FOREWORD. Keerthi B Kotagama Managing Director/CEO CIC Agribusinesses No 205 1/1 D R Wijewardane Mawatha Colombo 10

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3 FOREWORD Department of Agriculture has been in the forefront of serving both growers, students, teachers and other persons interested in agriculture, with series of agricultural publications. CIC Institute of Agri Businesses, the Agri education, Training and Consultancy Division of the CIC Agribusinesses, has decided to complement the available information published by Department of Agriculture, with respect to cost of production of number of vegetables, grains and pulses on a continuous basis. This Handbook aims to serve all those who have interest in agriculture as well as those who plan to start their own Agribusinesses. The information and data published in the Handbook are based on own experiences of CIC Agribusinesses, its out growers spread across the country as well as data published by the Department of Agriculture. The cost of production data of various enterprises included in this publication will be updated time to time to keep the readers abreast of latest price changes, including varietal and fertilizer recommendations by the Department of Agriculture. CIC Institute of Agri Businesses is engaged in Agri education and training for all spectrum of clients including farmers, extension personnel and senior officers of various government and non-government organizations, with the aim of sharing the vast experience of CIC Agribusinesses in food production and farm management. More details if Institute s objectives, training programmes and other information can be viewed at Company s official website The CIC Institute of Agri Businesses is also in the process of producing a series of publications with technical information on food production for number of vegetables, fruits, grains and pulses. Keerthi B Kotagama Managing Director/CEO CIC Agribusinesses No 205 1/1 D R Wijewardane Mawatha Colombo 10

4 1. Introduction Sri Lanka has been and still is an agricultural country. The economic policy framework of the Government has emphasized on food self sufficiency through modernization of agriculture production, with particular attention on increased production, processing and value addition. Sri Lanka has two agricultural sectors namely; export oriented plantation crops (tea, rubber, coconut and spices) and non plantation sector comprise of a variety of food crops (rice, legumes, oil crops, fruits and vegetables). With the growing population and as result rapid urbanization and industrial and housing developments, Sri Lanka is facing the problem of producing more food from declining available land for agriculture. Under such circumstances, the only plausible alternative is to increase production per unit land area to meet ever growing demand for food, not to mention the vast sums of money spent on food imports annually. Sri Lanka has vast natural resources for agriculture production to attain selfsufficiency in many commodities. However, the contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by the agriculture sector in 2008 was 13.4% compared to services and industry sectors which contributed 57.3% and 29.4% respectively. Despite this, agriculture continued to play an important role in the economy and it is the major source of employment for about 33% of the labour force. Enhanced production in paddy and fisheries sectors coupled with encouraged performance in the plantation sector provided an added momentum for the sector in 2008 and beyond. The agriculture sector accumulated a total value of US$ billion in real terms in 2008 over US$ billion in This upturn largely came from a strong performance in paddy which witnessed 23% annual growth in 2008 while fishing, plantation and vegetable sectors contributing positively to the growth while livestock sector has shown a declining growth. Distribution of various sub-sectors within agriculture sector, to the % growth of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) from is depicted below.

5 Growth of Gross Domestic Product in Agriculture sub sectors Sub Sector Tea Paddy Minor Exports Livestock Food Crops Fisheries TOTAL SECTOR Source: Department of census and statistics The Food crop sector which includes Other Field Crops (OFC) constitutes mainly of condiments (onion and chilies), coarse grains (Kurakkan), grain legumes (Green Gram, Maize), oil crops (Sesame and Soya) and tuber crops (potato) among other things. Cultivated extent under OFC increased to 129,000 hectares in 2008, with an increase of 12% over The total domestic production also increased substantially to 398,000 metric tons in 2008 compared to 284,000 metric tons in 2007, showing clear indication of positive growth. This improvement was mainly due to the increased cultivation and production of maize, green gram, cowpea, black gram, finger-millet and ground nuts. Production of other field crops (Mt 000) Crops Big onions Red onions Chili Green gram Cowpea Black gram Soy bean Kurakkan Maize Potatoes Ground nuts Source: Department of Census and Statistics

