As unlikely as it seems, based on embryological evidence, the echinoderms appear to be the most-likely ancestors to the early chordates
|
|
- Merry Hudson
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chordates Members of the Phylum Chordata include animals with which we are probably most likely familiar (including fish, birds, reptiles, amphibians and beasts like ourselves) As unlikely as it seems, based on embryological evidence, the echinoderms appear to be the most-likely ancestors to the early chordates Primitive stemmed echinoderms are thought to have shifted from arm-feeding to filter-feeding acquiring a body plan similar to urochordates Unfortunately, the fossil record is poor and intermediates are lacking. The rest of the evolutionary picture is better documented.
2
3 Chordates Four structural characteristics set chordates apart from all other phyla: a notochord a pharyngeal gill slits Post anal tail a hollow dorsal nerve cord These attributes are always found in the larval forms or early embryo (although they may be absent in the adult).
4
5 Notochord is an elastic, rod-like structure that runs parallel to and between the digestive tract and central nervous system It is found in all chordate embryos and serves as a support structure Axis for muscle attachment The notochord is composed of fluid-filled cells wrapped in a fibrous sheath
6 Notochord In animals like ourselves, bony structures called vertebrae develop near the notochord and eventually replace it during embryogenesis In adult humans, and other mammals, the notochord is preserved as the nucleus pulposus, a small gel-like region at the core of each of the intervertebral discs between adjacent vertebrae.
7 Notochord The notochord resists shortening in length, but is flexible laterally. Without a notochord, lateral muscle contraction collapses the body along its length. With a notochord muscle contractions on alternating sides efficiently flex the body in simple swimming strokes
8 Dorsal, hollow nerve cord forms the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) of all chordates The chordate nerve cord is positioned dorsal to the gut tube, while the nerve cord of most non-chordates is found ventral to the digestive tract. The chordate nerve cord is also hollow and fluidfilled, while that of non-chordates is typically solid
9 Dorsal, hollow nerve cord the chordate nerve cord forms by a invagination, an embryonic process in which neural tissue gathers dorsally on the outer surface of the embryo, folds into a tube, and then sinks inward (invaginates) to take up its internal position The nerve cords of non-chordates do not form by invagination
10 Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
11 Pharyngeal slits Pharyngeal gill slits are cuts in the pharynx that connect to a cavity surrounding the pharynx For organisms in which they remain in the adult, they are often elaborated into respiratory structures (and are sometimes involved in filtering food during feeding). The morphological equivalent of gill silts are seen briefly during our own development (weeks 4-5), but they usually close or develop into other structures
12 Pharyngeal slits In ancestral chordates and modern urochordates and cephalochordates pharyngeal slits function as suspensio-feeding structures. Vertebrates have modified the slits and their support structures for other functions including gas exchange, jaw support, and hearing.
13 Post-anal tail Chordates follow the anus with a tail of variable length is a muscular region of the body that extends beyond the anus. In us, the tail is short and fused (the coccyx at the base of your spine) The chordate post-anal tail includes skeletal support and musculature that improves the locomotion of many aquatic chordate species.
14 Chordata The phylum Chordata includes three subphyla: Urochordata (tunicates or sea squirts) Cephalochordata (lancelets) Vertebrata (vertebrates)
15 Subphylum Urochordata
16 Subphylum Urochordata At first glance, could be mistaken for a sponge Adult tunicates look like small sacs (about 3 cm tall) and are stationary, lacking a nerve cord, a notochord, and a post-anal tail However, tunicates begin life in a larval state, which have a post-anal tail, a nerve cord, and a notochord
17
18 Subphylum Urochordata Urochordates have a notochord that extends from just behind the tail to the head (rather than from head to tail; Urochordata means "tail-cord") Many urochordates are more commonly referred to as sea squirts Contain cancer-fighting chemicals
19 Subphylum Urochordata The body of an adult tunicate is quite simple being essentially a sack with large gill structures that form two siphons through which water enters and exits. Water is filtered inside the sack-shaped body.
