Introduction to Materials Science, Chapter 11, Thermal Processing of Metal Alloys. Chapter 11 Thermal Processing of Metal Alloys

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Introduction to Materials Science, Chapter 11, Thermal Processing of Metal Alloys. Chapter 11 Thermal Processing of Metal Alloys"

Transcription

1 Chapter 11 Thermal Processing of Metal Alloys Designer Alloys: Utilize heat treatments to design optimum microstructures and mechanical properties (strength, ductility, hardness.) Strength in steels correlates with how much martensite remains in the final structure Hardenability: The ability of a structure to transform to martensite Precipitation hardening Annealing, Stress Relief More on Heat Treatment of Steels Precipitation Hardening University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 1 Annealing Annealing - A heat treatment process in which a material is heated to an elevated temperature, allowed to dwell there for a set amount of time and then cooled with a controlled rate. Stages of annealing: Heating to required temperature Holding ( soaking ) at constant temperature Cooling The time at the high temperature (soaking time) is long enough to allow the desired transformation (diffusion, kinetics) to occur. Cooling is done slowly to avoid warping/cracking of due to the thermal gradients and thermo-elastic stresses within the or even cracking the metal piece. Purposes of annealing: Relieve internal stresses Increase ductility, toughness, softness Produce specific microstructure University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 2

2 Examples of Heat Treatment Process Annealing - used to revert effects of workhardening (by recovery and recrystallization) and to increase ductility. Heating is usually limited to avoid excessive grain growth and oxidation. Stress Relief Annealing used to eliminate/minimize stresses arising from o Plastic deformation during machining o Non-uniform cooling o Phase transformations between phases with different densities Stress relief annealing allows these stresses to relax. Annealing temperatures are relatively low so that useful effects of cold working are not eliminated. University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 3 Annealing of Fe-C Alloys (I) eutectoid point Lower critical temperature A 1 below which austenite (γ) does not exist Upper critical temperature lines, A 3 above which all material is austenite (γ) and A cm University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 4

3 Annealing of Fe-C Alloys (II) eutectoid point Normalizing: an annealing heat treatment just above the upper critical temperature to reduce the AVERAGE grain sizes (of pearlite and proeutectoid phase) and make more uniform size distributions. After complete transformation to austenite (austenitizing - γ) the treatment is completed by cooling to the required microstructure. University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 5 Annealing of Fe-C Alloys (III) eutectoid point Full annealing: austenizing (γ) and slow cooling (several hours). Produces coarse pearlite -large grains (and possible proeutectoid phase) that is relatively soft and ductile. Full annealing is used to soften pieces which have been hardened by plastic deformation, and which need to undergo subsequent machining/forming. Spheroidizing: prolonged heating just below the eutectoid temperature, which results in the soft spheroidite structure discussed in Sect This achieves maximum softness needed University in subsequent of Tennessee, forming Dept. of Materials operations. Science and Engineering 6

4 Heat Treatment of Steels Martensite has the strongest microstructure and can be made more ductile by tempering. Therefore, the optimum properties of quenched and tempered steel are realized if a high content of martensite is produced. Problem: It is difficult to maintain the same conditions throughout the entire volume of steel during cooling: the surface cools more quickly than interior, producing a range of microstructures throughout. The martensitic content, and the hardness, will drop from a high value at the surface to a lower value in the interior of the specimen. Production of uniform martensitic structure depends on composition quenching conditions size + shape of specimen University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 7 Martensite is the hardest / strongest and most brittle of the steel microstructures Hardness is a function of carbon content Hardening mechanism is solid solution hardening from interstitial C Enhance ductility by tempering. Anneal to equilibrium ferrite plus cementite phases. Formation by this route called tempered martensite Tempering - Hardness Brinell Hardness Number Martensite Tempered martensite (tempered at 371 C) Fine Pearlite University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 8 Rockwell Hardness, Scale C

5 Hardenability (I) Hardenability is the ability of the Fe-C alloy to be hardened by forming martensite. Hardenability is not hardness. It is a qualitative measure of the rate at which hardness decreases with distance from the surface because of decreased martensite content. High hardenability means the ability of the alloy to produce a high martensite content throughout the volume of specimen. Hardenability is measured by the Jominy end-quench test, performed for standard cylindrical specimen, standard austenitization conditions, and standard quenching conditions (jet of water at specific flow rate and temperature). University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 9 Hardenability (II) Jominy end-quench test of Hardenability The Hardenability Curve is the dependence of hardness on distance from the quenched end. University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 10

6 Hardenability (III) Hardenability Curve Less Martensite Quenched end cools most rapidly and contains most martensite Cooling rate decreases with distance from quenched end: greater C diffusion, more pearlite/bainite, lower hardness High hardenability means that the hardness curve is relatively flat. University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 11 Hardenability (IV) Alloying elements delay formation of pearlite, bainite : more martensite Can also define hardenability in terms of cooling rate (C/s) Alloys in figure above all have 0.40 wt% C, but have different additional alloying elements (see Callister F11.5) University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 12

7 Hardenability (V) Hardenability also generally increases with C content University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 13 Hardenability (VI) Influence of Quenching Medium, Specimen Size, and Geometry on Hardenability Quenching medium: Cooling is faster in water then oil, slow in air. Fast cooling brings the danger of warping and formation of cracks, since it is usually accompanied by large thermal gradients. The shape and size of the piece: Cooling rate depends upon extraction of heat to specimen surface. Thus the greater the ration of surface area to volume, the deeper the hardening effect. Spheres cool slowest, irregularly shaped objects fastest. Radial hardness profiles of cylindrical steel bars University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 14