6 In crop production, the use of appropriate farming practices is therefore important for maximizing returns for the grower. These practices can be categorized into 4 components. Improving the quality (fertility) of soil Use of quality inputs Application of scientific and environmentally beneficial crop management practices Minimizing post harvest loses Following pages illustrates how these components can be put to maximum use in attaining a higher productivity from a unit land area. Improving the quality (fertility) of soil Quality (fertility) of the soil is basically referred to as its richness. In commercial agriculture, status of physical, chemical and biological qualities of the soil play a key role in its ability to provide optimum crop growth for maximum yields. The neglect of these qualities has resulted in needless usage and hence wastage of plant nutrient supplements. This in turn has led to over-expenditure, chemical poisoning, environmental hazards and more importantly, reduced revenues. The required elements for optimum growth of any plant must be provided at correct quantities. Deficiency in any one can lead to waste of other elements even if supplied in required quantities. Testing of soil under laboratory conditions is the best way to determine the quality of soil. Site specific fertilizer recommendations can also be used by using these laboratory testing and analytical reports. The escalating prices of commercial fertilizers in the market have heightened the interest in the use of site specific fertilizer applications. Hence regular soil testing, which is an important element to produce economic yields with adequate plant nutrients, has become an essential part in crop production. Soil tests followed by the recommendations will help prevent occurrence of nutrient deficiencies or problem associated with over-fertilization such as excessive vegetative growth, delayed maturity, salt burn and most importantly, wasted money.

7 In addition, it can also lead to the protection against any environmental hazards resulting from excessive usage of fertilizers. In this context, it is extremely important for timely intervention in relation to soil sampling, testing, analysis, recommendations and implementation of these recommendations. The soil tests will determine some critical soil parameters as depicted in the table. Major elements Secondary elements Micro elements Others Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Calcium Magnesium Sulphur Copper Iron Manganese Zinc Boron Soil ph Organic matter Cation Exchange Capacity Soil texture Electrical Conductivity The CIC soil analysis reports provide: A detailed soil analytical report for each soil sample Recommendations in the form of a report as; - Crop nutrient requirement in terms of type of nutrient supplement and quantity - Schedule of inputs - Additional activities and attention required A health card for the farmland (similar to medical record) to record most significant information at a glance for comparison with subsequent soil tests and follow-up.

8 The implementation of this soil quality improvement technology is expected to provide following benefits to the grower. Provision of every essential element for plant growth at right quantity No occurrences of nutrient deficiencies which contribute to yield loses Efficient and effective absorption of nutrients by plant Improve resistance to pest and diseases damages Provide improved and quality harvest Save money thus increase profitability Usage of quality inputs The use of high quality planting materials and other farming inputs such as seeds, chemicals, fertilizer, compost etc is very important aspect of the production process. Acquiring such materials through a reputed organization with good standing in the farming community is vital to ensure quality and quantity of produce. It is no secret that quality inputs consistently produce higher yields and maximum profits. Producers are urged to follow recommendations by the Department of Agriculture at all times. Application of scientific and environmentally friendly crop management practices Following are some salient points in this regard, which must be applied in all types of commercial agriculture. Land preparation - Ploughing or digging to correct depth is important depending on the root depth of the planned crop. Land preparation to correct depth has following scientifically proven advantages; - Effective weed control - Optimum growth for root system - Better distribution of nutrients - Better water utilization - Good surface for plants to grow

9 Nutrient Management Use of organic fertilizers/compost improves the nutrient absorption capability. Poor organic matter content in soil leads to waste of fertilizer as soil is unable to retain the nutrients. Therefore it is essential to use organic fertilizers in addition to the recommend chemical plant nutrients. Compost Water management Proper water management helps weed and pest/ disease control as well nutrient absorption. In addition, minimizing labour costs and waste of water are two other key elements in water management. Crop rotation Growing crops in the same family must be avoided to minimize continued and severe occurrence of pests & diseases. Rotation of crops with useful crop combinations is recommended at all times especially if crops of same family or same crop is planned for subsequent cultivation seasons. Crop diversification Growing different crops in the same land at different times can give unexpected benefits to the grower to experience minimum pest/disease occurrence, soil fertility improvement, soil condition improvement, maximum use of land etc.

