Example XML. XML extensible Markup Language. XML and Information Exchange XML. Outline XML
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1 COS 597A: Principles of Database and Information Systems XML and Information Exchange 1 XML extensible Markup Language History 1988 SGML: Standard Generalized Markup Language Annotate text with structure 1992 HTML: Hypertext Mark-up Language Documents that are linked pieces Simple structure of language 1996 XML General-purpose description of content of a document Includes namespaces linking across the Web Designed by working group of W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) Define standard 2 Outline XML On surface looks much like HTML: XML document structure XML querying with XQuery XML name spaces XML Schema definition Tags: <title> title of document</title> Structure: tags within tags <body><table> </table> <p></p> </body> Must be nested hierarchy Tags have attributes <body bgcolor="#ffffff"> But Tags are User-defined General metadata 3 4 XML Originally tags generalized description of document display allow flexibility in markup Now tags can have any meaning parties using agree in advance as to meaning Can use as data specification XML has become major vehicle of exchanging data among unrelated, heterogeneous parties Internet major vehicle of distribution Example XML <students> <student> <startyear>2008</startyear> <name><fn>joe </fn><ln>jones</ln></name> <address></address> <course type= dept >cos 597A</course> <course type= dept >cos 402</course> <course type= elective >wri 503</course> etc. </student> <student> </student>. </students> 5 6 1
2 Important XML concepts Information/data contained in a document Document = Database Tags contain text and other tags Tags can be repeated arbitrary number of times Tags may or may not appear Example for <student>: <generals>april 2008</generals> Attributes of tags (strings) may or may not appear Tags need not appear in rigid order Benefits of XML representation Self documenting by tag names Flexible formatting Can introduce new tags or values Format can evolve without invalidating old Can have multi-valued components e.g. courses of student, authors of book Wide variety of tools can process Browsers DB tools 7 8 Undesirable properties of XML representation Verbose representation: repetition of tag names Inefficient Redundant representation Document contains all info, even if much does not change e.g. document containing employee info: basic name, address, etc. repeated even if only assignment changes Compare one table in relational DB 9 Board Example 10 Specification Need exchange syntax (semantics?) as well as XML document: XSL extensible Style Language How display information DTD = Document Type Declaration User specifies own tags and attributes User-defined grammar for syntax XML Schema similar to but more general than DTD 11 Semistructured Data Model XML gives structure, but not fully or rigidly specified Tag <> </> defines XML element - Elements may contain sub-elements - Elements may contain values - Elements may have attributes Use labeled tree model - Element node: atomic or compound object - Leaves: values and attributes 12 2
3 Example <students> <student> <startyear>2008</startyear> <name><fn>joe </fn><ln>jones</ln></name> <address></address> <course type= dept >cos 597A</course> <course type= elective >wri 503 </course> etc. </student> <student> </student>. </students> students student student.. student start year name address course1 course2 coursek type type fn ln cos597a dept wri503 elective cos597b Joe Jones XML Tools Display Very flexible what and how display Convert to different representation Example: put in relational database? Extract information from XML document Querying Querying XML Storing data in XML; want to query Could map to relational model, but then must restructure data Several querying languages XPath : now building block Quilt : historic XQuery XSLT : designed for style sheets but general XQUERY Specified by W3C working group Circa 2000 Derived from older languages Modeled after SQL Brief look at XQUERY FLWOR (flower) expression: FOR path expression anal. to SQL FROM LET variable name = path expression anal. To SQL AS WHERE condition anal. to SQL WHERE ORDER BY anal. to SQL ORDER BY RETURN constructs XML result anal to SQL SELECT XQUERY returns XML fragment XQuery XML XML SQL Compare: relations relation
4 Path expression Traverse paths of tree Use element names to name path Take all matching branches Returns sequence of nodes of tree Node = XML elements Doc. Identifier // element name / e.g. URL indicates element indicates immed. root of tree nested anywhere- child of path so jump down tree far at this point in path students student student student start year name address course1 course2 coursek type type fn ln cos597a dept wri503 elective cos597b Joe Jones e.g. /students/student/course Path expressions some details Returns sequence of matching elements Includes tags of those elements Sequence ordered by appearance in document Attributes can be /* denotes all children of elements / Predicates at any point in path Prunes out paths e.g. /students/student/course[@type= dept ] Doc( document name) returns root of a named document File name URL (URI) 21 XQuery FOR For $x in path expression 1, $y in path expression 2, $ precedes variable name Each variable ranges over sequence of elements returned by its path expression Multiple variables => Cartesian product 22 XQuery Let Let $z := path expression1 Let $q := path expression2 Value of variable (e.g. $z) is entire sequence if path expression returns sequence XQuery WHERE WHERE predicate Predicate on set defined in FOR FOR $b IN /students/student WHERE $b/startyear= 2009 Rich set of functions, comparison operations
