrant examination, the difference is visibility (brightness or coloration)between an indication and the background False indication in nondestructive examination, an indication obtained through improper technique or processing Discontinuity an interruption which may be either intentional or unintentional in the physical structure or configuration of a part Evaluation in nondestructive examination, a review, following interpretation, of the indications noted to determine whether or not they meet the specified acceptance criteria Post-cleaning the removal of residual liquid penetrant examination materials from the test part after the penetrant examination has been completed Precleaning the removal of surface contaminants from the test part so that they will not interfere with the examination process Inspection visual examination of the test part after cjmpletion of the liquid penetrant processing steps Rinse the process of removing liquid penetrant examination materials from the surface of a test part by means of washing or flooding with another liquid, usually water Dip rinse in liquid penetrant examination, a means of removing excess penetrant in which the test parts are dipped into an agitated tank of water or other remover 285

286 19., 20.,,, 21., 22. ( ), 23., 24.,, 25.,, 26. -, Immersion rinse in liquid penetrant examination, a means of removing surface penetrant, in which the test part is immersed in a tank of either water or other remover Ptnetrant a solution of dye either visible or fluorescent, capable of entering discontinuities open to the surface Developer in liquid penetrant examination, a material that is applied to the test surface to accelerate bleedout and to enhance the contrast of indications Developer, wet (aqueous) suspendible in liquid penetrant examination, a suspension of developer particles in water Developer, soluble in liquid penetrant examination, a developer completely soluble in its carrier Developer, dry in liquid examination, a fine free-flowing powder used as supplied Developer, solvent in liquid penetrant examination, developer particles suspended in a nonaqueous vehicle prior to application Vehicle a liquid, either aqueous or nonaqueous, in which liquid penetrant examination materials are dissolved or suspended Wetting action the ability of a liquid to spread over and adhere to solid surfaces Solvent remover a liquid penetrant remover that is volatile liquid 286

287 (, - ) ,. 4. ( ) , ,,, ,,, , , ,.,.. 287

288 30 4 ( ). 9. -,. 288

289 1...,....: - /... :, :, /, / -, ,..,..,.. -., ,.. -..:, : / ,...:, : /.....:, : 5.. 1:. :. /..,.. -,.. ;.....:.., :, ,.. -..:, ,.. -..:, ,..,... :, ,.. - : :.., :...:..,

290 :., , :, :, ( ), -...: -, , -,, -,.., :, :.., Misak M.D., J. Coll. Sci., 1968, v. 27, 1, p Neumann A.W., Z. phys. Chem., 1964, Bd. 41, 5 6, ,..,, 1957,. 27, :.. - :

291 III:,,, // -., , : // -. :., , - : «-» // :., II : -, ( 1 )., -.., , -,, -., III , , , , /...: «-», ,.., - ECP (European certification process)

292 I, II III..., /16.. XEROX , , NATIONAL QUALITY ASSURANCE ISO 9001: ,.,.,

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