10 Pest & Disease management Pests and diseases cause poor yields, inferior quality and reduced incomes. An integrated approach to pest & disease management can effectively solve these problems. It includes; - Close observation of the growth of plants to identify incidents early - Correct identification of the damage - Use of IPM (Integrated Pest Management) practices from land preparation to harvesting - Use of correct chemical and dosage Minimizing post harvest loses Post harvest loses contribute to nearly 30-40% for perishable crops and to a lesser extent for others. However, economic losses due to poor post harvest methods are seen as a major contributory factor in diminishing returns of agricultural produce. Harvesting at the right stage and help minimize these loses to a greater extent. Storage, packing and transport are three other key elements in post harvest technology. The methods used depend on the agricultural product.

11 2. Cost of Production of Vegetables In this chapter, information has been provided based on latest and available data. Readers are also provided with labour requirement by activity for better understanding of the labour cost. Following assumptions have been taken into consideration in calculating the cost of production. The cost of labour and inputs may differ in various agro-ecological zones. The data provided are average figures. Yields are based on given varieties and average production. Potential yields of hybrid varieties are much higher than the average yields. All crops are irrigated unless otherwise stated Land preparation is by using farm machinery Cost of agro-chemicals is based on average usage. The type of agrochemicals and quantities vary significantly depending on the crop, season, severity of damage and the grower! Selling prices differ significantly from season to season.

12 BEETROOT IRRIGATED Crimson Globe LABOUR COST 129 units , Seeds 2 kg 3, , Organic matter 6000 kg , Water management 5, CIC starter 100 kg , CIC SA1 kg CIC SA2 150 kg , CIC TDM kg CIC Yielder 100 kg , Dolomite 600 kg , Agro chemical 10, Total input material cost 73, Labour cost 83, Input material cost 73, Processing cost - Total cost 162, Total Yield (kg) Selling price (Rs) Income 250, Profit/Loss 87, Cost of Production per kg Labour use Man days Nursery management 10 Land preparation - Bed preparation and mgt 20 Seeding and thinning out 30 Fertilizer application 8 Water management 22 Weeding & earthing up 20 Pest & disease control 3 Harvesting 16 Total labour 129

13 2.1 Up country vegetables CABBAGE IRRIGATED Sungrow LABOUR COST 116 units , seeds 0.1 kg 50, , Organic matter & lime 4000 kg , Water management 5, CIC starter kg CIC SA1 kg - CIC SA2 300 kg , CIC TDM 100 kg , CIC Yielder kg Dolomite 1200 kg , Agro chemical 14, Total input material cost 72, Labour cost 75, Input material cost 72, Processing cost - Total cost 153, Total Yield (kg) Selling price (Rs) Income 240, Profit/Loss 86, Cost of Production per kg Labour use Man days Nursery management 8 Land preparation Bed preparation and mgt 12 Transplanting 15 Seeding and thinning out Fertilizer application 10 Weeding & earthing up 18 Pest & disease control 12 Water management 16 Harvesting 25 Total labour 116

14 CARROT IRRIGATED Kuruda LABOUR COST 124 units , seeds 2.4 kg 3, , Organic matter 4000 kg , Water management 5, CIC starter 785 kg , CIC SA1 150 kg , CIC SA2 200 kg , CIC TDM kg CIC Yielder 100 kg , Dolomite 600 kg , Agro chemical 10, Total input material cost 75, Labour cost 80, Input material cost 75, Processing cost - Total cost 161, Total Yield (kg) Selling price (Rs) Income 360, Profit/Loss 198, Cost of Production per kg Labour use Man days Land preparation Bed preparation and mgt 20 Seeding and thinning out 30 Fertilizer application 14 Weeding & earthing up 24 Pest & disease control 8 Harvesting 28 Total labour 124

15 LEEK IRRIGATED Large Long Summer LABOUR COST 185 units , seeds 1.5 kg 10, , Organic matter 4000 kg , Water management 5, CIC Super kg , CIC starter kg CIC SA1 250 kg , CIC SA2 100 kg , CIC TDM kg CIC Yielder kg Dolomite 600 kg , Agro chemical 10, Total input material cost 78, Labour cost 120, Input material cost 78, Processing cost - Total cost 205, Total Yield (kg) Selling price (Rs) Income 300, Profit/Loss 95, Cost of Production per kg Labour use Man days Nursery management 6 Land preparation Bed preparation and mgt 28 Seeding and thinning out 26 Fertilizer application 20 Weeding & earthing up 30 Pest & disease control 7 Water management 38 Harvesting 36 Total labour 185