20 Subphylum Urochordata
21 Subphylum Cephalochordata Lancelets are common bottom-dwelling forms that possess all four chordate characteristics They dig into the sand and lie with their anterior end protruding from the burrow Unlike the urochordates, the notochord extends along the entire length of their body This structure imparts rigidity to their body and permits more coordinated swimming movements
22 Cephalochordata
23 Cephalochordata
24 Subphylum Vertebrata notochord replaced by a vertebral column composed of bone and/or cartilage The vertebral column, along with the cranium, limb girdles, and limbs, make up the endoskeleton This internal skeleton is an adaptation for efficient locomotion, as was the notochord
25 Subphylum Vertebrata Subphylum Vertebrata has several divisions you need to be familiar with Superclass Agnatha Jawless Fish; Lampry Eel; Ostracoderm (fossil)
26 Superclass Agnatha Many species are parasitic (they attach to the outer surface of a fish with their sucker-like mouth) Rasping teeth (arranged in a whorl) cut into the host The lamprey then sucks blood from the wound When it is finished its blood meal, the fish is released. The injured fish usually dies from blood loss or infection
27 Superclass Agnatha
28 Superclass Agnatha The agnaths are considered to be an evolutionary dead end, a side branch in the phyletic tree that did not lead to the more advanced fish The first agnaths were ostracoderms Though extinct, they give us clues into how vertebrates evolved from the cephalochordates
29
30 Adult Larva
Phylum Chordata. very diverse phylum but considerably less diverse than eg. arthropods or molluscs
48,000 species Phylum Chordata very diverse phylum but considerably less diverse than eg. arthropods or molluscs also many fewer species than most other major phyla most advanced phylum of animal kingdom;
More informationChordata- vertebrates
Chordata- vertebrates Animal phylogeny based on sequencing of SSU-rRNA Phylum Chordata Distinguishing Features 1. Pharyngeal gill slits 2. Dorsal hollow nerve cord 3. Notochord 4. Muscular postanal tail
More informationIntroduction to Animals
Introduction to Animals Unity and Diversity of Life Q: What characteristics and traits define animals? 25.1 What is an animal? WHAT I KNOW SAMPLE ANSWER: Animals are different from other living things
More informationmany diverse adaptations to life -
Introduction to Fish Biology About 25,000 species of fish have been described this is the most numerous group of vertebrates approximately 45%-50% of all vertebrate species are fish dominant life form
More informationLab #10 Invertebrates 2 and Vertebrates 1 (Exercises 39, 40)
Name Bio 182-General Biology Lab #10 Invertebrates 2 and Vertebrates 1 (Exercises 39, 40) Answer the questions in the space provided. You need to turn this sheet at the end of the lab. In general know
More informationFour features characterize the chordates and have played an important role in the evolution of the phylum:
THE VERTEBRATES Chordates (phylum Chordata) are deuterostome coelomates whose nearest relatives in the animal kingdom are the echinoderms, the only other deuterostomes. However, unlike echinoderms, chordates
More informationThe first steps to forming a new organism Descriptive embryology 2. Cleavage, Gastrulation, Neurulation and Organogenesis
Developmental Biology BY1101 P. Murphy Lectures 4 and 5 The first steps to forming a new organism Descriptive embryology 2 Cleavage, Gastrulation, Neurulation and Organogenesis Early animal development
More informationAnimals The Diversity of Life 3 What Is an Animal? What Is an Animal? Animal Types: The Family Tree. Essay: Redrawing the Family Tree
Animals The Diversity of Life 3 What Is an Animal? Characteristics of Animals. Are multicellular, exhibit embryonic development; fertilized egg turns into multicellular embryo (balls of cells called blastula)
More informationChordates (phylum Chordata) are bilaterian animals that belong to the clade of animals known as Deuterostomia