5 XQuery RETURN Constructs XML result Give explicit tags for result Give expressions to be evaluated {expression} Example FOR $b IN doc_id/students/student WHERE $b/startyear= 2009 RETURN <Result>{$b/name/fn $b/name/ln} </Result> Gives: <Result><fn>Joe</fn><ln><Jones></ln></Result> <Result> etc. 25 Example FOR $x IN doc_id//name/ln RETURN <LastName>{$x}</LastName> Gives:? For : <students> <student> <startyear>2009</startyear> <name><fn>joe </fn><ln>jones</ln></name> </student> <student> <startyear>2008</startyear> <name><fn>jane </fn><ln>smith</ln></name> </student> </students> 26 Examples FOR $x IN doc_id//name/ln RETURN < LastName >{$x}</lastname > Examples FOR $x IN doc_id//name/ln RETURN < LastName >{$x/text()}</lastname > Gives: <LastName><ln>Jones</ln></LastName> < LastName ><ln>smith</ln></lastname > Gives: <LastName>Jones</LastName> < LastName >Smith</LastName > Many functions XQuery: A very incomplete list of features Are aggregation operations Can nest XQuery expressions in RETURN clause Can get nested elements in result not nested in original Get joins: conditions in WHERE coordinate paths expressions over variables in FOR Can have ifthen...else within RETURN clause Can have quantification within WHERE clause SOME $e IN path expression SATISFIES predicate with $e free EVERY $e IN Outline XML document structure XML querying with XQuery XML name spaces XML Schema definition
6 Namespaces Exchanging XML documents with unrelated sites, unrelated applications requires unambiguous identifiers across sources of documents XML allows each source to specify a globally unique name: universal resource identifiers (URIs) URLs Names within one source expect source to keep unambiguous 31 Namespace specification Prepend URI to each tag or attribute name Verbose have abbreviation mechanism Attribute within root tag: xmlns:abbrev= URI <students xmlns:pustu= > <PUstu:student> Becomes part of tag name <PUstu:year>2005</PUstu:year> 32 Multiple namespaces One document can have several namespaces defined and used Different sources Sources need not be sites Namespace can denote specific XML standard Extend types Extend functions xmlns:xs= Get types xs:string, xs:decimal Leads us to Outline XML document structure XML querying with XQuery XML name spaces XML Schema definition Language XML Schema Standard for specifying schema of a document: Specify tag names, attribute names Declare leaf types (contents) Built-in types User-defined types Declare tag structure tree model Specify constraints: key foreign key 35 XML Schema specification The schema for a document is an XML document <xs:schema xmlns:xs= > specification of document </xs:schema> Says using specific w3c standard from namespace 36 6
7 XScheme Basics Declare elements (nodes of tree) <xs:element name= type= > </xs:element name of element declaring type of element content: nested elements attributes if no nested elements and element has no attributes, can abbreviate to <xs:element name= type= /> example <xs:element name= isbn type= xs:string /> 37 Nested elements Choice 1: <xs:element name= > no type declared <xs:complextype> <xs: element name= > declaration for nested <xs: element name= > elements </xs:complextype> could be nesting within nesting 38 Define named complex type Choice 2: <xs:complextype name= typename > <xs: element name= > sequence as for <xs: element name= > choice 1 </xs:complextype> <xs:element name= type= typename /> Other parts specification attribute declaration: in content part: <xs:attribute name= type= /> refer to previously defined element: <xs:element ref= name of prev. defined element /> multiple occurrences of element in a sequence specify and quantify <xs:element minoccurs= maxoccurs= > Putting example all together < xs:schema xmlns:xs= > <xs:element name= books type= ListBooksType /> <xs:element name= book type= BookType /> <xs:complextype name= BookType > <xs:attribute name= in_print /> <xs:element name= title type= xs:string /> <xs:element name= isbn type= xs:string /> <xs:element name= edition type= xs:string /> <xs:element name= date type= xs:string /> </xs:complextype> <xs:complextype name= ListBooksType > <xs:element ref= book minoccurs= 1 maxoccurs= unbounded /> </xs:complextype> </xs:schema> 41 Primary keys and Foreign keys defining a candidate key: <xs:key name= name you give > <xs:selector xpath= a path specification /> path to key <xs:field xpath = names of fields /> </xs:key> elements and attributes that make up key defining a foreign key constraint: <xs:keyref name= name you give refer= name of candidate key referencing > <xs:selector xpath= a path specification /> <xs:field xpath = names of fields /> </xs:keyref> These top-level definitions within scheme 42 7
8 XML uses for information exchange Many and wide range of applications use XML to exchange information (data) Some examples: PADS tool here (Prof. Walker) converts ad hoc" (nonstandard) data file into an XML file XML one of choices XML standards for specifying 3D models Acrobat (U3D) Google (Collada ) describe security vulnerabilities W3C specify XML standards SUMMARY XML is language for representing information (data) in semi-structured way Self documenting by tag names Flexible formatting Began as language for generalizing specification of document display Generality allows XML to be important information exchange format for internet XML Schema provides formal specification of document schema XQuery provides SQL-like query language for extracting information from an XML document
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