How space technology changed our view of the universe

Transcription

1 How space technology changed our view of the universe DIRBE all sky image, far-ir, credit: NASA COBE by Timo A. Stein Department of Physics, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway NTNU, Oct. 23, 2014 Space technology I - TTT4234 1

2 Outline BASICS Information carriers and their properties Planet Earth: its impact on our perspective of the universe THE SPACE REVOLUTION Beyond cold: catching the echo of the Big Bang The high-energetic universe: X-rays, particles and beyond PUSHING THE FRONTIER Q&A SESSION 2

3 A few remarks... This lecture is intended to give you an overview via examples and is by no means covering the subject(s) completely. If you have questions please raise them. However, very detailed ones should be kept for the Q&A session. I really appreciate feedback on the presentation. Get inspired! 3

4 BASICS 4

5 Information carriers and their properties The universe is almost perfect empty space (vacuum) Information can propagate via sound waves:... sub-atomic particles:?... electromagnetic waves: 5

6 Information carriers and their properties The universe is almost perfect empty space (vacuum) Information can propagate via sound waves: NO... sub-atomic particles: YES... electromagnetic waves: YES 6

7 Information carriers and their properties Sub-atomic particles: are the building blocks of nature travel below the speed of light have high energies (MeV-TeV) Examples:? 7

8 Information carriers and their properties Sub-atomic particles: are the building blocks of nature travel below the speed of light have high energies (MeV-TeV) Examples: Cosmic Ray airshower, credit: daviddarling.info Protons, electrons (β-particles), positrons, muons, helium nuclei (α-particles), neutrinos etc. 8

9 Information carriers and their properties Electromagnetic waves (EM): are waves and particles (photons) of the EM-field (classical vs. QM) governed by Maxwell s equation propagate with speed of light, which is finite (c ~ 3E8 m s -1 ) Telescopes are time-machines! 9

10 h: Planck s constant Information carriers and their properties Electromagnetic waves (EM): characterised by the following interlinked parameters: wavelength (λ), frequency (f), and photon energy (E) c = λ f and E = h f 10

11 Information carriers and their properties EM-spectrum: Visible spectrum of the sun from the ground credit: 11

12 Information carriers and their properties EM-spectrum: Visible light is just a tiny section of the EM-spectrum! credit: Wikipedia 12

13 Planet Earth: its impact on our perspective of the universe credit: NASA 13

14 Planet Earth: its impact on our perspective of the universe credit: ESA 14

15 Planet Earth: its impact on our perspective of the universe credit: buzzle.com credit: NASA credit: NASA 15

16 Earth s atmosphere & the EM spectrum credit: NASA 16

17 Earth s atmosphere & the EM spectrum Opacity of the atmosphere across the EM-spectrum: credit: NASA 17

18 Earth s atmosphere & the EM spectrum credit: NASA GSFC 18

19 Ground-based astronomy Radio and optical astronomy 100m radio telescope in Effelsberg, Germany, credit: MPIfR 8m optical VLT in Chile, credit: ESO 19

20 Ground-based astronomy Radio and optical astronomy Hydrogen radio line 1421 MHz all sky image, credit: NRAO/AUI Optical all sky image, credit: Axel Mellinger 20

21 THE SPACE REVOLUTION 21

22 Early adventures in space First image from space using V-2 rocket, 1946, credit: US Army replica of Sputnik-1 and Sergei Korolev, 1957, credit: NASA First, space race interests: Explorer-1 and W. v. Braun, 1958, credit: NASA + human space exploration + intercontinental missiles + satellite reconnaissance 22

23 Early adventures in space - remark To elaborate this topic several more lectures would be necessary now I will focus on astrophysical satellite missions and their results. 23

24 An extended view on the universe The sky can look very different in various wavelengths (= different physical mechanisms) 24

25 An extended view on the universe credits: National Astronomical Observatory Japan (left), AKARI (right) 25

26 An extended view on the universe credits: NRAO / NASA 26

27 An extended view on the universe Did you ever wonder how the sky looks like, in different parts of the EM-spectrum? 27

28 An extended view on the universe radio ground credit: NRAO/AUI 28

29 An extended view on the universe microwave satellite Ka band, credit: NASA WMAP 29

30 An extended view on the universe IR satellite credit: JAXA AKARI 30

31 An extended view on the universe NIR satellite 3.4 microns (blue), 12 microns (green), 22 microns (red), credit: NASA WISE 31