Ch 34 Origin & Evolution of Vertebrates Chordates Chordates (phylum Chordata) are bilaterian animals that belong to the clade of animals known as Deuterostomia Chordates comprise all vertebrates and two
More informationChordates -> Vertebrates. From basal Deuterostomes
Chordates -> Vertebrates From basal Deuterostomes Outline Origins of Deuterostomes & Chordates Characteristics of Deuterostomes & Chordates Themes in Chordate evolution? Vertebrate adaptations? How are
More informationAnatomy and Terminology of the Spine. Bones of the Spine (Vertebrae)
Anatomy and Terminology of the Spine The spine, also called the spinal column, vertebral column or backbone, consists of bones, intervertebral discs, ligaments, and joints. In addition, the spine serves
More informationObserving Vertebrate Skeletons
Name Class Date Chapter 33 Comparing Chordates Observing Vertebrate Skeletons Introduction One characteristic common to all vertebrates is the presence of a skeleton. The endoskeleton provides support,
More informationA. key traits: deuterostomes with notochord, jointed appendages, and segmentation
Topic 16: Deuterostomes: Phylum Chordata (Ch. 34) I. Phylum Chordata (chordates) [clade] general features A. key traits: deuterostomes with notochord, jointed appendages, and segmentation B. four key features
More informationDivisions of the Skeletal System
OpenStax-CNX module: m46344 1 Divisions of the Skeletal System OpenStax College This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 By the end of this
More informationProblem Set 5 BILD10 / Winter 2014 Chapters 8, 10-12
Chapter 8: Evolution and Natural Selection 1) A population is: a) a group of species that shares the same habitat. b) a group of individuals of the same species that lives in the same general location
More informationFish: One-of-a-kind Animals (30 minute activity)
FISH HEALTH/Activity Fish: One-of-a-kind Animals (30 minute activity) Objectives Materials Background I have known you in your streams and rivers where your fish flashed and danced in the sun, where the
More information2. Predators have bilateral symmetry, good musculature sense organs and a well developed nervous system.
A. A.INTRODUCTION 1. Animals are heterotrophic; they must take in food. 2. Predators have bilateral symmetry, good musculature sense organs and a well developed nervous system. 3. Bilareral symmetry (cut
More informationBio 103 Lecture Dr. Largen
1 Evolution of Animal Diversity Bio 103 Lecture Dr. Largen 2 What Am I? Of some 1.5 million species of organisms known to science over two-thirds are animals Humans have a long history of studying animal
More informationLumbar Spine Anatomy. eorthopod.com 228 West Main St., Suite D Missoula, MT 59802-4345 Phone: 406-721-3072 Fax: 406-721-2619 info@eorthopod.
A Patient s Guide to Lumbar Spine Anatomy 228 West Main St., Suite D Missoula, MT 59802-4345 Phone: 406-721-3072 Fax: 406-721-2619 info@eorthopod.com DISCLAIMER: The information in this booklet is compiled
More informationThoracic Spine Anatomy
A Patient s Guide to Thoracic Spine Anatomy 228 West Main, Suite C Missoula, MT 59802 Phone: info@spineuniversity.com DISCLAIMER: The information in this booklet is compiled from a variety of sources.
More informationAnimal Systems: The Musculoskeletal System
Animal Systems: The Musculoskeletal System Tissues, Organs, and Systems of Living Things Cells, Cell Division, and Animal Systems and Plant Systems Cell Specialization Human Systems The Digestive The Circulatory
More informationHow Organisms Exchange Gases: Simple Diffusion. How Organisms Exchange Gases: Simple Diffusion. How Organisms Exchange Gases: Respiratory Organs
How Organisms Exchange Gases: Simple Diffusion Gas is exchanged between respiratory medium and body fluids through diffusion across a respiratory surface To effectively exchange gases, the surface must
More informationBiology 170: Exam 3. Multiple choice (2 pts each). Mark (bubble-in) the correct answer on your scantron.
Name Biology 170: Exam 3 Multiple choice (2 pts each). Mark (bubble-in) the correct answer on your scantron. 1. All of the following are unique (only found in) mammalian characters, EXCEPT: a. Hair b.