8 Precipitation Hardening (I) Small inclusions of secondary phases strengthen material Lattice distortions around these secondary phases impede dislocation motion The precipitates form when the solubility limit is exceeded Precipitation hardening is also called age hardening because it involves the hardening of the material over a prolonged time. University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 15 Heat Treatment for Precipitation Hardening (II) Solution heat treatment: at T o, all the solute atoms A are dissolved to form a single-phase (α) solution. Rapid cooling across the solvus line to exceed the solubility limit. This leads to a metastable supersaturated solid solution at T 1. Equilibrium structure is α+β, but limited diffusion does not allow β to form. Precipitation heat treatment: the supersaturated solution is heated to T 2 where diffusion is appreciable - β phase starts to form as finely dispersed particles: aging. University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 16

9 Precipitation Hardening (III) k Solution treatment 100% k solid solution (retained upon quenching) Quench θ+k Equilibrium microstructure - coarse θ precipitates at k grain boundaries Time By quenching and then reheating an Al-Cu (4.5 wt%) alloy, a fine dispersion of precipitates form within the k grains. These precipitates are effective in hindering dislocation motion and consequently, increasing alloy hardness and strength. Known as precipitation or age hardening. University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 17 Heat Treatment for Precipitation Hardening (IV) Discs of Cu atoms 1 or 2 monolayers thick Lattice Distortions No Lattice Distortions University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 18

10 Precipitation Hardening (V) Strength and Ductility University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 19 Summary Make sure you understand language and concepts: Annealing Austenitizing Full annealing Hardenability Jominy end-quench test Overaging Precipitation hardening Precipitation heat treatment Process annealing Solution heat treatment Spheroidizing Stress relief University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 20

11 Reading for next class: Skip Chapter 12: Metal Alloys Chapter 13: Structure and Properties of Ceramics Crystal Structures Silicate Ceramics Carbon Imperfections in Ceramics Optional reading: Chapter 14: Applications and Processing of Ceramics Short review of glass/ceramics applications and processing ( ) Optional reading: University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 21

Chapter Outline: Phase Transformations in Metals

Chapter Outline: Phase Transformations in Metals Chapter Outline: Phase Transformations in Metals Heat Treatment (time and temperature) Microstructure Mechanical Properties Kinetics of phase transformations Multiphase Transformations Phase transformations

More information

Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram (a review) see Callister Chapter 9

Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram (a review) see Callister Chapter 9 Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram (a review) see Callister Chapter 9 University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 1 The Iron Iron Carbide (Fe Fe 3 C) Phase Diagram In their simplest form,

More information

Heat Treatment of Steel

Heat Treatment of Steel Heat Treatment of Steel Steels can be heat treated to produce a great variety of microstructures and properties. Generally, heat treatment uses phase transformation during heating and cooling to change

More information

Experiment: Heat Treatment - Quenching & Tempering

Experiment: Heat Treatment - Quenching & Tempering Experiment: Heat Treatment - Quenching & Tempering Objectives 1) To investigate the conventional heat treatment procedures, such as quenching and annealing, used to alter the properties of steels. SAE

More information

HEAT TREATMENT OF STEEL

HEAT TREATMENT OF STEEL HEAT TREATMENT OF STEEL Heat Treatment of Steel Most heat treating operations begin with heating the alloy into the austenitic phase field to dissolve the carbide in the iron. Steel heat treating practice

More information

The mechanical properties of metal affected by heat treatment are:

The mechanical properties of metal affected by heat treatment are: Training Objective After watching this video and reviewing the printed material, the student/trainee will learn the basic concepts of the heat treating processes as they pertain to carbon and alloy steels.

More information

Heat Treatment of Steels : Spheroidize annealing. Heat Treatment of Steels : Normalizing

Heat Treatment of Steels : Spheroidize annealing. Heat Treatment of Steels : Normalizing Heat Treatment of Steels :Recrystallization annealing The carbon and alloy steels were treated at a temperature of about 700 C, which is about 20 C below the eutectoid temperature. The holding time should

More information

Module 34. Heat Treatment of steel IV. Lecture 34. Heat Treatment of steel IV

Module 34. Heat Treatment of steel IV. Lecture 34. Heat Treatment of steel IV Module 34 Heat reatment of steel IV Lecture 34 Heat reatment of steel IV 1 Keywords : Austenitization of hypo & hyper eutectoid steel, austenization temperature, effect of heat treatment on structure &

More information

Lecture 19: Eutectoid Transformation in Steels: a typical case of Cellular

Lecture 19: Eutectoid Transformation in Steels: a typical case of Cellular Lecture 19: Eutectoid Transformation in Steels: a typical case of Cellular Precipitation Today s topics Understanding of Cellular transformation (or precipitation): when applied to phase transformation

More information

LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS TESTING OF MATERIALS

LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS TESTING OF MATERIALS LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS TESTING OF MATERIALS 1. TENSION TEST: INTRODUCTION & THEORY The tension test is the most commonly used method to evaluate the mechanical properties of metals. Its main objective

More information

MSE 528 - PRECIPITATION HARDENING IN 7075 ALUMINUM ALLOY

MSE 528 - PRECIPITATION HARDENING IN 7075 ALUMINUM ALLOY MSE 528 - PRECIPITATION HARDENING IN 7075 ALUMINUM ALLOY Objective To study the time and temperature variations in the hardness and electrical conductivity of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu high strength alloy on isothermal

