2004. Ъ. Е. И Е ЙВ ИОЗ

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1 ЪНИЗО ВПУЩГ ПЕВВРЕЕ, 2004, 65, 2, НеД 612:8216; 575: fl 2004 Ъ Е И Е ЙВ ИОЗ З З, М, 11 К Й, fl, - fl,,,,, З fl А fl -, fl, fl fl А (- ), А fl fl Й (social learning), fl- fl fl - fl, fl fl Й - fl, -,, (- ),,, - fl - Аfl - fl -, (А, 1913; Й, 1922; З, 1948, 1973; Ж, 1970; М, 1976; Krebs, Dacies, 1978) А fl - fl, fl fl fl О fl -, fl Social learning 27- (Reznikova, 2001) д fl А - fl fl, fl, - flfl - fl Е Ч Й-б XIX, fl:,,, -,, Ч fl fl д fl,, fl,, -, fl -, (,, -,, ) - А fl - fl fl - В - fl В fl, - flfl,,, - З fl fl, flfl,, flfl 135

2 136 И flfl е, fl fl fl, fl fl: fl - fl, fl, - fl а - Е fl fl, Й fl -, fl fl flfl еfl fl -, fl - Е fl - fl fl -, fl Й, - fl flfl - - fl, fl fl fl (Х, 1977; К, 1983; а, 1991; Е, 1997; Й, Х, 1989; В, Й, 1998; И, 1998; У-, 2000; П, Й, 2001) Й, бfl fl Social learning -, - fl, -,, - fl (Heyes, 1994) Ч - fl flfl (imitation learning), - (observational learning) К - К flfl, -, fl,, fl- fl Ж - fl fl fl, fl flfl ( contagion - ) - fl social faclitation, social release (Zajonc, 1965; Р, 1983) А, flfl (, -, ) fl (), К fl fl -, К- fl,,,, ( ) - -, fl,, В - fl fl (stimulus enhancement): И fl ( ) - - а fl (stimulus faclitation): fl fl - fl fl - (Spence, 1937; Thorpe, 1956) П - fl (emulation) еfl fl : flfl Ч б (Tomasello, 1990) fl fl -, fl fl fl, - fl А б - fl fl - З fl fl, -, fl Щ - fl,, -, fl З fl - fl -, fl fl М- fl fl fl - fl,, З fl - fl fl ( fl, Thorndike, 1911) Ч fl А

3 fl 137 fl flfl, - (Caldwell, Whitten, 2002) Й fl (Thorpe, 1956) З fl fl, А fl fl (М, 1976; Р-, 1983; Ж, М, 1996), fl О -, fl fl А fl, fl, - fl fl,, fl, -,,, -, fl, fl-, Е, flfl - fl fl fl- Щ flfl fl- fl fl, fl fl, fl fl К fl (Hind, Fisher, 1951), (, 1961) - (Galef, 1992) Й - flflfl - (teaching, tutoring), fl, - Ч fl flfl : О А, О fl - А, fl fl К О,, - А, flfl, fl - fl, fl flfl, fl fl А - А fl () fl,, (Caro, Hauser, 1992) О - flflfl fl fl - fl flfl З fl - fl, fl,, - Мfl fl А fl -, fl fl, - fl З, - fl, - А, fl - fl А -, fl fl В-,, fl fl fl, - fl, (Oldfild-Box, 1970) А fl - fl а fl, fl - В,, fl, 15 Е fl flfl : -,, -, (М, М, 1982) Ж, flfl -, fl, -, -,, - fl, (Valsecehi et al, 1989) П, - fl fl (- ), - fl Й fl,, - (Ж, М, 1996) Й -, - fl, (Laland, Plotkin, 1992) Ж fl, - fl (Yeyes, 1994) Ж fl fl, fl, fl (Previde, Poli, 1996) А АБ Дfl (1940) fl

