troduction to Algebra

Transcription

1 Chapter Five Decimals Section 5.1 Introduction to Decimals Like fractional notation, decimal notation is used to denote a part of a whole. Numbers written in decimal notation are called decimal numbers, or simply decimals. The decimal has three parts Wholenumber part Decimal part Decimal point 3

2 The position of each digit in a number determines its place value. Place Value reds hundr tens ones tenths redths hundr thous sandths decimal point ten-th housandths 1 10,000 red-thousandths hundr 1 100,000 4 Notice that the value of each place is 1 10 of fth the value of fth the place to its left The digit 3 is in the hundredths place, so 3 its value is 3 hundredths dth or

3 Writing (or Reading) a Decimal in Words Step 1. Write the whole-number part in words. Step 2. Write and for the decimal point. Step 3. Write the decimal part in words as though it were a whole number, followed by the place value of the last digit. 7 Writing a Decimal in Words Write the decimal in words whole-number part decimal part one hundred forty-three and fifty-six thousandths 8 Writing Decimals in Standard Form A decimal written in words can be written in standard form by reversing the procedure. Wit Write one hundred d six and dfi five hundredths dth in standard form. one hundred six and five hundredths whole-number part decimal decimal part must be in the hundredths place 9

4 Helpful Hint When writing a decimal from words to decimal notation, make sure the last digit is in the correct place by inserting 0s after the decimal point if necessary. For example, three and fifty-four four thousandths is thousandths place 10 Writing Decimals as Fractions Once you master writing and reading decimals correctly, then you write a decimal as a fraction using the fractions associated with the words you use when you read it. 0.9 is read nine tenths and written as a fraction as is read as twenty-one hundredths 21 and written as a fraction as is read as eleven thousandths and written as a fraction as

5 = = decimal places 2 zeros 3 decimal places 3 zeros Notice that the number of decimal places in a decimal number is the same as the number of zeros in the denominator of the equivalent fraction. We can use this fact to write decimals as fractions. 13 Comparing Decimals One way to compare decimals is to compare their graphs on a number line. Recall that for any two numbers on a number line, the number to the left is smaller and the number to the right is larger. To compare 0.3 and 0.7 look at their graphs < 0.7 or > Comparing decimals by comparing their graphs on a number line can be time consuming, so we compare the size of decimals by comparing digits in corresponding places. 15

6 Comparing Two Positive Decimals Compare digits in the same places from left to right. When two digits are not equal, the number with the larger digit is the larger decimal. If necessary, insert 0s after the last digit to the right of the decimal point to continue comparing. Compare hundredths place digits < < Helpful Hint For any decimal, writing 0s after the last digit to the right of the decimal point does not change the value of the number. 8.5 = 8.50 = 8.500, and so on When a whole number is written as a decimal, the decimal point is placed to the right of the ones digit. 15 = 15.0 = 15.00, and so on 17 Rounding Decimals We round the decimal part of a decimal number in nearly the same way as we round whole numbers. The only difference is that we drop digits to the right of the rounding place, instead of replacing these digits by 0s. For example, rounded to the nearest hundredth is

7 Rounding Decimals To a Place Value to the Right of the Decimal Point Step 1. Locate the digit to the right of the given place value. Step 2. If this digit is 5 or greater, add 1 to the digit in the given place value and drop all digits to the right. If this digit is less than 5, drop all digits to the right of the given place. 19 Rounding Decimals to a Place Value Round to the nearest tenth. Locate the digit to the right of the tenths place. tenths place digit to the right Since the digit to the right is less than 5, drop it and all digits to its right rounded to the nearest tenths is Section 5.2 Adding and Subtracting Decimals

8 Adding or Subtracting Decimals Step 1. Write the decimals so that the decimal points line up vertically. Step 2. Add or subtract as for whole numbers. Step 3. Place the decimal point in the sum or difference so that it lines up vertically with the decimal points in the problem. 22 Helpful Hint Recall that 0s may be inserted to the right of the decimal point after the last digit without changing the value of the decimal. This may be used to help line up place values when adding or subtracting decimals becomes two 0s inserted 23 Helpful Hint Don t forget that the decimal point in a whole number is after the last digit. 24