32 An extended view on the universe visible ground credit: Axel Mellinger 32

33 An extended view on the universe visible ground? credit: Axel Mellinger 33

34 An extended view on the universe visible ground our home: milky way galaxy credit: Axel Mellinger 34

35 An extended view on the universe X-rays satellite ROSAT, credit: MPE 35

36 An extended view on the universe gamma rays satellite credit: NASA Fermi 36

37 An extended view on the universe How were these images obtained? 37

38 Remember this slide? credit: NASA GSFC 38

39 Remember this slide? only possible via satellites credit: NASA GSFC 39

40 Satellite fleet and ground-based observatories across the EM-spectrum (selection) credit: NASA 40

41 Science showcases Let us have a look on a view examples... 41

42 Science showcases... how space technology has changed our view of the universe. 42

43 Science showcases Microwave cold and low-energy 43

44 Beyond cold: catching the echo of the Big Bang Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMB) credit: NASA GSFC 44

45 Beyond cold: catching the echo of the Big Bang Nobel Prize John C. Mather, George Smoot credit: NASA GSFC 45

46 Beyond cold: catching the echo of the Big Bang Planck launched 2009 credit: ESA 46

47 Beyond cold: catching the echo of the Big Bang credit: NASA 47

48 Beyond cold: catching the echo of the Big Bang Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) mission launched 1989 into LEO DMR 2006 John C. Mather, George Smoot FIRAS + DIRBE (often neglected) credit: NASA 48

49 Beyond cold: catching the echo of the Big Bang Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) mission launched John C. Mather, George Smoot FIRAS DMR credit: NASA 49

50 Beyond cold: catching the echo of the Big Bang What we learnt from COBE, WMAP, PLANCK etc.: Universe is flat Ingredients of the universe credit: ESA, NASA 50

51 Science showcases X-Rays and beyond hot and high-energy 51

52 The high-energetic universe: X-rays, particles and beyond XMM Newton, 1999 ROSAT 1990 Chandra, 1999 credit:esa credit:nasa AMS, 2010 all stationed in LEO Fermi, 2008 credit:dlr credit:nasa credit:nasa 52

53 The high-energetic universe: X-rays, particles and beyond Solar activity Gamma Ray Bursts credit: JAXA / Yohkoh credit: NASA / COMPTON Supernova creation of heavy elements Super-massive black holes and general relativity multiwavelength image composite credit: NASA credit: NASA, NuSTAR 53

54 The high-energetic universe: X-rays, particles and beyond Bullet cluster: direct evidence for dark matter red: X-ray Chandra blue: visible mass distribution (weak lensing) HST credit: NASA 54

55 The high-energetic universe: X-rays, particles and beyond Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) aboard the International Space Station (ISS)... credit: NASA... a fully equipped particle physics laboratory in space. 55

56 The high-energetic universe: X-rays, particles and beyond AMS measured 41 billion particles (6.8 million relevant)... credit: NASA 56

57 The high-energetic universe: X-rays, particles and beyond AMS measured 41 billion particles (6.8 million relevant)... credit: NASA... to study the energy distribution of matter and their antimatter. Key to understand dark matter and more. 57

58 PUSHING THE FRONTIER 58

59 Pushing the frontier - example James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) launch 2018?... studies the early universe and the cold universe 59

60 Pushing the frontier - example James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Why IR? image taken with Hubble Space Telescope (HST) not HST 60

61 Pushing the frontier Why is this done? advance technology for detectors, on-board processing, satellite orbital insertion etc. strong focus on Infrared (IR), Millimetre and high-energy astrophysics (particles & EM) will be used in future everyday life: technology transfer 61

62 Pushing the frontier Why is this done? enables us to study: the early universe, the extremes, dark matter, the fundamental building blocks and forces and exoplanet and asteroids and beyond advance science: answer fundamental questions 62

63 Pushing the frontier Why is this done? enables us to study: the early universe, the extremes, dark matter, the fundamental building blocks and forces and exoplanet and asteroids and beyond advance science: answer fundamental questions You can contribute to this! 63

64 Q&A SESSION 64

65 background credits unless otherwise stated: psdgraphics.com The Final Slide Thanks for your attention! Any more questions? Do not hesitate to contact me! Contact Data: Timo A. Stein Dept. of Physics, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway URL: 65