More informationProblems. Knowing. back of the
Introduction Welcome to BodyZone Physiotherapy patient resource about Cervical Spine Problems. Knowing the main parts of your neck and how these parts work is important as you learn to care for your neck
More informationAP BIOLOGY 2012 SCORING GUIDELINES
AP BIOLOGY 2012 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 1 Note: At least 1 point must be earned from each of parts (a), (b), (c), and (d) in order to earn a maximum score of 10. The ability to reproduce is a characteristic
More informationDiversity of Vertebrate Animals
Diversity of Vertebrate Animals Over the last 400 million years, vertebrate animals have evolved a diverse array of adaptations for life on earth. Vertebrate animals are those with which people are most
More informationLab # 6 on Taxonomy and the Animal Kingdom Pre Lab Questions:
Bio 10 Animal Lab #6 61 Lab # 6 on Taxonomy and the Animal Kingdom Pre Lab Questions: 1. Name one pro and one con for the use of taxonomy in Biology? 2. Name 3 domains and 4 eukaryotic kingdoms. 3. From
More informationVertebral anatomy study guide. Human Structure Summer 2015. Prepared by Daniel Schmitt, Angel Zeininger, and Karyne Rabey.
Vertebral anatomy study guide. Human Structure Summer 2015 Prepared by Daniel Schmitt, Angel Zeininger, and Karyne Rabey. 1. Plan of Action: In this guide you will learn to identify these structures: Cervical
More informationHuman Body Vocabulary Words Week 1
Vocabulary Words Week 1 1. arteries Any of the blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all parts of the body 2. heart The muscular organ inside the chest that pumps blood through the body
More informationSpinal Anatomy. * MedX research contends that the lumbar region really starts at T-11, based upon the attributes of the vertebra.
Spinal Anatomy Overview Neck and back pain, especially pain in the lower back, is one of the most common health problems in adults. Fortunately, most back and neck pain is temporary, resulting from short-term
More informationReproduction in all but a few vertebrates unites two
60 Vertebrate Development Concept Outline 60.1 Fertilization is the initial event in development. Stages of Development. Fertilization of an egg cell by a sperm occurs in three stages: penetration, activation
More informationNorth Bergen School District Benchmarks
Grade: 10,11, and 12 Subject: Anatomy and Physiology First Marking Period Define anatomy and physiology, and describe various subspecialties of each discipline. Describe the five basic functions of living
More informationVertebrate Body Organization
Vertebrate Body Organization Digestive tube suspended in coelom from mouth to anus Body supported by internal skeleton of jointed bones Vertebrae and Cranium protects nervous system Diaphragm divides coelom
More informationCOWLEY COLLEGE & Area Vocational Technical School
COWLEY COLLEGE & Area Vocational Technical School COURSE PROCEDURE FOR GENERAL BIOLOGY II BIO4135 5 Credit Hours Student Level: This course is open to students on the college level in either the freshman
More informationBiology 13A Lab #3: Cells and Tissues
Biology 13A Lab #3: Cells and Tissues Lab #3 Table of Contents: Expected Learning Outcomes.... 28 Introduction...... 28 Activity 1: Eukaryotic Cell Structure... 29 Activity 2: Perspectives on Tissue Preparations.
More informationHuman Embryonic Development. Human fetal development
Human Embryonic Development Day 1: 1 st cleavage 1 cell becomes 2 (2-cell stage) Day 2: 2 nd cleavage 4-cell stage Day 3: 6-12 cell stage can test at this stage for genetic diseases if done by IVF Day
More informationVertebrate Development Chapter 60
Vertebrate Development Chapter 60 Copyright McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Stages
More informationSKELETON AND JOINTS G.C.S.E. PHYSICAL EDUCATION. Unit 1. Factors Affecting Participation and Performance. G.C.S.E. P.E. Teacher:.