9 Estimating Operations on Decimals Estimating sums, differences, products, and quotients of decimal numbers is an important skill whether you use a calculator or perform decimal operations by hand. Estimating When Adding Decimals Add Exact Estimate rounds to 24 rounds to This is a reasonable answer. Helpful Hint When rounding to check a calculation, you may want to round the numbers to a place value of your choosing so that your estimates are easy to compute mentally.

10 Evaluating with Decimals Evaluate x + y for x = 5.5 and y = 2.8. Replace x with 55and 5.5 y with 28in 2.8 x + y. x + y = ( 5.5) + ( 2.8) = Section 5.3 Multiplying Decimals and Circumference of a Circle Multiplying Decimals Multiplying decimals is similar to multiplying whole numbers. The difference is that we place a decimal point in the product. 0.7 x 0.03 = x = = decimal place 2 decimal places 3 decimal places 30

11 Multiplying Decimals Step 1. Multiply the decimals as though they were whole numbers. Step 2. The decimal point in the product is placed so the number of decimal places in the product is equal to the sum of the number of decimal places in the factors. 31 Estimating when Multiplying Decimals Multiply 32.3 x 1.9. Exact Estimate rounds to 32 rounds to 2 64 This is a reasonable answer. Multiplying Decimals by Powers of 10 There are some patterns that occur when we multiply a number by a power of ten, such as 10, 100, 1000, 10,000, and so on. 33

12 Multiplying Decimals by Powers of x 10 = Decimal point moved 1 place to the right. 1 zero x 100 = Decimal point moved 2 places to the right. 2 zeros x 100,000 = 7,654,300 Decimal point moved 5 5 zeros places to the right. The decimal point is moved the same number of places as there are zeros in the power of Multiplying by Powers of 10 such as 10, 100, 1000 or 10,000,... Move the decimal point to the right the same number of places as there are zeros in the power of 10. Multiply: x 100 Since there are two zeros in 100, move the decimal place two places to the right x 100 = = Multiplying by Powers of 10 such as 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, ,... Move the decimal point to the left the same number of places as there are decimal places in the power of 10. Multiply: 8.57 x 0.01 Since there are two decimal places in 0.01, move the decimal place two places to the left x 0.01 = = Notice that zeros had to be inserted. 36

13 Finding the Circumference of a Circle The distance around a polygon is called its perimeter. The distance around a circle is called the circumference. This distance depends on the radius or the diameter of the circle. 37 Circumference of a Circle r d Circumference = 2 π radius or Circumference = π diameter C = 2 π r or C = π d 38 π The symbol π is the Greek letter pi, pronounced pie. It is a constant between 3 and 4. A decimal approximation for π is A fraction approximation for π is. 7 39

14 4 inches Find the circumference of a circle whose radius is 4 inches. C = 2πr = 2π 4 = 8π inches 8π inches is the exact circumference of this circle. If we replace π with the approximation 3.14, C = 8π 8(3.14) = inches inches is the approximate circumference of the circle. 40 Section 5.4 Dividing Decimals Division of decimal numbers is similar to division of whole numbers. The only difference is the placement of a decimal point in the quotient. If the divisor is a whole number, divide as for whole numbers; then place the decimal point in the quotient directly above the decimal point in the dividend quotient divisor dividend

15 If the divisor is not a whole number, we need to move the decimal point to the right until the divisor is a whole number before we divide. divisor dividend Dividing by a Decimal Step 1. Move the decimal point in the divisor to the right until the divisor is a whole number. Step 2. Move the decimal point in the dividend to the right the same number of places as the decimal point was moved in Step 1. Step 3. Divide. Place the decimal point in the quotient directly over the moved decimal point in the dividend. 44 Estimating When Dividing Decimals Divide Exact Estimate 100 rounds to This is a reasonable answer.

