A Quickstart Guide to Linux
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1 A Quickstart Guide to Linux Terminal A terminal is a device that is used for entering data into, and displaying data from, a computer. A terminal emulator is a window that presents the user a command line interface (CLI). Once you open a terminal emulator the user communicate through the CLI with a program called the shell. In order to get access to a terminal emulator on your Ubuntu-Linux box : using the GUI (Graphical User Interface): Applications Accessories Terminal using a terminal emulator: xterm -bg SlateBlue -fg NavajoWhite -sb & If you are curious about the colors available you can use the command: showrgb less Shell Software that provides an interface for users to pass commands to the Operating System. Some shell commonly available on Linux/Unix are: Bourne Shell: C Shell: Bourne Again Shell: Korn Shell: Enhanced (TENEX) C Shell: sh csh bash ksh tcsh Running Programs The fastest way to run a program is to type a command at the shell. Page 1 of 13
2 Getting Help <command> --help man <command> info <command> man -k <keyword> man -f <keyword> {search all man pages} {search only the titles of the man pages man man man intro Log in to a remote computer ssh -X <username>@<ip-address> Common Linux Shell Commands Functionality Shell Command Basic Usage Copy Files cp cp <filename> <newlocation> Move Files mv mv <filename> <newlocation> Rename Files mv mv <oldfilename> <newfilename> Delete Files rm rm <filename> Create Directories mkdir mkdir <directoryname> Delete Directories rm rm -rf <directoryname> Change directory cd cd <directoryname> Edit text files vi vi <filename> View text files less less <filename> Compare files diff diff <file_a> <file_b> Find files find find -name <filename> View network settings ifconfig ifconfig Check a network connection ping ping <address> Clear screen clear clear Listing files ls ls Display date and time date date Page 2 of 13
3 Display kernel message log dmesg dmesg Display name of computer hostname hostname Display jobs running in background jobs jobs Kill specified process kill kill <processid> Display running processes ps ps aux Kill job running in background kill Change user's password passwd passwd Print Current Directory pwd pwd Display file system disk space usage Display size of files and directories Display final lines of specified file Display topmost lines of specified file Search file for specified text string Display all environment variables Dynamic display of running tasks Display info about the system df df -h du tail head grep printenv top kill %<jobid> du -h <somepath> tail <filename> head <filename> grep Phrase I want <filename> printenv top uname uname -a Count the words in a file wc wc <filename> Summary of specified command Display where a binary command is located whatis whereis whatis <command> whereis <command> Locate a command which which <command> Create or display command aliases alias alias Remove specified alias unalias unalias <aliasname> Searches for a keyword apropos apropos <keyword> Display the content of one or more files cat cat <file1> [<file2>...] Display a line of text echo echo 'some text I like' Display the amount of free and used memory free free -m Page 3 of 13
4 Print version information for the Linux release you are running lsb_release lsb_release -a Print effective user id whoami whoami Shows who is logged on who who Change the permissions on the files/directory listed Change owner and group on the files/directory listed Change group ownership on the files/directories listed chmod chown chgrp example: chmod ug+x fil* chown <ownername>[:groupname] <file...> example: chgrp -hr groupname /dirname File Permissions -rwxr-x--x - rwx r-x --x Type of File User Permissions Group Permissions Others Useful Tricks Autocompletion: TAB key Command history: up arrow key and down arrow key List the past commands: history Repeat a past command:!<number> Repeat the last command you entered:!! Piping the output of commands: example: ls -l less example: ls -l grep -i 'docum' Current Directory:. Parent Directory:.. Page 4 of 13
5 Miscellaneous on Ubuntu Linux Install Updates System > Administration < Update Manager Add more Repositories from which to download packages System > Administration > Synaptic Package Manager > Settings > Repositories OR System > Administration > Software Sources How to Add/Remove Applications Applications > Add/Remove Run Microsoft-Windows Applications Right click on the application and select open with Wine Run a command line without opening a terminal Type: ALT + F2 Find out the command line corresponding to a given application programs Type: ALT+ F2 Click on: Show list of known applications Click on the application of interest Page 5 of 13
6 Install the cshell (or the tcshell) sudo apt-get install csh OR sudo apt-get install tcsh Ubuntu Package Management Available Repositories: Main (all packages included by default. These packages have Official Support) Restricted (packages with restricted copyright) Backports (newer versions of packages in the archive) Universe (all packages mantained by the Ubuntu Community) Multiverse (packages not free(dom)) Selecting Repositories from which getting packages: vi /etc/apt/sources.list Uncomment the repositories you want to have available Dealing with Packages Manually Listing Packages on your system dpkg -l less Install a Debian Package: sudo dpkg -i mypackage.deb Download packages from the Ubuntu archive sudo apt-get mypackage Installing an Ubuntu Package sudo apt-get install mypackage Removing an Ubuntu Package and its configuration files sudo apt-get --purge remove mypackage Page 6 of 13