More information

Introduction to Materials Science, Chapter 9, Phase Diagrams. Phase Diagrams. University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 1

Introduction to Materials Science, Chapter 9, Phase Diagrams. Phase Diagrams. University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 1 Phase Diagrams University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 1 Chapter Outline: Phase Diagrams Microstructure and Phase Transformations in Multicomponent Systems Definitions and basic

More information

Strengthening. Mechanisms of strengthening in single-phase metals: grain-size reduction solid-solution alloying strain hardening

Strengthening. Mechanisms of strengthening in single-phase metals: grain-size reduction solid-solution alloying strain hardening Strengthening The ability of a metal to deform depends on the ability of dislocations to move Restricting dislocation motion makes the material stronger Mechanisms of strengthening in single-phase metals:

More information

The atomic packing factor is defined as the ratio of sphere volume to the total unit cell volume, or APF = V S V C. = 2(sphere volume) = 2 = V C = 4R

The atomic packing factor is defined as the ratio of sphere volume to the total unit cell volume, or APF = V S V C. = 2(sphere volume) = 2 = V C = 4R 3.5 Show that the atomic packing factor for BCC is 0.68. The atomic packing factor is defined as the ratio of sphere volume to the total unit cell volume, or APF = V S V C Since there are two spheres associated

More information

Alloys & Their Phase Diagrams

Alloys & Their Phase Diagrams Alloys & Their Phase Diagrams Objectives of the class Gibbs phase rule Introduction to phase diagram Practice phase diagram Lever rule Important Observation: One question in the midterm Consider the Earth

More information

Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Mechanical Engineering Cambridge, MA 02139

Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Mechanical Engineering Cambridge, MA 02139 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Mechanical Engineering Cambridge, MA 02139 2.002 Mechanics and Materials II Spring 2004 Laboratory Module No. 5 Heat Treatment of Plain Carbon and Low

More information

Chapter Outline Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms

Chapter Outline Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms Chapter Outline Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms What is happening in material during plastic deformation? Dislocations and Plastic Deformation Motion of dislocations in response to stress Slip

More information

Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys

Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys THIRD EDITION DAVID A. PORTER, KENNETH E. EASTERLING, and MOHAMED Y. SHERIF ( г йс) CRC Press ^ ^ ) Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton London New York CRC Press

More information

Solution for Homework #1

Solution for Homework #1 Solution for Homework #1 Chapter 2: Multiple Choice Questions (2.5, 2.6, 2.8, 2.11) 2.5 Which of the following bond types are classified as primary bonds (more than one)? (a) covalent bonding, (b) hydrogen

More information

Chapter Outline Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms

Chapter Outline Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms Chapter Outline Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms What is happening in material during plastic deformation? Dislocations and Plastic Deformation Motion of dislocations in response to stress Slip

More information

9.11 Upon heating a lead-tin alloy of composition 30 wt% Sn-70 wt% Pb from 150 C and utilizing Figure

9.11 Upon heating a lead-tin alloy of composition 30 wt% Sn-70 wt% Pb from 150 C and utilizing Figure 9-13 9.8: 9.11 Upon heating a lead-tin alloy of composition 30 wt% Sn-70 wt% Pb from 150 C and utilizing Figure (a) The first liquid forms at the temperature at which a vertical line at this composition

More information

8. Technical Heat Treatment

8. Technical Heat Treatment 8. Technical Heat Treatment 8. Technical Heat Treatment 95 6 cm 4 2 0-2 -4 C 400 C C -6-14 -12-10 -8-6 -4-2 0 2 cm 6 723 C temperature C 1750 750 250 When welding a workpiece, not only the weld itself,

More information

Full Density Properties of Low Alloy Steels

Full Density Properties of Low Alloy Steels Full Density Properties of Low Alloy Steels Michael L. Marucci & Arthur J. Rawlings Hoeganaes Corporation, Cinnaminson, NJ Presented at PM 2 TEC2005 International Conference on Powder Metallurgy and Particulate

More information

Materials Issues in Fatigue and Fracture

Materials Issues in Fatigue and Fracture Materials Issues in Fatigue and Fracture 5.1 Fundamental Concepts 5.2 Ensuring Infinite Life 5.3 Finite Life 5.4 Summary FCP 1 5.1 Fundamental Concepts Structural metals Process of fatigue A simple view

More information

Heat Treatment of Aluminum Foundry Alloys. Fred Major Rio Tinto Alcan

Heat Treatment of Aluminum Foundry Alloys. Fred Major Rio Tinto Alcan Heat Treatment of Aluminum Foundry Alloys Fred Major Rio Tinto Alcan OUTLINE Basics of Heat Treatment (What is happening to the metal at each step). Atomic Structure of Aluminum Deformation Mechanisms

More information

INFLUENCE OF THERMOMECHANICAL TREATMENT ON THE STEEL C45 FATIGUE PROPERTIES

INFLUENCE OF THERMOMECHANICAL TREATMENT ON THE STEEL C45 FATIGUE PROPERTIES CO-MAT-TECH 2005 TRNAVA, 20-21 October 2005 INFLUENCE OF THERMOMECHANICAL TREATMENT ON THE STEEL C45 FATIGUE PROPERTIES Jiří MALINA 1+2, Hana STANKOVÁ 1+2, Jaroslav DRNEK 3, Zbyšek NOVÝ 3, Bohuslav MAŠEK