16 KNOL KHOL IRRIGATED Early White Viana LABOUR COST 98 units , seeds 0.8 kg 6, , Organic matter 2000 kg , Water management 5, Urea 68 kg , TSP 45 kg , MOP 56 kg , CIC SA2 kg CIC TDM kg CIC Yielder kg Dolomite kg Agro chemical 3, Total input material cost 31, Labour cost 63, Input material cost 31, Processing cost - Total cost 101, Total Yield (kg) Selling price (Rs) Income 150, Profit/Loss 48, Cost of Production per kg Labour use Man days Nursery management 10 Land preparation - Bed preparation and mgt 12 Transplanting 27 Fertilizer application 3 Weeding & earthing up 12 Pest & disease control 2 Water management 12 Harvesting 20 Total labour 98

17 RADISH IRRIGATED Japanese bold LABOUR COST 69 units , seeds 2 kg 3, , Organic matter 2000 kg , Water management 5, Urea 68 kg , TSP 45 kg , MOP 56 kg , CIC SA2 kg CIC TDM kg CIC Yielder kg Dolomite kg Agro chemical 3, Total input material cost 32, Labour cost 44, Input material cost 32, Processing cost - Total cost 83, Total Yield (kg) Selling price (Rs) Income 140, Profit/Loss 56, Cost of Production per kg 5.98 Labour use Nursery management Man days Land preparation Bed preparation and mgt 12 Transplanting Seeding and thinning out 14 Fertilizer application 3 Weeding & earthing up 12 Pest & disease control 1 Water management 11 Harvesting 16 Total labour 69

18 POTATO IRRIGATED Grannola LABOUR COST 136 units , seeds 800 kg , Organic matter & lime 6000 kg , Water management 10, CIC starter 140 kg , CIC SA1 kg CIC SA2 kg CIC TDM kg CIC Yielder 175 kg , Dolomite 600 kg , Agro chemical 18, Total input material cost 240, Labour cost 88, Input material cost 240, Processing cost - Total cost 335, Total Yield (kg) 8000 Selling price (Rs) Income 440, Profit/Loss 104, Cost of Production per kg Labour use Man days Nursery management - Land preparation 23 Bed preparation and mgt 13 Transplanting - Seeding 20 Fertilizer application 13 Weeding & earthling up 13 Pest & disease control 11 Water management 20 Harvesting 23 Total labour 136

19 2.2 Low country vegetables Same assumptions, as stated under up country vegetable production, have been taken into consideration in calculating the cost of production of low country vegetables as well. CHILI IRRIGATED Thunder Hot LABOUR COST 163 units , seeds 0.18 kg 60, , Organic matter 2000 kg , Water management 10, CIC Vegetable Special 160 kg 7, CIC Super kg 29, CIC Micro S Vegetable 10 kg , Dolomite 400 kg , Agro chemical Weedicide/Pesticide/fungicide 25, Total input material cost 96, Labour cost 105, Input material cost 96, Processing cost - Total cost 208, Total Yield (kg) Selling price (Rs) Income 400, Profit/Loss 191, Cost of Production per g Labour use Man days Nursery management 8 Land preparation - Bed preparation and gt 15 Transplanting 15 Fertilizer application 10 Water management 20 Weeding & earthing up 28 Pest & disease control 12 Harvesting 55 Total labour 163

20 CAPSICUM IRRIGATED Malu LABOUR COST 153 units , seeds 0.16 kg 100, , Organic matter 2000 kg , Water management 5, CIC Vegetable Special 160 kg , CIC Super kg , CIC Micro S Vegetable 10 kg , Dolomite 400 kg , Agro chemical Weedicide/Pesticide/fungicide 25, Total input material cost 96, Labour cost 99, Input material cost 96, Processing cost - Total cost 201, Total Yield (kg) Selling price (Rs) Income 420, Profit/Loss 218, Cost of Production per kg Labour use Man days Nursery management 10 Land preparation - Bed preparation and mgt 15 Transplanting 20 Fertilizer application 10 Water management 20 Weeding & earthing up 28 Pest & disease control 12 Harvesting 38 Total labour 153