4 138 И fl 3040, fl, 23, fl- П, -, -, fl- (Darby, Riopell, 1959) О М (1972) -, fl - fl fl, fl fl К fl - fl fl, б, ОЗ К (1940), -, -, ; -,, fl, ; fl - fl fl О -, - fl (И, 1975, 1983; Reznikova J, 1982; Reznikova Zh, 2001) А, -, - fl - fl,, fl () Ч- fl - fl В, fl 10 - З, fl 2 А - fl, Щ - -,, flfl fl fl fl - а fl б, fl Ч fl Й -,,, К fl- fl, - fl, (), -,, fl К- flfl fl fl fl З, fl fl - fl, fl fl (Sherwin et al, 2002) А fl fl, б, - fl, -, - fl,, -,, fl (Suboski, Bartashunas, 1984) е,,, -, (Mason, 1988) еfl В - fl, fl, fl Д-, - fl, (Galef, Giraldeau, 2001) А - - fl Н fl, fl, fl - Е fl fl, fl - (Rozin, Kalat, 1971; Д, 1989) З fl fl -, - а fl - Ч - Р (Galef, 1988), -- А - (, ), fl fl - fl fl Д - -

5 fl 139 -,, fl Ч flfl 12 В-, fl fl- fl, А - -, ( ) К fl fl, - fl fl - fl В, fl, -, - fl flfl fl -,, К, -,, -, - В - fl fl fl З, fl -, fl, - fl -, fl (Й, Д, 1985) М fl fl -, fl А - fl - -, еfl flfl fl fl, -,, fl fl, fl - fl, fl, fl - fl З - fl - Лfl fl fl, - fl, fl, -, fl, fl,, fl fl Ч,, fl (Visalberghi, Addessi, 2000) Н fl fl дfl (, - ), - fl А - В fl, fl fl - - fl И- fl fl, - fl, fl fl fl, fl, fl (Sherwin et al, 2002) Д fl :, - Щ, - flflfl К - fl fl, Р (Galef, 1988) Д, fl,, -,, fl fl И - Кfl -,,, fl fl,, - fl -, fl, fl е- (, ) -,, - fl, - Д fl, fl - Ч, fl, fl fl (-, ) еfl - fl - (Noble et al, 1999; Sherwin et al, 2002) fl fl fl,

6 140 И fl А, -, fl flflfl, fl fl flfl fl б,, - - -, fl - (Ж, 1970) Е - fl fl Д fl fl, -, - :,, fl, flfl В fl, -, fl Иfl flflfl, - fl fl Ч fl- - fl, - flfl, - -,, - З fl -, flfl, fl - flfl (Mineka, Cook, 1988) В А -,, fl, -, fl В, fl, fl, flfl,, fl Ч - fl fl - fl А - fl fl - - fl fl Й - Й fl, fl : fl, fl fl В, - fl - Ч fl (Dugatkin, 1996) Й П fl, fl : - ( fl -, flfl ) -, - fl В, fl (424%),, Щ - 40%,, - fl, fl Д fl Й fl,,, - fl - - Д ( ) б (Thorndike, 1911) fl fl fl : fl fl (Visalberghi, Fragaszy, 1990), - fl (Byrne, Tomasello, 1995), fl (Tomasello, В fl- КВ Д, (KФhler, 1925), б (THorpe, 1956) -,, - ( fl), - В, - fl fl,, -, К fl -,, fl fl, З,, fl - fl - fl fl -, - ( : а, 1999) б - - fl - З,, fl, - fl fl Ч fl fl fl А fl -, fl, - fl, - fl З fl -, -