More information

STAVAX SUPREME. Stainless tool steel

STAVAX SUPREME. Stainless tool steel STAVAX SUPREME Stainless tool steel General Demands placed on plastic mould tooling are increasing. Such conditions require mould steels that possess a unique combination of toughness, corrosion resistance

More information

Technical Data BLUE SHEET. Martensitic. stainless steels. Types 410, 420, 425 Mod, and 440A GENERAL PROPERTIES APPLICATIONS PRODUCT FORM

Technical Data BLUE SHEET. Martensitic. stainless steels. Types 410, 420, 425 Mod, and 440A GENERAL PROPERTIES APPLICATIONS PRODUCT FORM Technical Data BLUE SHEET Allegheny Ludlum Corporation Pittsburgh, PA Martensitic Stainless Steels Types 410, 420, 425 Mod, and 440A GENERAL PROPERTIES Allegheny Ludlum Types 410, 420, 425 Modified, and

More information

WJM Technologies excellence in material joining

WJM Technologies excellence in material joining Girish P. Kelkar, Ph.D. (562) 743-7576 girish@welding-consultant.com www.welding-consultant.com Weld Cracks An Engineer s Worst Nightmare There are a variety of physical defects such as undercut, insufficient

More information

Continuous Cooling Transformation (CCT) Diagrams

Continuous Cooling Transformation (CCT) Diagrams Continuous Cooling Transformation (CCT) Diagrams R. Manna Assistant Professor Centre of Advanced Study Department of Metallurgical Engineering Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi-221

More information

x100 A o Percent cold work = %CW = A o A d Yield Stress Work Hardening Why? Cell Structures Pattern Formation

x100 A o Percent cold work = %CW = A o A d Yield Stress Work Hardening Why? Cell Structures Pattern Formation Work Hardening Dislocations interact with each other and assume configurations that restrict the movement of other dislocations. As the dislocation density increases there is an increase in the flow stress

More information

North American Stainless

North American Stainless North American Stainless Flat Products Stainless Steel Grade Sheet 430 (S43000)/ EN 1.4016 Introduction: SS430 is a low-carbon plain chromium, ferritic stainless steel without any stabilization of carbon

More information

North American Stainless

North American Stainless North American Stainless Long Products Stainless Steel Grade Sheet 2205 UNS S2205 EN 1.4462 2304 UNS S2304 EN 1.4362 INTRODUCTION Types 2205 and 2304 are duplex stainless steel grades with a microstructure,

More information

Ch. 4: Imperfections in Solids Part 1. Dr. Feras Fraige

Ch. 4: Imperfections in Solids Part 1. Dr. Feras Fraige Ch. 4: Imperfections in Solids Part 1 Dr. Feras Fraige Outline Defects in Solids 0D, Point defects vacancies Interstitials impurities, weight and atomic composition 1D, Dislocations edge screw 2D, Grain

More information

Uddeholm Dievar is a specially developed steel grade by Uddeholm, which provides the best possible performance.

Uddeholm Dievar is a specially developed steel grade by Uddeholm, which provides the best possible performance. Uddeholm Dievar is a specially developed steel grade by Uddeholm, which provides the best possible performance. The chemical composition and the very latest in production technique make the property profile

More information

North American Stainless

North American Stainless North American Stainless Flat Products Stainless Steel Sheet T409 INTRODUCTION NAS 409 is an 11% chromium, stabilized ferritic stainless steel. It is not as resistant to corrosion or high-temperature oxidation

More information

AISI O1 Cold work tool steel

AISI O1 Cold work tool steel T OOL STEEL FACTS AISI O1 Cold work tool steel Great Tooling Starts Here! This information is based on our present state of knowledge and is intended to provide general notes on our products and their

More information

CHAPTER 7 DISLOCATIONS AND STRENGTHENING MECHANISMS PROBLEM SOLUTIONS

CHAPTER 7 DISLOCATIONS AND STRENGTHENING MECHANISMS PROBLEM SOLUTIONS 7-1 CHAPTER 7 DISLOCATIONS AND STRENGTHENING MECHANISMS PROBLEM SOLUTIONS Basic Concepts of Dislocations Characteristics of Dislocations 7.1 The dislocation density is just the total dislocation length

More information

Solidification, Crystallization & Glass Transition

Solidification, Crystallization & Glass Transition Solidification, Crystallization & Glass Transition Cooling the Melt solidification Crystallization versus Formation of Glass Parameters related to the formaton of glass Effect of cooling rate Glass transition

More information

AUSTENITIC STAINLESS DAMASCENE STEEL

AUSTENITIC STAINLESS DAMASCENE STEEL AUSTENITIC STAINLESS DAMASCENE STEEL Damasteel s austenitic stainless Damascene Steel is a mix between types 304L and 316L stainless steels which are variations of the 18 percent chromium 8 percent nickel

More information

Effect of Temperature and Aging Time on 2024 Aluminum Behavior

Effect of Temperature and Aging Time on 2024 Aluminum Behavior Proceedings of the XIth International Congress and Exposition June 2-5, 2008 Orlando, Florida USA 2008 Society for Experimental Mechanics Inc. Effect of Temperature and Aging Time on 2024 Aluminum Behavior

More information

UDDEHOLM ELMAX SUPERCLEAN

UDDEHOLM ELMAX SUPERCLEAN UDDEHOLM ELMAX SUPERCLEAN UDDEHOLMS AB No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted for commercial purposes without permission of the copyright holder. This information is based on our