21 TOMATO IRRIGATED Glory LABOUR COST 155 units , seeds 0.12 kg 114, , Organic matter 2000 kg , Water management 5, CIC Vegetable Special 160 kg , CIC Super kg , CIC Micro S Vegetable 10 kg , Dolomite 400 kg , Agro chemical Weedicide/Pesticide/fungicide 25, Other Sticks 10, Total input material cost 110, Labour cost 100, Input material cost 110, Processing cost - Total cost 217, Total Yield (kg) Selling price (Rs) Income 350, Profit/Loss 132, Cost of Production per kg Labour use Man days Nursery management 6 Land preparation - Bed preparation and mgt 20 Transplanting 10 Fertilizer application 11 Water management 15 Weeding & earthing up 19 Fixing support 18 Pest & disease control 18 Harvesting 38 Total labour 155

22 LUFFA IRRIGATED LA33 LABOUR COST 135 units , seeds 0.4 kg 10, , Organic matter 2000 kg , Water management 5, CIC Vegetable Special 160 kg , CIC Super kg , CIC Micro S Vegetable 10 kg , Dolomite 400 kg , Agro chemical Weedicide/Pesticide/fungicide 15, Other Trellising 25, Total input material cost 99, Labour cost 87, Input material cost 99, Processing cost - Total cost 193, Total Yield (kg) Selling price (Rs) Income 280, Profit/Loss 86, Cost of Production per kg Labour use Man days Nursery management - Land preparation - Bed preparation and mgt 12 Seeding 15 Fertilizer application 10 Water management 15 Weeding & earthing up 20 Trellising 22 Pest & disease control 6 Harvesting 35 Total labour 135

23 BITTER GOURD IRRIGATED Kalu Karawila LABOUR COST 139 units , seeds 0.4 kg 18, , Organic matter 2000 kg , Water management 5, CIC Vegetable Special 160 kg , CIC Super kg , CIC Micro S Vegetable 10 kg , Dolomite 400 kg , Agro chemical Weedicide/Pesticide/fungicide 15, Other Trellising 25, Storage bags units Total input material cost 102, Labour cost 90, Input material cost 102, Processing cost - Total cost 198, Total Yield (kg) Selling price (Rs) Income 360, Profit/Loss 161, Cost of Production per kg Labour use Man days Nursery management - Land preparation - Bed preparation and mgt 15 Seeding 12 Fertilizer application 10 Water management 18 Trellising 24 Weeding & earthing up 22 Pest & disease control 6 Harvesting 32 Total labour 139

24 PUMPKIN IRRIGATED Perakum/Arun LABOUR COST 64 units , seeds 0.4 kg 15, , Organic matter 2000 kg , Water management 5, CIC Vegetable Special 160 kg , CIC Super kg , CIC Micro S Vegetable 10 kg , Dolomite 400 kg , Agro chemical Weedicide/Pesticide/fungicide 7, Total input material cost 56, Labour cost 41, Input material cost 56, Processing cost - Total cost 104, Total Yield (kg) Selling price (Rs) Income 180, Profit/Loss 75, Cost of Production per kg 8.67 Labour use Man days Nursery management - Land preparation - Bed preparation and mgt 12 Seeding 9 Fertilizer application 8 Water management 10 Weeding & earthing up 12 Pest & disease control 3 Harvesting 10 Total labour 64

25 CUCUMBER IRRIGATED Kanna LABOUR COST 53 units , seeds 0.4 kg 21, , Organic matter 2000 kg , Water management 5, CIC Vegetable Special 160 kg , CIC Super kg , CIC Micro S Vegetable 10 kg , Dolomite kg Agro chemical Weedicide/Pesticide/fungicide 5, Total input material cost 65, Labour cost 34, Input material cost 65, Processing cost - Total cost 106, Total Yield (kg) Selling price (Rs) Income 168, Profit/Loss 61, Cost of Production per kg 7.60 Labour use Man days Nursery management - Land preparation - Bed preparation and mgt 12 Seeding 10 Fertilizer application 8 Water management 2 Weeding & earthing up 8 Pest & disease control 3 Harvesting 10 Total labour 53