7 fl 141 (two-ways action/one outcome) Ж - fl В - б (Thorndike, 1911), fl - К fl - fl ( - fl, fl ),,, fl - fl, - fl М fl - -,, -, fl - К Еfl fl, - - fl М -, - fl, З - fl - ( ) А б fl fl, fl З fl,, а fl- - fl З, -,, - fl- Ч fl fl б е М - Melopsittacus undulasus:, fl, fl - fl, fl, - (Dawson, Foss, 1965) Ч fl fl fl fl Ж flfl А fl К, fl fl е fl,, (Zentall, 1996) е, fl,, -, fl - fl (Campbtl et al, 1998) А - fl -,, fl fl, fl (Bugnyar, Huber, 1997) А - - -, fl ( - ) Ч fl, - fl А () - (Voelkl, Huber, 2000) К - Corvus corax (Fritz, Kortschal, 1999), fl (Akins, Zentall, 1996), (Byrn, Tomasello, 1995; Campbell, Heyess, 2002) - е -, fl fl б, - А (Whiten, 1998) fl -, -, fl - T- е - fl fl,, -,, - - ; fl,, fl fl, - fl К -, -, - fl fl О-,, flflfl, fl,,, fl, Н Д (KФller, 1925), е - -, fl Й- flfl, - (Tomasello, 1996; Whiten, 1998) Ж fl, fl,, - fl Д -, fl -

8 142 И, fl (Custance et al, 1999) В fl -, fl - fl б, - - fl (Fawcett et al, 2002) А, - Й -, - fl (fl ) fl - (fl ) б -, бfl - fl,, -, З fl, - fl К - Й,, - А, - fl (Huber et al, 2001) Кfl fl, - fl fl - ; fl, flfl fl е В -, А, - Й- fl, fl,,, - - В - -, fl, - З fl, В А,, - fl, - fl В fl fl fl, fl, З,, З Е - - fl Е fl - fl fl fl, Еfl, fl,, fl - fl - fl А fl, fl fl, А fl - - fl - - : fl fl, fl (fl- fl),,, fl И flfl А flfl, - (,, ) fl,, Ъ -, flfl,, Б flflfl (1970) fl, -, В, -,,, З - fl В,,, fl,,,,, fl б ПЕ Л (1947) - fl fl А - - Н, - fl, fl - fl fl,, - а fl - fl З fl - fl К

9 fl 143, fl, -, fl, -, fl, fl fl : fl, - (McGrew, 1992) А flfl fl flfl, - З fl, - fl, fl fl fl,, А fl,, fl, fl - fl б, 50-, fl, - fl fl fl -, fl (Church, 1957) А - -, fl а -, fl В- : К - ( fl ), Д fl, fl П fl, fl - И fl -, К, fl fl, fl (Brown, Laland,2002) Ч fl -, fl fl В fl, fl flfl е fl, fl fl б - fl flfl fl,, - fl (Cavalli-Sforza, Feldman, 1981; Boyd, Richerson, 1985) К - fl fl (Coussi-Korbel, Fragaszy, 1995) В,, fl fl fl fl : -,,, - К - :, fl- fl -, fl (Reader, Laland, 2000) Е fl - fl Steatocranus casuarius (Budaev et al, 1999), - (Benus et al, 1987), - (Verbeek et al, 1994), (Hessing et al, 1994) Н -, fl, - - (И, Иfl, 1990; И, З, 1998; Ryabko, Reznikova, 1996) еfl, - -, fl -, fl, fl, Е, fl fl - fl,, fl fl Н - - fl fl (Koolhaas et al, 1999) А fl - - fl (Pfeffer et al, 2002) Аfl, -, fl - fl Н, flfl - fl,, Ч, fl- -, fl- - а fl fl - А fl fl flfl fl

10 144 И (Lefebvre et al, 1997) О fl О () flflfl - А - fl -, fl fl (Caro, Hauser, 1992) Ж, flfl fl: 1) fl 2) - Кfl fl в fl, А fl fl fl - flflfl fl Аfl, fl,, fl А Д, flfl - fl,, - fl fl В, fl -, fl - Ч - fl fl - (Lopez G, Lopez D, 1985) (Ewer, 1969; З, 1998), - fl fl (Ewer, 1963; М, 1978) е - fl, fl fl fl - А fl,,, (И-, 2000, ) Л flflfl - Ч -Ч (Eibl-Fibesfeld, 1970) В, fl fl - fl,, fl fl fl, - fl Д fl fl З- fl fl fl,, fl fl - fl fl З,? З flflfl, -, fl? Ж, fl еfl fl- flfl fl fl, fl В flfl fl, fl, - еfl fl fl, fl, fl, fl - fl fl fl Й - : - fl fl, fl, fl- Е, fl, - fl - - fl (О, 1972; К, 1990) Щ- fl fl Д - Й (Caro, 1994) П fl, - fl fl 10 К, fl fl fl fl -, fl, - Йfl -, (Caro, 1980) В fl fl, fl, fl, fl, - И fl