G.C.S.E. PHYSICAL EDUCATION Unit 1 Factors Affecting Participation and Performance SKELETON AND JOINTS Name: G.C.S.E. P.E. Teacher:. By the end of this booklet you should be able to: Understand what the
More informationSkeletal Development Multiple Cellular Origins
Skeletal Development Multiple Cellular Origins 1 - Paraxial Mesoderm Somite, Sclerotome Axial Skeleton (e.g. vertebra) 2 - Lateral Plate Mesoderm Appendicular Skeleton (e.g. limb) 3 - Neural Crest Head
More informationChapter 47: Animal Development
Name Period Overview 1. An organism s development is controlled by the genome of the zygote as well as by molecules from the mother that are in the cytoplasm of the egg. What are these proteins and RNAs
More informationEvidence for evolution factsheet
The theory of evolution by natural selection is supported by a great deal of evidence. Fossils Fossils are formed when organisms become buried in sediments, causing little decomposition of the organism.
More informationAnatomy PHL 212. By Dr Tajdar Husain Khan
Anatomy PHL 212 By Dr Tajdar Husain Khan Overview of Anatomy Anatomy(from the Greek word anatome,"dissection") is a branch of natural science dealing with the structural organization of living things The
More informationLetter to the Student... 5 Letter to the Family... 6 Ohio Academic Content Standards Correlation Chart... 7 Investigation 1... 11
Table of Contents Letter to the Student...................................... 5 Letter to the Family....................................... 6 Ohio Academic Content Standards Correlation Chart...........
More informationUnit 4: Skeletal System Test Review Test Review
Name: Period: Unit 4: Skeletal System Test Review Test Review 1. List four functions of the skeletal system: a. b. c. d. 2. Define ossification and identify the roles of the osteoblasts, osteocytes, and
More informationHuman Anatomy & Physiology
PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Barbara Heard, Atlantic Cape Community College Ninth Edition Human Anatomy & Physiology C H A P T E R 7 The Skeleton: Part B Annie Leibovitz/Contact Press Images Vertebral
More informationCHAPTER 9 BODY ORGANIZATION
CHAPTER 9 BODY ORGANIZATION Objectives Identify the meaning of 10 or more terms relating to the organization of the body Describe the properties of life Describe the function for the structures of the
More informationTable 1: Kingdom Worksheet
KINGDOM WORKSHEET Table 1: Kingdom Worksheet Kingdom Bacteria Archaea Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Cell Type prokaryotic prokaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic Cell Wall often present,
More informationChapter 34 Vertebrates Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which of the following is a shared characteristic of all chordates? A) scales B) jaws C) vertebrae
Chapter 34 Vertebrates Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which of the following is a shared characteristic of all chordates? A) scales B) jaws C) vertebrae D) dorsal, hollow nerve cord E) four-chambered heart
More informationInvestigating the Human Body On-site student activities: Years 7-8 Investigating the Human Body On-site student activities Years 7 8
Investigating the Human Body On-site student activities Years 7 8 Student activity (and record) sheets have been developed with alternative themes for students to use as guides and focus material during
More informationnucleus cytoplasm membrane wall A cell is the smallest unit that makes up living and nonliving things.
1 In nature there are living things and nonliving things. Living things depend on three basic life processes: nutrition, sensitivity and reproduction. Living things are made up of cells. 1. Match the two
More informationII. Germ Layers Ontogeny can reveal a great deal about evolutionary relationships. Answer and discuss the following:
Workshop: The Evolution of Animalia by Dana Krempels Perhaps even more than the other Eukarya, Animalia is characterized by a distinct progression of complexity in form and function as one moves from the
More informationLOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT
UNIT - HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY Chapter 18 LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT Movement is an important feature of living organism. Both the microbes and macrobes show wide range of movements. The movements results in change
More informationAnimal Tissues. I. Epithelial Tissue
Animal Tissues There are four types of tissues found in animals: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. In this lab you will learn the major characteristics of each tissue
More informationBIO 2401 MUSCLE TISSUE page 1 MUSCLES AND MUSCLE TISSUE. Striations Present or Absent?