26 OKRA IRRIGATED Super Haritha LABOUR COST 76 units , seeds 2 kg 2, , Organic matter 2000 kg , Water management 5, CIC Vegetable Special 121 kg , CIC Super 2 81 kg , CIC Micro S Vegetable 60 kg , Dolomite kg Agro chemical Weedicide/Pesticide/fungicide 4, Total input material cost 37, Labour cost 49, Input material cost 37, Processing cost - Total cost 92, Total Yield (kg) Selling price (Rs) Income 150, Profit/Loss 57, Cost of Production per kg 9.24 Labour use Man days Nursery management - Land preparation - Bed preparation and mgt 10 Seeding and thinning out 12 Fertilizer application 10 Water management 12 Weeding & earthing up 16 Pest & disease control 2 Harvesting 14 Total labour 76

27 BRINJAL IRRIGATED Lena Iri/SM164 LABOUR COST 124 units , seeds 0.24 kg 68, , Organic matter 2000 kg , Water management 5, Urea 121 kg , TSP 131 kg , MOP 68 kg , Dolomite kg Agro chemical Weedicide/Pesticide/fungicide 25, Total input material cost 74, Labour cost 80, Input material cost 74, Processing cost - Total cost 160, Total Yield (kg) Selling price (Rs) Income 300, Profit/Loss 139, Cost of Production per kg Labour use Man days Nursery management 2 Land preparation - Bed preparation and mgt 10 Transplanting 10 Fertilizer application 12 Water management 12 Weeding & earthing up 28 Pest & disease control 12 Harvesting 38 Total labour 124

28 B-ONION IRRIGATED Agrifound Light Red (local) LABOUR COST 276 units , seeds 3 kg 9, , Organic matter 2000 kg , Water management 5, CIC Onion special (Stage 1) 250 kg , CIC Onion special (Stage 2) 250 kg , CIC Onion special (Stage 3) 250 kg , Dolomite kg Agro chemical Weedicide/Pesticide/fungicide 40, Total input material cost 122, Labour cost 193, Input material cost 122, Processing cost - Total cost 321, Total Yield (kg) Selling price (Rs) Income 600, Profit/Loss 278, Cost of Production per kg Labour use Man days Nursery management 30 Land preparation - Bed preparation and mgt 60 Transplanting 40 Fertilizer application 10 Water management 40 Weeding & earthing up 30 Pest & disease control 10 Harvesting 40 Post harvest activities 16 Total labour 276

29 3. Cost of Production of Grains and Pulses Same assumptions apply except in the case paddy where irrigated water is used for production. All other crops are cultivated under rainfed conditions. PADDY IRRIGATED DOA varieties LABOUR COST 38 units , seeds 41 kg , Fertilizer Subsidy 3 bags , Organic matter 2000 kg , Zinc 7 kg , Urea 125 kg TSP 45 kg MOP 35 kg Dolomite 800 kg 7.00 Agro chemical 2, Total input material cost 15, PROCESSING COST 1 acre 3, , Labour cost 24, Input material cost 15, Processing cost 3, Total cost 45, Total Yield (kg) 2460 Selling price (Rs) Income 68, Profit/Loss 22, Cost of Production per kg Labour use Man days Bunt clearing 6 Seeding 0.5 Fertilizing 1.5 Irrigating 7 Weeding 4 Harvesting 8 Collecting 5 Post harvest handling 4 Transport 2 Total labour units 38

30 MAIZE RAINFED Rambo LABOUR COST 36 units , seeds 5 kg , Organic matter 1000 kg , Liquid fertilizer Urea 87 kg , TSP 40 kg , MOP 20 kg , Dolomite Agro chemical 3, Total input material cost 18, PROCESSING COST 1 acre 3, , Labour cost 23, Input material cost 18, Processing cost 3, Total cost 48, Total Yield (kg) 2500 Selling price (Rs) Income 70, Profit/Loss 21, Cost of Production per kg Labour use Man days Seeding 6 Basal dressing 4 Irrigation 0 Weeding 0 Pest and Disease control 2 Top dressing 2 Crop supporting 0 Crop maintenance 0 Harvesting 8 Post harvest handling 2 Transport 1 Total labour units 25

