AP Biology Summer Assignment

Transcription

1 Name Biology Mrs. Slomnicki Part 1 AP Biology Summer Assignment Read Chapters in your textbook. Fill in the following guided worksheets as you read. I have included the most important key phrases or terms, but you must read each and every section. Please note- I will not be re-teaching this in class, so make sure you read the chapters completely! You will be tested on this material in the first week of school. You may me over the summer with any questions regarding the assignment at slomnickie@mail.maayanot.org. Chapter Age structure - Population density - Population distribution Immigration - Emigration - Migration - Zero population growth

2 - Net reproduction per individual per unit time (r) - Exponential growth - Biotic potential Limiting factor - Carrying capacity - Logistic growth - Density-dependent controls - Density-independent factors Life history pattern - Survivorship curve o Type I: o Type II:

3 o Type III: Human population size is - Three trends that promote this increase are: Total fertility rate (TFR) Chapter Niche o Fundamental niche o Realized niche - Commensalism - Mutualism

4 - Interspecific competition - Predation - Parasitism Facultative mutualism - Obligatory mutualism Interference competition - Exploitative competition - Competitive exclusion - Resource partitioning Coevolution Camouflage

5 - Mimicry - Warning coloration Social parasites - Biological controls Pioneer species - Primary succession - Secondary succession o Climax community Keystone species - Geographic dispersal

6 - Exotic species Where is the largest number of coexisting species on land and in the seas greatest? - What are two factors that help bring about such a pattern? Chapter Primary producers - Consumers o Herbivores o Carnivores - Detritivores - Decomposers - Omnivores - Scavengers

7 - Ecosystem - Trophic levels - Food chain - Food web Chains in food webs tend to be shortest when - Grazing food web - Detrital food web Biological magnification Primary productivity o Gross primary productivity o Net primary productivity

8 - Net ecosystem production - Biomass pyramid - Energy pyramid - What percent of energy is available to organisms entering each trophic level? Biogeochemical cycle - Hydrologic cycle - Watershed Salinization - Groundwater - Desalinization Carbon cycle

9 Greenhouse effect - Global warming Nitrogen cycle - Nitrogen fixation - Ammonification - Nitrification - Denitrification Phosphorous cycle - Eutrophication Chapter Climate - Temperature zones

10 Ozone thinning - Acid rain Monsoons Biogeographic realms - Biomes Soils Deserts - Dry shrublands - Dry woodlands - Grasslands

11 Evergreen broadleaf forests - Broadleaf deciduous forests Coniferous forests - Taigas Arctic tundra - Permafrost - Alpine tundra Desertification Eutrophication Streams

12 Estuaries PART 2 DESIGN AN ECOSYSTEM Adapted from a lab by Karen Westerling Introduction You are to create a unique ecosystem containing several species. You will describe your species niches as well as their reproductive habits. You will then predict the expected effects of an environmental disturbance (e.g. flood, paving over the ecosystem to build a new school, hunting, introduction of a foreign species, etc.) Method 1- Your mission is to design an ecosystem. You need to write and/or draw the details of your ecosystem (a stapled packet of information is sufficient- no need to get fancy with posters). 2- Here are some details you must include: A. Location: Your ecosystem may be anywhere on Earth. Name and describe the biome in which your ecosystem is located. B. Biological community: Include at least 6 species. You must have at least one species from each of the following groups: i. Producers ii. Primary consumers iii. Secondary and higher level consumers iv. Decomposers For each species be sure to include its: i. location in your ecosystem (where it lives) ii. reproductive behavior (mating rituals, fertilization method, number of offspring, care of offspring, etc.) iii. nutritional requirements (if an animal) or soil and water requirements (if a plant)

13 iv. position in food web (producer, primary consumer, etc.) v. sensitivity to environmental insults (things in the environment which can harm it- if none, please write so) Make sure to answer all of the above questions and organize your data well (tables are a nice way of organizing this data)! 3- Include an example of four of the following interactions in your ecosystem: Coevolution Parasitism Commensalism Mutualism Competition Predation 4- Now that you have created a beautiful ecosystem, add a disturbance. Your disturbance may be spontaneous or human-made, intentional or unintentional, or a combination of these. Here are some ideas, but you are not limited to these: a. Climate change: warming, cooling, change in water availability b. Direct human interference: hunting/harvesting, land clearing, pesticides/herbicides, introduction of a foreign species, etc. 5- Identify the effect of the disturbance on each species in your ecosystem. Be as specific as possible. Analysis questions 1. Draw and explain an energy pyramid that would represent part of your ecosystem. 2. For one of your species, draw and explain a survivorship curve that would represent the pattern of survival found in that species. 3. Discuss limiting factors that would be present in your ecosystem. Be sure to define them as density-dependent and density-independent. 4. Which organism in your community could be a keystone species? Why? 5. Explain how biological magnification would occur in your community if a toxin like DDT were introduced. 6. Choose one of your species and explain whether it would exhibit exponential growth or logistic growth and why. Sketch an example of the curve. 7. Pick one of the cycles (other than water) explained in Chapter 47 and discuss how it would work in your ecosystem. You may add additional items to your ecosystem if necessary.