BIO 2401 MUSCLE TISSUE page 1 Types of Muscle MUSCLES AND MUSCLE TISSUE Type of Muscle Skeletal Location of Muscle attaches to and covers bony skeleton Striations Present or Absent? present Control of
More informationThe Functions of the Skeletal System
OpenStax-CNX module: m46341 1 The Functions of the Skeletal System OpenStax College This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 By the end of this
More informationBiology 141 Anatomy and Physiology I
Fall 2016 Biology 141 Anatomy and Physiology I COURSE OUTLINE Faculty Name: Enter Faculty Name Here Program Head: Enter Program Head Here Dean s Review: Dean s Signature: Date Reviewed: / / Revised: Fall
More informationORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS A. Organ a structure made up of two or more kinds of tissues organized in such a way that they can together perform a more complex function that can any
More informationits lifetime. The skeletal system is divided into: 1. Axial Division: bones of the body s axis (skulll, ribs, vertebrae)
The Axial Skeleton The basic features of the human skeleton have been shaped by evolution, but the detailed characteristics of each bone reflect the stresses put on it. As a result, the skeleton changes
More informationPatient Information. Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion Surgery (LLIF).
Patient Information. Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion Surgery (LLIF). Understanding your spine Disc Between each pair of vertebrae there is a disc that acts as a cushion to protect the vertebra, allows
More informationAnimal skeletons. The museum holds hundreds of skeletons - of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
Animal skeletons All animals have skeletons of one sort or another. Mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish have bony skeletons. These skeletons come in all shapes and sizes, but they also share
More informationNervous System: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves (Chapter 13) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College
Nervous System: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves (Chapter 13) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College Primary Sources for figures and content: Eastern Campus Marieb,
More informationTHE SPINAL CORD AND THE INFLUENCE OF ITS DAMAGE ON THE HUMAN BODY
THE SPINAL CORD AND THE INFLUENCE OF ITS DAMAGE ON THE HUMAN BODY THE SPINAL CORD. A part of the Central Nervous System The nervous system is a vast network of cells, which carry information in the form
More informationThe Art of the Tree of Life. Catherine Ibes & Priscilla Spears March 2012
The Art of the Tree of Life Catherine Ibes & Priscilla Spears March 2012 from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved. Charles Darwin, The
More informationTHE SKELETAL SYSTEM FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM The skeleton is the body s bony framework which consists of 206 bones. The bones are made up of water(45%), calcium and phosphorous(35%) and other organic materials(20%). The calcium
More informationEmbryo Clay Model Embryogenesis and Stem Cell Development
Embryo Clay Model Embryogenesis and Stem Cell Development Objective: To identify stages and locations of early embryonic development To see at what point stem cells are totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent
More informationTHE SKELETAL AND MUSCULAR SYSTEMS
i A Wealth of Information. A World of Ideas. Instructor s Guide The Human Body: How It Works Introduction This program is part of the nine-part series The Human Body: How It Works. The series uses physiologic
More informationAnatomy of the Spine. Figure 1. (left) The spine has three natural curves that form an S-shape; strong muscles keep our spine in alignment.