31 KURAKKAN RAINFED DOA Varieties LABOUR COST 33 units , seeds 3 kg cow dung - Liquid fertilizer - Urea 40 kg , TSP 20 kg , MOP 20 kg , Dolomite Agro chemical Total input material cost 5, PROCESSING COST 1 acre 3, , Labour cost 21, Input material cost 5, Processing cost 3, Total cost 33, Total Yield (kg) 900 Selling price (Rs) Income 45, Profit/Loss 11, Cost of Production per kg Labour use Man days Land preparation Leveling & Broadcasting 8 Basal dressing 1 Mulching - Irrigation - Weeding (If row seeding) 8 Pest and Disease control - Top dressing 1 Harvesting 12 Post harvest handling 2 Transport 1 Total labour 33

32 GREENGRAM RAINFED DOA Varieties LABOUR COST 42 units , seeds 12 kg , cow dung - Liquid fertilizer - Urea 26 kg , TSP 40 kg , MOP 30 kg , Dolomite Agro chemical 1, Total input material cost 10, PROCESSING COST 1 acre 3, , Labour cost 27, Input material cost 10, Processing cost 3, Total cost 46, Total Yield (kg) 700 Selling price (Rs) Income 56, Profit/Loss 9, Cost of Production per kg Labour use Man days Land Preparation - Preparation of Beds and Ridges 7 Row seeding 6 Basal dressing 2 Mulching - Irrigation - Weeding 8 Pest and Disease control 2 Top dressing 1 Harvesting 12 Post harvest handling 3 Transport 1 Total labour 42

33 COWPEA RAINFED DOA Varieties LABOUR COST 40 units , seeds 15 kg , cow dung - Liquid fertilizer - Urea 26 kg , TSP 40 kg , MOP 30 kg , Dolomite Agro chemical 2, Total input material cost 10, PROCESSING COST 1 acre 3, , Labour cost 26, Input material cost 10, Processing cost 3, Total cost 42, Total Yield (kg) 600 Selling price (Rs) Income 48, Profit/Loss 5, Cost of Production per kg Labour use Man days Land preparation - Preparation of Beds & ridges 7 Basal dressing 2 Seeding 6 Mulching 0 Irrigation 0 Weeding 8 Pest and Disease control 1 Top dressing 1 Harvesting 12 Post harvest handling 2 Transport 1 Total labour 40

34 BLACKGRAM RAINFED DOA Varieties LABOUR COST 36.5 units , seeds 12 kg , cow dungs - Liquid fertilizer - Urea 26 kg , TSP 40 kg , MOP 30 kg , Dolomite Total input material cost 9, PROCESSING COST 1 acre 3, , Labour cost 23, Input material cost 9, Processing cost 3, Total cost 39, Total Yield (kg) 600 Selling price (Rs) Income 45, Profit/Loss 5, Cost of Production per kg Labour use Man days Land Preparation - Preparation of Bed and Ridges 8 Basal dressing 3 Seeding 4 Mulching - Irrigation - Weeding 6 Pest and Disease control 1.5 Top dressing 1 Harvesting 10 Post harvest handling 2 Transport 1 Total labour 36.5

35 SOYBEAN RAINFED DOA Varieties LABOUR COST 43 units , seeds 20 kg , cow dung - Liquid fertilizer - Urea 40 kg , TSP 40 kg , MOP 30 kg , Dolomite Agro chemical 1, Total input material cost 10, PROCESSING COST 1 acre 3, , Labour cost 27, Input material cost 10, Processing cost 3, Total cost 44, Total Yield (kg) 1000 Selling price (Rs) Income 85, Profit/Loss 40, Cost of Production per kg Labour use Man days Land preparation - Preparation of Beds & Ridges 8 Basal dressing 2 Crop establishment 8 Mulching - Irrigation - Weeding 9 Pest and Disease control 2 Top dressing 1 Harvesting 10 Post harvest handling 2 Transport 1 Total labour 43