11 fl А - fl, Ч fl - В - fl З fl, fl (б, 1970; Meinertzhagen, 1954; Beebe, 1960; McElroy, 1974, Newton, 1979) В fl,,, - fl fl И, - fl - fl fl - (Schaadt, Rymon, 1982) В fl fl -,, fl fl, -, fl - fl В flfl, Щ -, fl е - Й - fl fl - : fl (Fouts et al, 1982) А fl - 10 fl, - fl -, fl, fl (Boesch, 1991) К - К fl Ж - fl fl fl, fl б fl :, - fl, А - fl, (287 ) (316 ) З, - А - А, fl-,, fl fl, -, fl,,, fl А fl - - fl О (Midford et al, 2000) А - - В - : А fl, fl fl: fl - fl fl, fl fl, - Р fl Кfl fl - fl fl fl, flfl fl (Nagell et al, 1993): 1) fl - fl, fl fl; 2) fl- fl - fl- ; 3) fl ; 4) flfl е - fl fl -, fl, fl, е - А -, fl б - fl Л М (Fischer, Hind, 1949; Hind, Fisher, 1951), - fl, - fl fl fl - А - fl fl fl (Kawamura, 1963; Kawai, 1965) И - fl - Б fl -

12 146 И (De Waal, 1999) Кfl - fl б,, Д, fl fl, fl (Р-, 1990) Й, - fl fl, -, -, fl (Ж, 1986; Ж, М, 1997) А,, fl Д-, - fl fl - fl, fl, Е - fl,, - fl Ч - fl fl - fl, В,,,, fl - fl Ч fl, fl З, fl,,, (Zohar, Terkel, 1996) Ж - fl - fl - Й flflfl fl А fl, -, - Ж, fl, - - е fl - fl flfl -, б, Р (Galef, 1980), fl fl -, fl, - В, - fl fl -, fl И -, Р fl В flflfl -, fl flfl - fl, Ч - fl, В,, fl - fl, fl А (Sherry, Galef, 1984, 1990) -, fl fl fl fl fl fl flflfl fl- Щ,, - flfl, - fl А fl - Щ, А fl, Щ fl, fl - fl - А, fl, - fl В ( ) -,! Ч, -, - - А,,, fl М fl, fl flfl, flfl Кfl, - Ч - fl (а, 1986) А,, - Еfl,,, - - -

13 fl 147, Щ -, fl,, fl -, В - fl - fl, -,,,, - Д, fl, 7 fl О (McGrew, 1998, 2001; Whitten et al, 1999) е- ( ) 151 П 39 -, А, Ж - fl fl, Ч -, fl fl fl fl А д flflfl fl б, fl fl 1979 fl fl fl В-, flfl fl, - fl Йfl 20 80% fl Е- fl - - fl, fl, fl - Й fl flfl Ч fl,, fl-, fl - И - fl (Huffman, Hishie, 2001) З fl flfl, - -, - fl А - fl, flfl flfl, fl е flflfl - fl, fl -,, fl - В fl fl,, fl fl К,, fl, В fl А, О М (1977) fl - fl fl fl fl ( ),, В (fl), - а В fl, fl fl, -,, -, - - fl В fl - fl- fl Щ, Ч, fl, fl fl, - fl - е, fl - ( flfl ),, flfl fl- - З, flfl- fl К - : fl е -, fl - fl,,,, Чflfl fl, fl бfl fl - fl,, fl - fl fl Е- fl,, б в, -

