The Entity Relationship Model
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1 The Entity Relationship Model CC414- Lec 3 Prof. Dr. Amani Saad Database Systems, 8 th Edition 1 CC414- Prof. Dr. Amani Saad From: Database Systems, Coronel. 1 Objectives In this lecture, you will learn: The main characteristics of entity relationship components How relationships between entities are defined, refined, and incorporated into the database design process How ERD components affect database design and implementation That real-world database design often requires the reconciliation of conflicting goals Database Systems, 8 th Edition 2 1
2 The Entity Relationship (ER) Model ER model forms the basis of an ER diagram ERD represents conceptual database as viewed by end user ERDs depict database s main components: Entities Attributes Relationships Database Systems, 8 th Edition 3 Entities Refers to entity set and not to single entity occurrence Corresponds to table and not to row in relational environment In Chen and Crow s Foot models, entity represented by rectangle with entity s name Entity name, a noun, written in capital letters Database Systems, 8 th Edition 4 2
3 Attributes Characteristics of entities Chen notation: attributes represented by ovals connected to entity rectangle with a line Each oval contains the name of attribute it represents Crow s Foot notation: attributes written in attribute box below entity rectangle Database Systems, 8 th Edition 5 Database Systems, 8 th Edition 6 3
4 Attributes (continued) Required attribute: must have a value Optional attribute: may be left empty Domain: set of possible values for an attribute Attributes may share a domain Identifiers: one or more attributes that uniquely identify each entity instance Composite identifier: primary key composed of more than one attribute Database Systems, 8 th Edition 7 Database Systems, 8 th Edition 8 4
5 Attributes (continued) Composite attribute can be subdivided Simple attribute cannot be subdivided Single-value attribute can have only a single value Multivalued attributes can have many values Database Systems, 8 th Edition 9 Database Systems, 8 th Edition 10 5
6 Attributes (continued) M:N relationships and multivalued attributes should not be implemented Create several new attributes for each of the original multivalued attributes components Create new entity composed of original multivalued attributes components Derived attribute: value may be calculated from other attributes Need not be physically stored within database Database Systems, 8 th Edition 11 Database Systems, 8 th Edition 12 6
7 Relationships Association between entities Participants are entities that participate in a relationship Relationships between entities always operate in both directions Relationship can be classified as 1:M Relationship classification is difficult to establish if only one side of the relationship is known Database Systems, 8 th Edition 13 Connectivity and Cardinality Connectivity Describes the relationship classification Cardinality Expresses minimum and maximum number of entity occurrences associated with one occurrence of related entity Established by very concise statements known as business rules Database Systems, 8 th Edition 14 7
8 Database Systems, 8 th Edition 15 Existence Dependence Existence dependence Entity exists in database only when it is associated with another related entity occurrence (weak entity) Existence independence Entity can exist apart from one or more related entities Sometimes such an entity is referred to as a strong or regular entity Database Systems, 8 th Edition 16 8
9 Database Systems, 8 th Edition 17 Database Systems, 8 th Edition 18 9
10 Weak Entities Weak entity meets two conditions Existence-dependent Primary key partially or totally derived from parent entity in relationship Database designer determines whether an entity is weak based on business rules Database Systems, 8 th Edition 19 Database Systems, 8 th Edition 20 10
11 Database Systems, 8 th Edition 21 Relationship Participation Optional participation (partial participation) One entity occurrence does not require corresponding entity occurrence in particular relationship Mandatory participation (full participation) One entity occurrence requires corresponding entity occurrence in particular relationship Database Systems, 8 th Edition 22 11
12 Database Systems, 8 th Edition 23 Database Systems, 8 th Edition 24 12
13 Relationship Degree Indicates number of entities or participants associated with a relationship Unary relationship Association is maintained within single entity Binary relationship Two entities are associated Ternary relationship Three entities are associated Database Systems, 8 th Edition 25 Database Systems, 8 th Edition 26 13
14 Database Systems, 8 th Edition 27 Recursive Relationships Relationship can exist between occurrences of the same entity set Naturally found within unary relationship Database Systems, 8 th Edition 28 14
15 Database Systems, 8 th Edition 29 Database Systems, 8 th Edition 30 15
16 Associative (Composite) Entities Also known as bridge entities Used to implement M:N relationships Composed of primary keys of each of the entities to be connected May also contain additional attributes that play no role in connective process Database Systems, 8 th Edition 31 Database Systems, 8 th Edition 32 16
17 Database Systems, 8 th Edition 33 17
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