7 Listing Files owned by a Package dpkg -L mypackage Finding which Package owns a File dpkg -S myfle Finding which package provides a file apt-file search myfle apt-file is part of the universal repository Page 7 of 13
8 Appendix A Ubuntu-Linux Installation Tips PC has already Windows XP OS installed and we want to keep it. Dual-Boot Installation NOTE: If you attempt to install Windows on a hard disk that has Ubuntu, Windows will overwrite Ubuntu. Pre-installation Steps 1. Check how the disk is partitioned Go to Control Panel and switch to Classic View. Administrative Tool Computer Management Storage Disk Management. 2. Check how much free space is left. My Computer Properties NOTE: Ubuntu needs at least 3GB of free space (the base installation takes 2GB), more if we plan to install a lot of programs 3. Clean the Disk. Start All Programs Accessories System Tools Disk Cleanup 4. Write Down: - usernames and passwords - Phone number of your dial-up connection and technical settings - DSL/Cable modem settings - IP address - make and model of: graphic cards, modems, DSL/cable cards, sound cards, harddisks, CD/DVD My Computer Properties Hardware Tab Installation Steps Step 1: Prepare the Windows Partition Scan the Disk for Errors Defragment Hard disk Ensure Windows is shut down correctly Page 8 of 13
9 Step 2: Boot from the DVD-ROM Make sure the BIOS setup program has the CD-ROM Drive in the Boot Sequence before the main Hard Disk. Step 3. Language Settings Choose the Language in which you want the Ubuntu boot Menu to appear Step 4. Select from the Boot Menu Select Install Ubuntu Step 5. Choose a Language for Ubuntu Step 6. Select your Country and Time Zone Step 7. Confirm your keyboard layout Step 8. Repartition your Hard Disk Resize the existing Main Partition (install Ubuntu in the newly created free space) Partitions o Device: logical representation of the hardware device in Ubuntu o Type: file system type (NTFS or VFAT are windows file systems), ext3 indicates the Ubuntu partition, and swap indicates the swap file partition o Mount Point: this is how Ubuntu can access the partition once it is up and running. The mount point for the main partition is root: / The mount point for the swap partition is not assigned by the user Ubuntu makes non-linux File systems (such as windows NTFS) available by mounting them. Example of mount point: /windows or /dos Rule of thumb: if the physical SRAM is smaller than 1 GB the size of the swap partition should be set to 2x the physical SRAM, else to 1x the Physical SRAM) o Format?: indicates whether the partition will be formatted during installation o Size: size of the partition (in megabytes) o Used: how much disk space has been consumed (in megabytes) Step 9. Enter a Username It must be one word without any spaces in it You can use uppercase and lowercase letters and numbers, but not symbols and punctuation The username cannot start with an Uppercase letter Step 10. Import Documents and Settings of existing accounts from your Windows Partition Page 9 of 13
10 Sep 11. Confirm Installation Choices Step 12. Wait for installation to complete Step 13. Reboot and Start Using Ubuntu Page 10 of 13
11 Appendix B If not yet installed add the following application programs to your machine: csh Many application programs require you to run one or more C shell scripts to get installed, so sooner or later you'll need to have the C shell available on your system. openssh-server This package provides secure remote access to your computer. It allows you to securely connect to your machine in the lab from a remote computer. WineHQ This program allows you to run windows application programs on your Linux machine LTspice/SwtitcherCADIV This program is a complete and fully functional high performance Spice III simulator, schematic capture and waveform viewer provided for free by Linear Technology Electric VLSI System Free Electronic Design Automation (EDA) system for IC design (schematics, layout, DRC, LVS, ERC, etc.). Page 11 of 13
12 Appendix C ngspice rev Ubuntu Installation Tips Unfortunately for ngspice rev.17 there is no Ubuntu s distribution package available. This makes the installation of ngspice a little more difficult. Whenever an application does not come in a distribution package we have to compile the source code of the application. Instructions on how to compile an application are typically provided on the application s web page or in the INSTALL or README files included with the source code. Although the process is usually quite simple, it may require a good dose of patience. This is due to the fact that, quite often, before you can successfully install and run the application you are interested in you are expected to install a number of supporting applications and libraries (that nobody bothered to mention). If the compilation process fails do not get discouraged just read carefully the error messages, install the missing libraries and application programs and try again. The process may take several trials before you succeed, so be patient Installation Steps Step 1. sudo mkdir p /opt-u/cad cd /opt-u/cad Step 2. Download ng-spice-rework-17.tar.gz in /opt-u/cad Step 3. Uncompress and Untar ng-spice-rework-17.tar.gz tar -xzf ng-spice-rework-17.tar.gz Step 4. cd ng-spice-rework-17 Step 5: Here comes the tricky part. In order to successfully install ngspice you need the following pieces : autoconf libtool automake libgtk2.0-dev (with all the components)
13 libxaw7-dev (with all the components) libxaw7-header (with all the components) Make sure you have all of them installed before you continue. Step 6. From within the directory /opt-u/cad/ng-spice-rework-17 type the following commands: aclocal./autogen.sh./configure --enable-xgraph make sudo make install
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