More information

Problems in Welding of High Strength Aluminium Alloys

Problems in Welding of High Strength Aluminium Alloys Singapore Welding Society Newsletter, September 1999 Problems in Welding of High Strength Aluminium Alloys Wei Zhou Nanyang Technological University, Singapore E-mail: WZhou@Cantab.Net Pure aluminium has

More information

A Comparison of FC-0208 to a 0.3% Molybdenum Prealloyed Low-Alloy Powder with 0.8% Graphite

A Comparison of FC-0208 to a 0.3% Molybdenum Prealloyed Low-Alloy Powder with 0.8% Graphite A Comparison of FC-0208 to a 0.3% Molybdenum Prealloyed Low-Alloy Powder with 0.8% Graphite Francis Hanejko Manager, Customer Applications Hoeganaes Corporation Cinnaminson, NJ 08077 Abstract Iron copper

More information

A Study of the Properties of a High Temperature Binary Nitinol Alloy Above and Below its Martensite to Austenite Transformation Temperature

A Study of the Properties of a High Temperature Binary Nitinol Alloy Above and Below its Martensite to Austenite Transformation Temperature A Study of the Properties of a High Temperature Binary Nitinol Alloy Above and Below its Martensite to Austenite Transformation Temperature Dennis W. Norwich, P.E. SAES Memry Corporation, Bethel, CT Abstract

More information

Improved Broaching Steel Technology

Improved Broaching Steel Technology Improved Broaching Steel Technology Michael E. Burnett TimkenSteel Corporation 1835 Dueber Ave. SW, Canton Ohio 44706 Phone: (330) 471-3273 Email: michael.burnett@timkensteel.com Key Words: Alloy Steel,

More information

HIGH STRENGTH DUCTILE IRON PRODUCED BY THE ENGINEERED COOLING: PROCESS CONCEPT

HIGH STRENGTH DUCTILE IRON PRODUCED BY THE ENGINEERED COOLING: PROCESS CONCEPT IJMC14-244-2 HIGH STRENGTH DUCTILE IRON PRODUCED BY THE ENGINEERED COOLING: PROCESS CONCEPT Copyright 215 American Foundry Society Abstract Simon N. Lekakh Missouri University of Science and Technology,

More information

Defects Introduction. Bonding + Structure + Defects. Properties

Defects Introduction. Bonding + Structure + Defects. Properties Defects Introduction Bonding + Structure + Defects Properties The processing determines the defects Composition Bonding type Structure of Crystalline Processing factors Defects Microstructure Types of

More information

PRELIMINARY BROCHURE. Uddeholm Ramax HH

PRELIMINARY BROCHURE. Uddeholm Ramax HH PRELIMINARY BROCHURE Uddeholm Ramax HH Uddeholm Ramax HH Uddeholm Ramax HH provides several benefits: The product offers uniform hardness in all dimensions combined with excellent indentation resistance.

More information

UDDEHOLM VANADIS 30 SUPERCLEAN

UDDEHOLM VANADIS 30 SUPERCLEAN UDDEHOLM VANADIS 30 SUPERCLEAN UDDEHOLMS AB No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted for commercial purposes without permission of the copyright holder. This information is based on

More information

Effect of Small Additions of Boron on the Mechanical Properties and Hardenability of Sintered P/M Steels

Effect of Small Additions of Boron on the Mechanical Properties and Hardenability of Sintered P/M Steels Effect of Small Additions of Boron on the Mechanical Properties and Hardenability of Sintered P/M Steels Michael Marucci *, Alan Lawley **, Robert Causton *, and Suleyman Saritas *** * Hoeganaes Corporation,

More information

Lecture 18 Strain Hardening And Recrystallization

Lecture 18 Strain Hardening And Recrystallization -138- Lecture 18 Strain Hardening And Recrystallization Strain Hardening We have previously seen that the flow stress (the stress necessary to produce a certain plastic strain rate) increases with increasing

More information

FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENTLY HEAT TREATED MEDIUM CARBON STEEL. Master of Technology (Res.) Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENTLY HEAT TREATED MEDIUM CARBON STEEL. Master of Technology (Res.) Metallurgical and Materials Engineering FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENTLY HEAT TREATED MEDIUM CARBON STEEL A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of Technology (Res.) in Metallurgical and

More information

Section 4: NiResist Iron

Section 4: NiResist Iron Section 4: NiResist Iron Section 4 Ni-Resist Description of Grades...4-2 201 (Type 1) Ni-Resist...4-3 202 (Type 2) Ni-Resist...4-6 Stock Listings...4-8 4-1 Ni-Resist Description of Grades Ni-Resist Dura-Bar

More information

STUDY THE DAMPING EFFECT OF TWO TYPES OF METALS (CK 45, 40 X) USING OILS (ASTRALUBE AND SHIELD) IN TERMS OF HARDNESS AND TENSILE

STUDY THE DAMPING EFFECT OF TWO TYPES OF METALS (CK 45, 40 X) USING OILS (ASTRALUBE AND SHIELD) IN TERMS OF HARDNESS AND TENSILE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET) International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 976 634(Print), ISSN 976 634 (Print) ISSN 976 6359 (Online)

More information

The Effect of Heat Treatment Atmosphere on Hardening of Surface Region of H13 Tool Steel. Dominique AU