1 2 Anatomy of the Spine Overview The spine is made of 33 individual bony vertebrae stacked one on top of the other. This spinal column provides the main support for your body, allowing you to stand upright,
More informationIntroduction to Planaria
Introduction to Planaria Planarians are free-living flatworms and form the class Turbellarians in the Phylum Platyhelminthes. The Other two classes of flatworms are parasitic (flukes and tape worms). Flatworms
More informationLab 5 Overview of the Skeleton: Classification and Structure of Bones and Cartilages Exercise 9 The Axial Skeleton Exercise 10
Lab 5 Overview of the Skeleton: Classification and Structure of Bones and Cartilages Exercise 9 The Axial Skeleton Exercise 10 Overview of the Skeleton Locate the important cartilages in the human skeleton
More informationSkeletal System. Axial Skeleton: Vertebral Column and Ribs
Skeletal System Axial Skeleton: Vertebral Column and Ribs Functions Regions Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Primary & secondary curvatures There are three major functions of the vertebral column. First,
More informationClassification of bones Any bone may be classified into one of the following groups:
Skeletal system This system is made up of hard tissues like bone and cartilages. This system gives form and shape to animal body The skeleton of a living animal is made up living structures of bones. The
More information1. Over the past century, several scientists around the world have made the following observations:
Evolution Keystone Review 1. Over the past century, several scientists around the world have made the following observations: New mitochondria and plastids can only be generated by old mitochondria and
More informationChapter 32: An Introduction to Animal Diversity
Name Period Concept 32.1 Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers 1. Like the fungi, animals are multicellular heterotrophs. How do they feed?
More informationIf you or a loved one have suffered because of a negligent error during spinal surgery, you will be going through a difficult time.
If you or a loved one have suffered because of a negligent error during spinal surgery, you will be going through a difficult time. You may be worried about your future, both in respect of finances and
More informationHuman Digestive System Anatomy
Human Digestive System Anatomy Biology 104 Objectives: 1. Learn the anatomy of the digestive system. You should be able to find all terms in bold on the human torso models. 2. Relate structure of the system
More information9. PHARYNGEAL ARCHES. READING ASSIGNMENT: Larsen 3 rd Edition. Chapter 12: pp. 352; 358-365; 405-412 SUMMARY: LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
9. PHARYNGEAL ARCHES Letty Moss-Salentijn DDS, PhD Dr. Edwin S. Robinson Professor of Dentistry (in Anatomy and Cell Biology) E-mail: lm23@columbia.edu READING ASSIGNMENT: Larsen 3 rd Edition. Chapter
More informationComparative Physiology Symmetry in Marine Organisms
Series 1 Name Date Don t forget to have your worksheet stamped at the front desk when you finish! Comparative Physiology Symmetry in Marine Organisms Part One: Learning Symmetry The body plans of organisms
More informationThe Respiratory System
Human Anatomy III: Respiratory, Urinary & Digestive Systems The Respiratory System Major functions include: Obtaining oxygen Removing carbon dioxide Maintenance of ph balance Respiration may be accomplished
More informationWelcome back. Today, we embark on Lesson 6 where we ll study the human digestive system.
Basic Human Anatomy Lesson 6: The Human Digestive System Welcome back. Today, we embark on Lesson 6 where we ll study the human digestive system. After completing this lesson, you should be able to define
More information5/18/2012. Animal Complexity and Body Plans. Organization of Animal Complexity. Organization of Animal Complexity
Animal Complexity and Body Plans 34 different phyla of multicellular animals About 100 phyla generated during Cambrian explosion Animal body plans well-defined and established early in evolutionary history
More informationPatient Information. Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion Surgery (ACDF).
Patient Information. Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion Surgery (ACDF). Understanding your spine Disc Between each pair of vertebrae there is a disc that acts as a cushion to protect the vertebra,
More informationCarnivore, omnivore or herbivore?