14 148 И fl, flflfl, fl - В,, - fl,, -, - flfl flfl Д fl К, - - fl Нfl fl - fl fl, fl Й- (fl,, -, ), fl (, fl, - ) (, fl) fl -, fl - fl И ИММЕ ( ) ЙКЕЙВД ЕбЩИОбНИ О е, 1972 Кfl Ж: Ж 215 П Ж, Й Щ, 2001 б - : fl - fl // Ъ 2001 T 62 1 C 7278 А А, 1913 П fl - ЙК ; Ж: Е- А б c Р ЗЗ, 1990 вfl Д // А Д б 10 C Р ЖЩ, 1983 Й - fl : fl fl // Е Ж: АЕЗЕбЕ б 12 C Р е, 1992 Х : Ж: Ж 670 c а ОО, 1991 Вfl Ж: З 277 а ао, еfl ЖО, Ж ЗА, 1986 Й fl- // а б C а ао, К ЕЕ, И ЪЕ, 1999 В fl Ж: Е- ЖРН 383 c Е АА, 1997 А fl :, fl, fl Ж: Е- ДЖД Scientific Press 147 c Д ЩА, Ж ЗЗ, Х ЖЕ, 1989 В Ж: З, 250 c Дfl АБ, 1940 Е- fl fl // П 10 C ЖЩ, 1961 Йfl // fl б 1 : Е- РН Й 311 Д, 1970 Д fl Й Ж: а 195 c Ж ПК, 1970 а - fl // П- fl Ж: З Й 1236 Ж ЕИ, 1986 З - fl // IV А - б 3 Ж: З б 3 C Ж ЗЗ, М ЩЦ, 1996 В- -fl fl, Ж: О 225 c З ЙА, 1998 Аfl - Felis lynx, Felidae, Carnivora // а б C З ЗК, 1948 Чfl Ж: А 618 З ЗК, 1973 Й ( ) fl fl // Ъ - б 34 6 C В ВА, Й ЖО, 1998 Жfl - fl - fl Clethrionomys // К, - fl fl : Й / К Й АЩ, И АА, Й- ЖО Ж: З Й 3265 К АЙ, 1990 П Ж: О- 215 c К ЩЗ, 1983 К - fl fl Ж: З 423 c К ОЗ, 1940 А fl // еоз ЙЙЙИ б 27 2 C И ЪЕ, 1975 З - fl, // а б 54 7 C И ЪЕ, 1982 Ж fl З : З 208 И ЪЕ, 2000 Е fl Ъ в 1 Ж: З 280 c И ЪЕ, 2000 Ж fl Ч -

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Elaboration fo universal methods of comparative studying of social learning such as artificial fruit and two ways / one outcome has essentially enlightened these questions and made comparative analysis possible Large continuum of siplays of cognitive skills in social learning has been revealed in non-primate species One of the most disctussible issues in the role of socieal learning in distribution of innovations Many authors have investigated this intriguing aspect of animal behaviour in fdifferent ways, such as long fiels obeservations as well as laboratory e xperiments based on artificial innovators that is speciment specially taught by experimentalist Many impressive results were obtained; in particular it turned out in contradiction with some mathematical models that individuals in groups are rather different in their psychophysiological predisposition to innovative behaviour Role of teaching in such different forms of behaviour as shaping of species-specific behavioural patterns and spread of innovations is considered Although the majority of aminals in wild populations are not teachers and pulils, some cultural aspects of behaviour were recently revealed, mostly in primates At the same time some classical results cocerning cultural transmission of new patterns (for example, bottle-opening in tits) were experimentally revised Many problems still remain unsolved, in particular, how spread of innovations may favour prosperity of populations; to what degree behavioural peculiarities of logal groups may be determined by processes of social learning; which internal and expernal facotrs and under what circumstances invest into social learning in natural environment