The Effect of Heat Treatment Atmosphere on Hardening of Surface Region of H13 Tool Steel. Dominique AU The Effect of Heat Treatment Atmosphere on Hardening of Surface Region of H13 Tool Steel Dominique AU Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of Postgraduate diploma in Research Auckland University

More information

Phase Equilibria & Phase Diagrams

Phase Equilibria & Phase Diagrams Phase Equilibria & Phase Diagrams Week7 Material Sciences and Engineering MatE271 1 Motivation Phase diagram (Ch 9) Temperature Time Kinematics (Ch 10) New structure, concentration (mixing level) (at what

More information

RAMAX S Prehardened stainless holder steel

RAMAX S Prehardened stainless holder steel T O O L S T E E L F A C T S RAMAX S Prehardened stainless holder steel Wherever tools are made Wherever tools are used This information is based on our present state of knowledge and is intended to provide

More information

ATI 2205 ATI 2205. Technical Data Sheet. Duplex Stainless Steel GENERAL PROPERTIES. (UNS S31803 and S32205)

ATI 2205 ATI 2205. Technical Data Sheet. Duplex Stainless Steel GENERAL PROPERTIES. (UNS S31803 and S32205) ATI 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel (UNS S31803 and S32205) GENERAL PROPERTIES ATI 2205 alloy (UNS S31803 and/or S32205) is a nitrogen-enhanced duplex stainless steel alloy. The nitrogen serves to significantly

More information

2017A ALUMINUM ALLOY IN DIFFERENT HEAT TREATMENT CONDITIONS

2017A ALUMINUM ALLOY IN DIFFERENT HEAT TREATMENT CONDITIONS Acta Metallurgica Slovaca, Vol. 18, 2012, No. 2-3, p. 82-91 82 2017A ALUMINUM ALLOY IN DIFFERENT HEAT TREATMENT CONDITIONS K. Mroczka 1)*, A. Wójcicka 1), P. Kurtyka 1) 1) Department of Technology and

More information

North American Stainless

North American Stainless North American Stainless Flat Products Stainless Steel Grade Sheet 310S (S31008)/ EN 1.4845 Introduction: SS310 is a highly alloyed austenitic stainless steel designed for elevated-temperature service.

More information

Chapter Outline. Mechanical Properties of Metals How do metals respond to external loads?

Chapter Outline. Mechanical Properties of Metals How do metals respond to external loads? Mechanical Properties of Metals How do metals respond to external loads? Stress and Strain Tension Compression Shear Torsion Elastic deformation Plastic Deformation Yield Strength Tensile Strength Ductility

More information

Chapter 5: Diffusion. 5.1 Steady-State Diffusion

Chapter 5: Diffusion. 5.1 Steady-State Diffusion : Diffusion Diffusion: the movement of particles in a solid from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, resulting in the uniform distribution of the substance Diffusion is process

More information

Chapter Outline. Diffusion - how do atoms move through solids?

Chapter Outline. Diffusion - how do atoms move through solids? Chapter Outline iffusion - how do atoms move through solids? iffusion mechanisms Vacancy diffusion Interstitial diffusion Impurities The mathematics of diffusion Steady-state diffusion (Fick s first law)

More information

Surface Treatments. Corrosion Protective coatings for harsh environments (catalytic converters, electrochemical cells )

Surface Treatments. Corrosion Protective coatings for harsh environments (catalytic converters, electrochemical cells ) Surface Treatments Applications Biomedical (biocompatible coatings on implants, drug coatings for sustained release ) Mechanical Tribological friction and wear (tool steels, implants ) Fatigue minimize

More information

Welding. ArcelorMittal Europe Flat Products. Definitions of welding and weldability. Consequences of welding

Welding. ArcelorMittal Europe Flat Products. Definitions of welding and weldability. Consequences of welding ArcelorMittal Europe Flat Products Welding Definitions of welding and weldability Welding of metal parts is a joining process designed to ensure metallic continuity across the joint. This continuity is

More information

INFLUENCE OF Cr, Mn AND Mo ON STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF V MICROALLOYED MEDIUM CARBON FORGING STEELS

INFLUENCE OF Cr, Mn AND Mo ON STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF V MICROALLOYED MEDIUM CARBON FORGING STEELS Association of Metallurgical Engineers of Serbia AMES Scientific paper UDC: 669.15'26'74'28-194 INFLUENCE OF Cr, Mn AND Mo ON STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF V MICROALLOYED MEDIUM CARBON FORGING STEELS Nenad

More information

Mechanical Properties of Metals Mechanical Properties refers to the behavior of material when external forces are applied

Mechanical Properties of Metals Mechanical Properties refers to the behavior of material when external forces are applied Mechanical Properties of Metals Mechanical Properties refers to the behavior of material when external forces are applied Stress and strain fracture or engineering point of view: allows to predict the

More information

Martensite in Steels

Martensite in Steels Materials Science & Metallurgy http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/phase-trans/2002/martensite.html H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia Martensite in Steels The name martensite is after the German scientist Martens. It was used

More information

Experiment: Crystal Structure Analysis in Engineering Materials

Experiment: Crystal Structure Analysis in Engineering Materials Experiment: Crystal Structure Analysis in Engineering Materials Objective The purpose of this experiment is to introduce students to the use of X-ray diffraction techniques for investigating various types

More information

X15TN TM. A high hardness, corrosion and fatigue resistance martensitic grade CONTINUOUS INNOVATION RESEARCH SERVICE.