Carnivore, omnivore or herbivore? Physical adaptations of the giant panda Student booklet (ST) October 2010 panda_st_student.doc Context The Giant Panda is a species that is faced with extinction. It is
More informationSkeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary Systems
Chapter 36 Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary Systems Section 36 1 The Skeletal System (pages 921 925) This section describes the skeletal system and its functions. Introduction (page 921) 1. What forms
More informationChapter 2 - Anatomy & Physiology of the Respiratory System
Chapter 2 - Anatomy & Physiology of the Respiratory System Written by - AH Kendrick & C Newall 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Gross Anatomy of the Lungs, 2.3 Anatomy of the Thorax, 2.4 Anatomy and Histology of the
More informationWhat role does the nucleolus have in cell functioning? Glial cells
Nervous System Lab The nervous system of vertebrates can be divided into the central nervous system, which consists of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which contains nerves,
More informationRepublic Polytechnic. Continuing Education & Training. Course Structure: Anatomy & Physiology
Republic Polytechnic Continuing Education & Training Course Structure: Anatomy & Physiology Module Anatomy and Physiology Description This module introduces the basic human anatomical organization, tissue
More informationOrgan Systems Overview
E x e r c i s e 2 Organ Systems Overview Time Allotment: 1½ hours (rat dissection: 1 hour; if performing reproductive system dissection, ½ hour each for male and female; dissectible human torso model:
More informationChapter 11. What are the functions of the skeletal system? More detail on bone
Skeletal System Chapter 11 11.1 Overview of the skeletal system What are the functions of the skeletal system? 1. Supports the body 2. Protects the soft body parts 3. Produces blood cells 4. Stores minerals
More information9/3/2013 JOINTS. Joints. Axial Skeleton STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION:
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION: JOINTS Joints A connection between 2 or more bones A pivot point for bony motion The features of the joint help determine The ROM freedom Functional potential of the joint Axial
More informationLUMBAR LAMINECTOMY AND DISCECTOMY. Basic Anatomical Landmarks: Posterior View Lumbar Spine
Lumbar Relating to the loins or the section of the back and sides between the ribs and the pelvis. In the spinal column, the last five vertebrae (from superior to inferior, L1-L5) Laminectomy Surgical
More informationSection B: Epithelial Tissue 1. Where are epithelial tissues found within the body? 2. What are the functions of the epithelial tissues?
Tissue worksheet Name Section A: Intro to Histology Cells are the smallest units of life. In complex organisms, cells group together with one another based on similar structure and function to form tissues.
More informationUnit 3L.4: Body Parts and Functions
Unit 3L.4: Organs in the Human body Keeping Healthy The Skeleton Science skills: Classification Observing Making models Data collection By the end of this unit you should: Compare the structure of humans
More information7. Skeletal System: Bone Structure and Function
7. Skeletal System: Bone Structure and Function For the next two chapters (7 and 9) we will study the skeletal system. Although the major feature of this system is the bones, the skeletal system also consists
More informationAP Biology 2008 Scoring Guidelines Form B
AP Biology 2008 Scoring Guidelines Form B The College Board: Connecting Students to College Success The College Board is a not-for-profit membership association whose mission is to connect students to
More informationDoes the pain radiating down your legs, buttocks or lower back prevent you from walking long distances?
Does the pain radiating down your legs, buttocks or lower back prevent you from walking long distances? Do you experience weakness, tingling, numbness, stiffness, or cramping in your legs, buttocks or
More informationBIOL 1108 Vertebrate Anatomy Lab
BIOL 1108 Vertebrate Anatomy Lab This lab explores major organs associated with the circulatory, excretory, and nervous systems of mammals. Circulatory System Vertebrates are among the organisms that have
More informationAnatomy & Physiology Tuesday, November 11, 2014
Tuesday, November 11, 2014 Are we born with bones? Warm-Up: Skeletal System Video Facts Notes: Lecture and Notes via PowerPoint Reinforcement: Focus on Carpals None Today Thursday, November 13, 2014 What
More informationWellness & Lifestyles Australia
Wellness & Lifestyles Australia MANUAL HANDLING IN AGED CARE AND THE HEALTH CARE INDUSTRY E-BOOK prepared by Wellness & Lifestyles Australia 2007,2008,2009 Table of Contents Page No. IMPORTANT NOTICE...
More informationAnimal Adaptations & Behavior By Krista Granieri
Animal Adaptations & Behavior By Krista Granieri The Kingdom Animalia is divided into many distinct groups of organisms. There are 9 major phyla based primarily on characteristics related to embryonic
More informationLumbar Nerve Root Block
Lumbar Nerve Root Block Spinal Unit Tel: 01473 702032 or 702097 Issue 2: January 2009 Imaging techniques, such as an MRI scan, can reveal small disc bulges and / or wear and tear in the spine with possible
More information