Specification and Documentation Techniques: Graphical Notations
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1 Previous Lecture Specification and Documentation Techniques: Graphical Notations CS/SE 3RA3 Ryszard Janicki Department of Computing and Software, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Ryszard Janicki Graphical Notations 1/16
2 Fit criteria Previous Lecture FIT: A solution completely satisfies the requirement The requirement itself must be measurable Length of rope: suitable size WRONG Length of rope: 2 cm in diameter, 2 m long RIGHT Fit criterion: the measurement of the requirement Axiom, goal: any requirement can be measured Is this realistic? Fit criteria for nonfunctional requirements: rationale, scale Fit criteria for functional requirements: how we will know that the product successfully carried out its function Ryszard Janicki Graphical Notations 2/16
3 Previous Lecture Use of diagrammatic notations Conceptual structures: entity-relationship diagrams Information flows: context diagrams and dataflow diagrams System behaviors: state machine diagrams System operations: use case diagrams Modeling scenarios: activity diagrams Everything: UML Ryszard Janicki Graphical Notations 3/16
4 Previous Lecture Conceptual structures: entity-relationship diagrams They model data Entities boxes physical items (including people) or aggregations of data items Relationship diamonds logical and numerical relations between pairs of entities Cardinality/multiplicity of relationship: 1 1, 1 m, m 1, m m one-to-one (every chemical container is tracked by a single container history) one-to-many (one requester many requesters) many-to-many (every vendor catalog contains many chemicals, and some chemicals appear in multiple vendor catalogs) Sometimes m can be replaced by a concrete number as for example 4 or 9, etc. Ryszard Janicki Graphical Notations 4/16
5 Entity-relationship diagram: an example
6 Previous Lecture Conceptual structures: entity-relationship diagrams E-R Diagrams Rectangles es represent ese entity sets. s Diamonds represent relationship sets. Lines link attributes to entity sets and entity sets to relationship sets. Ellipses represent attributes Double ellipses represent multivalued attributes. Dashed ellipses denote derived attributes. Underline indicates primary key attributes Ryszard Janicki Graphical Notations 6/16
7 Attributes Previous Lecture E-R Diagram With Composite, Multivalued, and Derived ed Attributes Ryszard Janicki Graphical Notations 7/16
8 Roles Previous Lecture Roles Entity sets of a relationship need not be distinct The labels manager and worker are called roles; they specify how employee entities interact via the works-for relationship set. Roles are indicated in E-R diagrams by labeling the lines that connect diamonds to rectangles. Role labels are optional, and are used to clarify semantics of the relationship Ryszard Janicki Graphical Notations 8/16
9 Cardinality Previous Lecture Cardinality Constraints We express cardinality constraints by drawing either a directed line ( ), signifying one, or an undirected line ( ), signifying many, between the relationship set and the entity set. E.g.: One-to-one relationship: A customer is associated with at most one loan via the relationship borrower A loan is associated with at most one customer via borrower Ryszard Janicki Graphical Notations 9/16
10 One-to-many Previous Lecture One-To-Many Relationship In the one-to-many relationship a loan is associated with at most one customer via borrower, a customer is associated with several (including 0) loans via borrower Ryszard Janicki Graphical Notations 10/16
11 Many-to-one Previous Lecture Many-To-One Relationships In a many-to-one relationship a loan is associated with several (including 0) customers via borrower, a customer is associated with at most one loan via borrower Ryszard Janicki Graphical Notations 11/16
12 Many-to-many Previous Lecture Many-To-Many Relationship A customer is associated with several (possibly 0) loans via borrower A loan is associated with several (possibly 0) customers via borrower Ryszard Janicki Graphical Notations 12/16
13 Previous Lecture Alternative notation for cardinality Alternative Notation for Cardinality Limits Cardinality limits can also express participation constraints Ryszard Janicki Graphical Notations 13/16
14 Previous Lecture UML version (influenced by UML class diagrams) Entity-relationship diagram: example role binary relationship entity specialization Participant invitedto Invitation ti Invites Meeting 1..* 0..* Date attribute Name Location Address constraintsfor constraintsfrom 1* 1..* Requesting Constraints excludeddates daterange Important t preferreddates withwhom Normal Participant Participant 1..1 Preferences attributes of Initiator relationship A meeting invites at least 1 up to an arbitrary number of participants Ryszard Janicki Graphical Notations 14/16
15 Previous Lecture UML version vs standard version Ryszard Janicki Graphical Notations 15/16
16 3) Cardinality constraints (such as 0...m, 1...m, etc.) would be another evaluation of Example your ER diagram. (Elevator: Data and Their Structure)
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