X15TN TM. A high hardness, corrosion and fatigue resistance martensitic grade CONTINUOUS INNOVATION RESEARCH SERVICE. TM A high hardness, corrosion and fatigue resistance martensitic grade CONTINUOUS METALLURGICAL SPECIAL STEELS INNOVATION RESEARCH SERVICE DEVELOPMENT Enhancing your performance THE INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT

More information

Simulations of the Effect of Section Size and Cooling on Sigma Phase Formation in Duplex Stainless Steels

Simulations of the Effect of Section Size and Cooling on Sigma Phase Formation in Duplex Stainless Steels Simulations of the Effect of Section Size and Cooling on Sigma Phase Formation in Duplex Stainless Steels Richard A. Hardin and Christoph Beckermann Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering

More information

FLAME CuTTIng te la P is utting B c

FLAME CuTTIng te la P is utting B c FLAME CUTTING Both Oxy-LPG and Oxy-acetylene processes are acceptable for sectioning all thicknesses of BISPLATE. With these processes, the following techniques are recommended: Gas pressure to be the

More information

North American Stainless

North American Stainless North American Stainless Long Products Stainless Steel Grade Sheet AISI 316 UNS S31600 EN 1.4401 AISI 316L UNS S31630 EN 1.4404 INTRODUCTION NAS provides 316 and 316L SS, which are molybdenum-bearing austenitic

More information

North American Stainless

North American Stainless Introduction: North American Stainless Flat Products Stainless Steel Grade Sheet 309S (S30908)/ EN1.4833 SS309 is a highly alloyed austenitic stainless steel used for its excellent oxidation resistance,

More information

Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes 1

Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes 1 Designation: A 276 06 Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes 1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 276; the number immediately following the designation indicates

More information

Fundamentals of the Heat Treating of Steel

Fundamentals of the Heat Treating of Steel CHAPTER 2 Fundamentals of the Heat Treating of Steel BEFORE CONSIDERATION can be given to the heat treatment of steel or other iron-base alloys, it is helpful to explain what steel is. The common dictionary

More information

PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 1 PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 1.1 PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS Different materials possess different properties in varying degree and therefore behave in different ways under given conditions. These properties

More information

North American Stainless

North American Stainless North American Stainless Flat Product Stainless Steel Grade Sheet 316 (S31600)/EN 1.4401 316L (S31603)/ EN 1.4404 INTRODUCTION NAS provides 316 and 316L SS, which are molybdenum-bearing austenitic stainless

More information

Lösungen Übung Verformung

Lösungen Übung Verformung Lösungen Übung Verformung 1. (a) What is the meaning of T G? (b) To which materials does it apply? (c) What effect does it have on the toughness and on the stress- strain diagram? 2. Name the four main

More information

CORRELATION BETWEEN HARDNESS AND TENSILE PROPERTIES IN ULTRA-HIGH STRENGTH DUAL PHASE STEELS SHORT COMMUNICATION

CORRELATION BETWEEN HARDNESS AND TENSILE PROPERTIES IN ULTRA-HIGH STRENGTH DUAL PHASE STEELS SHORT COMMUNICATION 155 CORRELATION BETWEEN HARDNESS AND TENSILE PROPERTIES IN ULTRA-HIGH STRENGTH DUAL PHASE STEELS SHORT COMMUNICATION Martin Gaško 1,*, Gejza Rosenberg 1 1 Institute of materials research, Slovak Academy

More information

ALLOY 2205 DATA SHEET

ALLOY 2205 DATA SHEET ALLOY 2205 DATA SHEET UNS S32205, EN 1.4462 / UNS S31803 GENERAL PROPERTIES ////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //// 2205 (UNS designations S32205 / S31803) is a 22 % chromium, 3 % molybdenum,

More information

SS-EN ISO 9001 SS-EN ISO 14001

SS-EN ISO 9001 SS-EN ISO 14001 This information is based on our present state of knowledge and is intended to provide general notes on our products and their uses. It should not therefore be construed as a warranty of specific properties

More information

Effect of cooling rate on hardness and microstructure of AISI 1020, AISI 1040 and AISI 1060 Steels

Effect of cooling rate on hardness and microstructure of AISI 1020, AISI 1040 and AISI 1060 Steels International Journal of Physical Sciences Vol. 4 (9), pp. 514-518, September, 2009 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/ijps ISSN 1992-1950 2009 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper

More information

UDDEHOLM BALDER UDDEHOLM BALDER UDDEHOLM STEEL FOR INDEXABLE INSERT CUTTING TOOLS

UDDEHOLM BALDER UDDEHOLM BALDER UDDEHOLM STEEL FOR INDEXABLE INSERT CUTTING TOOLS UDDEHOLM BALDER Reliable and efficient steel is essential for good results. The same goes for achieving high productivity and high availability. When choosing the right steel many parameters must be considered,

More information

FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF P/M MATERIALS. Robert C. O'Brien. Hoeganaes Corporation River Road Riverton, New Jersey 08077

FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF P/M MATERIALS. Robert C. O'Brien. Hoeganaes Corporation River Road Riverton, New Jersey 08077 FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF P/M MATERIALS Robert C. O'Brien Hoeganaes Corporation River Road Riverton, New Jersey 08077 Presented at the SAE Congress Detroit, Michigan, February 29-March 4, 1988 Abstract The

More information

BASIC HEAT TREATMENT

BASIC HEAT TREATMENT CHAPTER 2 BASIC HEAT TREATMENT As Steelworkers, we are interested in the heat treatment of metals, because we have to know what effects the heat produced by welding or cutting has on metal. We also need