16 There are patterns that occur when dividing by powers of 10, such as 10, 100, 1000, and so on = zero = , zeros The decimal point moved 1 place to the left. The decimal point moved 3 places to the left. The pattern suggests the following rule. 46 Dividing Decimals by Powers of 10 such as 10, 100, or 1000,... Move the decimal point of the dividend to the left the same number of places as there are zeros in the power of 10. Notice that this is the same pattern as multiplying by powers of 10 such as 0.1, 0.01, or Because dividing by a power of 10 such as 100 is the same as multiplying by its reciprocal 1 100, or = = = To divide by a number is the same as multiplying by its reciprocal. 47 Section 5.5 Fractions, Decimals, and Order of Operations

17 Writing Fractions as Decimals To write a fraction as a decimal, divide the numerator by the denominator. 3 = 3 4 = = 2 5 = Comparing Fractions and Decimals To compare decimals and fractions, write the fraction as an equivalent decimal. 1 Compare and. 4 Therefore, < = Order of Operations 1. Do all operations within grouping symbols such as parentheses or brackets. 2. Evaluate any expressions with exponents. 3. Multiply or divide in order from left to right. 4. Add or subtract in order from left to right. 51

18 Using the Order of Operations Simplify ( 2.3) ( ) ( 2.3) ( ) = ( 2.3) (5.3) Simplify inside parentheses. = (5.3) Write ( 2.3) 2 as = Multiply. = Add. Finding the Area of a Triangle height base 1 A = base height 2 A = 1 2 bh 53 Section 5.6 Equations Containing Decimals

19 Steps for Solving an Equation in x Step 1. If fractions are present, multiply both sides of the equation by the LCD of the fractions. Step 2. If parentheses are present, use the distributive property. Step 3. Combine any like terms on each side of the equation. 55 Steps for Solving an Equation... Step 4. Use the addition property of equality to rewrite the equation so that variable terms are on one side of the equation and constant t terms are on the other side. Step 5. Divide both sides by the numerical coefficient of x to solve. Step 6. Check the answer in the original equation. 56 Solving Equations with Decimals 0.01(5a + 4) = (a + 4) 1(5a + 4) = 4 1(a + 4) 5a 4 = 4 a 4 4a 4 = 4 4 4a = 4 a = 1 Multiply both sides by 100. Apply the distributive property. Add a to both sides. Add 4 to both sides and simplify. Divide both sides by 4.

20 Section 5.7 Decimal Applications: Mean, Median, and Mode Measures of Central Tendency The mean, the median, and the mode are called measures of central tendency. They describe a set of data, or a set of numbers, by a single middle number. 59 Mean (Average) The most common measure of central tendency is the mean (sometimes called the arithmetic mean or the average ). The mean (average) of a set of number items is the sum of the items divided by the number of items. 60

21 Finding the Mean Find the mean of the following list of numbers Continued. 61 Finding the Mean The mean is the average of the numbers: = Median You may have noticed that a very low number or a very high number can affect the mean of a list of numbers. Because of this, you may sometimes want to use another measure of central tendency, called the median. The median of an ordered set of numbers is the middle number. If the number of items is even, the median is the mean (average) of the two middle numbers. 63

22 Finding the Median Find the median of the following list of numbers Continued. 64 Finding the Median List the numbers in numerical order: Median Helpful Hint In order to compute the median, the numbers must first be placed in order. 66

23 Mode The mode of a set of numbers is the number that occurs most often. (It is possible for a set of numbers to have more than one mode or to have no mode.) 67 Finding the Mode Find the mode of the following list of numbers Continued. 68 Finding the Mode List the numbers in numerical order: The mode is

24 Helpful Hint Don t forget that it is possible for a list of numbers to have no mode. For example, the list 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 has no mode. There is no number or numbers that occur more often than the others. 70