More information

WHAT IS SINTER-HARDENING? W. Brian James. Hoeganaes Corporation Cinnaminson, NJ 08077

WHAT IS SINTER-HARDENING? W. Brian James. Hoeganaes Corporation Cinnaminson, NJ 08077 WHAT IS SINTER-HARDENING? W. Brian James Abstract Hoeganaes Corporation Cinnaminson, NJ 08077 Presented at PM 2 TEC '98 International Conference on Powder Metallurgy & Particulate Materials May 31 - June

More information

Development of a High Performance Nickel-Free P/M Steel. Bruce Lindsley. Senior Materials Engineer, Hoeganaes Corporation, Cinnaminson, NJ 08077, USA

Development of a High Performance Nickel-Free P/M Steel. Bruce Lindsley. Senior Materials Engineer, Hoeganaes Corporation, Cinnaminson, NJ 08077, USA Development of a High Performance Nickel-Free P/M Steel Bruce Lindsley Senior Materials Engineer, Hoeganaes Corporation, Cinnaminson, NJ 08077, USA Abstract A developmental nickel-free P/M steel containing

More information

EFFECT OF COPPER ALLOY ADDITION METHOD ON THE DIMENSIONAL RESPONSE OF SINTERED FE-CU-C STEELS

EFFECT OF COPPER ALLOY ADDITION METHOD ON THE DIMENSIONAL RESPONSE OF SINTERED FE-CU-C STEELS EFFECT OF COPPER ALLOY ADDITION METHOD ON THE DIMENSIONAL RESPONSE OF SINTERED FE-CU-C STEELS Michael L. Marucci and Francis G. Hanejko Hoeganaes Corporation Cinnaminson, NJ 08077 - USA Abstract Fe-Cu-C

More information

CHROMIUM STEEL POWDERS FOR COMPONENTS. JEANETTE LEWENHAGEN Höganäs AB, Sweden

CHROMIUM STEEL POWDERS FOR COMPONENTS. JEANETTE LEWENHAGEN Höganäs AB, Sweden CHROMIUM STEEL POWDERS FOR COMPONENTS JEANETTE LEWENHAGEN Höganäs AB, Sweden KEYWORDS Pre-alloyed steel powder, chromium, PM ABSTRACT Chromium as an alloying element is of great interest due to its low

More information

COMPAX SUPREME Mold Quality Tool Steel

COMPAX SUPREME Mold Quality Tool Steel T OOL STEEL FACTS COMPAX Mold Quality Tool Steel Great Tooling Starts Here! 2 This information is based on our present state of knowledge and is intended to provide general notes on our products and their

More information

Lecture slides on rolling By: Dr H N Dhakal Lecturer in Mechanical and Marine Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Plymouth

Lecture slides on rolling By: Dr H N Dhakal Lecturer in Mechanical and Marine Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Plymouth Lecture slides on rolling By: Dr H N Dhakal Lecturer in Mechanical and Marine Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Plymouth Bulk deformation forming (rolling) Rolling is the process of reducing

More information

Copper Alloys for Injection, Thermoform and Blow Molds

Copper Alloys for Injection, Thermoform and Blow Molds Copper Alloys for Injection, Thermoform and Blow Molds by Robert Kusner Manager of Technical Services June 2015 Today s Agenda History of copper mold alloys Why use copper? Which copper alloy should I

More information

DIFFUSION IN SOLIDS. Materials often heat treated to improve properties. Atomic diffusion occurs during heat treatment

DIFFUSION IN SOLIDS. Materials often heat treated to improve properties. Atomic diffusion occurs during heat treatment DIFFUSION IN SOLIDS WHY STUDY DIFFUSION? Materials often heat treated to improve properties Atomic diffusion occurs during heat treatment Depending on situation higher or lower diffusion rates desired

More information

High strength steel for steel constructions

High strength steel for steel constructions NSCC2009 High strength steel for steel constructions R. Willms Marketing Department, AG der Dillinger Hüttenwerke, Dillingen, Germany ABSTRACT: The field of application for high strength steel reaches

More information

LOW CARBON MICROALLOYED COLD ROLLED, HOT DIP GALVANIZED DUAL PHASE STEEL FOR LARGER CROSS-SECTIONAL AREAS WITH IMPROVED PROPERTIES

LOW CARBON MICROALLOYED COLD ROLLED, HOT DIP GALVANIZED DUAL PHASE STEEL FOR LARGER CROSS-SECTIONAL AREAS WITH IMPROVED PROPERTIES LOW CARBON MICROALLOYED COLD ROLLED, HOT DIP GALVANIZED DUAL PHASE STEEL FOR LARGER CROSS-SECTIONAL AREAS WITH IMPROVED PROPERTIES Hardy Mohrbacher NiobelCon bvba, Schilde, Belgium Thomas Schulz Salzgitter-Mannesmann

More information

Evaluation of the Susceptibility of Simulated Welds In HSLA-100 and HY-100 Steels to Hydrogen Induced Cracking

Evaluation of the Susceptibility of Simulated Welds In HSLA-100 and HY-100 Steels to Hydrogen Induced Cracking Evaluation of the Susceptibility of Simulated Welds In HSLA-100 and HY-100 Steels to Hydrogen Induced Cracking R. E. Ricker, M. R. Stoudt, and D. J. Pitchure Materials Performance Group Metallurgy Division

More information