ANALYSIS OF STATISTICS RELATING TO CHILD LABOUR IN INDIA. By Harsh Adithya Poddar Rakhi Prasad Verma Sharmistha Roy Shradha Sancheti Sudeshna Saha

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1 ANALYSIS OF STATISTICS RELATING TO CHILD LABOUR IN INDIA By Harsh Adithya Poddar Rakhi Prasad Verma Sharmistha Roy Shradha Sancheti Sudeshna Saha

2 CHILD LABOUR IN INDIA: THE PROMISE AND THE PRICE Bestow blessing on those little innocent lives bloomed on earth who have who have brought the message of joy from heavenly garden -Rabindra Nath Tagore Child labour is considered by the majority of researchers as a necessary evil and economic asset for parents of poor families for parents of poor families. Employment of children has continued to be a problem since the early days of industrialization. Child labour, says Homer Folk, is any work by children that interferes with their full physical and mental developments. Their opportunities for a desirable minimum of education or their needed recreation. Child labour does exist as an economic necessity and also as a social evil. Children working for a pittance of wage under duress are deprived of love and care and remain under mental pressure. Circumstances that compel the children to work infringe on their basic rights. Child labour is economically unsound, psychologically disastrous and physically as well as morally dangerous and harmful. It involves the use of labour at its point of lowest productivity and is therefore an inefficient utilization of labour power. Child labour precludes the full unfolding of a child s protentialities. The Whitlecy Commission stated: 1 in many cities large numbers of young boys are employed for long hours and discipline is strict. Indeed there is reason to believe that corporal punishment and other disciplinary measures of a reprehensible kind are sometimes resorted to in the case of small children. Workers as young as five years age may be found in some of these place working without adequate meal intervals or weekly rest days and 10 to 12 hours daily for sums as low as two annas. The commission recommended legislation to fix minimum age for employment at a higher level than that obtaining in many industries. In the following years the minimum age for employment of children was fixed at 12 years under the Factories Act and 15 years under the Mines Act. The Labour Investigation Committee, 1946, 2 found that the legislative measures relating to child employment met with little success in ameliorating conditions of child labour. 4 In later years the situations regarding child labour comparatively cased in factories and industries, but it persisted to give anxiety in the organization small industries. The Labour Bureau s in 1940 showed that in small industries and cottage industries such as match manufacture, cashewanut processing, bidi making and carpet weaving employment on under-age children either uncertified or having false age certificates continued. 5 Most countries have laws against child labour. Yet perhaps 100million or more children in the world below the age of 15 participate in substantial economic activity at some point during the year. The United Nation s Internationals Children s Education Fund (UNCIEF) calculates that in 1991, 80 milion children between ten and fourteen years old were engaged in work so arduous for so much of the day that it interfered with their development. 3 TABLE 1 STATE/SEX-WISE ESTIMATED NUMBER OF CHILD LABOUR IN INDIA (1996) 1 S. K. Singh, Bonded Labour and the Law (New Delhi: Deep and Deep Publications, 1994) p Ibid. 3 Ibid. 1

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4 Source: National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development. Year: Period of fiscal year in India is April to March, e.g. year shown as relates to April 1990 to March Units: (a) 1 Lakh (or Lac) = (b) 1 Crore (or Cr.) = Some part of the footnotes/units may not be applicable for this table. DATA may be reproduced for research, analysis, survey, review, studies and such other academic purposes with due acknowledgement. The ratio between male and female child labour is in the ratio 2:1.Thus we find that male child labourers are much more in number than female child labourers. The total number of child labour is highest in Andhra Pradesh (18, 57,759) followed by Orissa (18, 55, 000), Kerala (16, 00,631), Tripura (15, 09,318) and Madhya Pradesh (12, 83,536). Total child labour in Andhra Pradesh is almost times that of Punjab, and 6.6% that of India s total child labour. Haryana and Karnataka have comparatively low incidence of child labour in India. Male child labour is highest in Orissa, followed by Tripura and Andhra Pradesh respectively, whereas Female child labour is highest in Andhra Pradesh, followed by Kerala, Sikkim and Madhya Pradesh. It is interesting to note that it is lowest in Punjab, may be because this state is selfsufficient in terms of food grains, so fewer girls have to work outside home. The states with comparatively low male child labour are Haryana and Karnataka while the states with comparatively low female child labour are Punjab, Karnataka and Gujarat. It is interesting to note that Punjab has the highest male: female child labour ratio in India and it is as high as 58:1; this is followed by Orissa (13:1) and Tripura (5:1). In states like Haryana and Sikkim female child labour is more prevalent than male child labour. The ratio of female: male child labour in Haryana is 67:100 while in Sikkim it is 89:100. Karnataka is the only state where male: female child ratio is almost 1:1. TABLE 2(A) ESTIMATED NUMBER OF CHILD LABOUR IN INDIA (1951, 1961, 1971, 1981 & 1991) 3

5 Estimated Number of Child Labour in India (1951, 1961, 1971, 1981 & 1991) Full Time Child Workers Census data based estimates (0-14 Yrs.) NSS data based estimates (5-14 Yrs.) Non-workers & Nonstudents (5-14 Yrs.) Census data based estimates MHRD & NSS data based estimates Child Marginal workers census estimates 1981 & 1991 NA NA NA Estimates of total child workers Census data based estimates NSS data based estimates Abbr.: NA : Not Available. Note: (i) : 1981 NSS Estimates of Full -time Child Workers is taken from 1983 Work Participation Rates. (ii) : For 1991 NSS Estimates July to December, 1991 P. Work Participation Rates from 47th Round have been used. (iii) : NSS based Child Workers estimates are calculated from NSS Participation Rates. (iv) : 1971 NSS estimates of full time child workers is as given by NSS Table for (v) : Full Time Child Workers Census data is approximated from MHRD data & NSS estimates respectively. (vi) : 1951 NSS estimates of child workers are based on participation rates because 8th Round Female child labour participation rates are high at 12.5% of the females for rural areas. Causes of Child Labour in India Cormpelling circumstances and family mores and tradition cause child labour of varying character and intensity. A high prevalence of child labour is linked to poverty and to poor quality or availability of education. Children in poor families work because the family needs the extra income. Surveys in India indicate that poor households with no savings and assets and inability to borrow have no choice but to send their children out to work. As parent s income rise they are able to send their children to school rather than to work. In Egypt 10 percent increase in mother s wage was found result in a 15 percent decline in labour among children aged twelve to fourteen, and a 27 percent decline among six to eleven year olds. In India the same in crease would lower girls labour force participation by 9 to 10 percent. 4 4 Supra n. 48 4

6 Sometimes family tradition and profession induce children to work. The Children work and while working, slowly learn their traditional occupation and are socialized into their future. This is one of the ways of achieving upward social mobility in the family and social hierarchy. 5 Vlaassoff maintains that household with lower standard of living expect to have greater need for children s contribution to generate extra income. The sensitivity to children s maintenance cost is more acute than perception of their utility. Child labour serves to strengthen the bonds between parents and child, it allows to release the energy in an environment where recreational facilities for children are almost non-existent. Casser says that the degree to which a child would contribute to household income depends on its sex. In some societys marriage payments (dowry) could mean major drain on household income. 6 Cross-sectional data of several countries established significant positive correlation between the child labour participation and facility and proved that an economic structure where child labour plays an important role is conducive to high fertility. 7 Econometric analysis based on data from Egypt, Chile, Thailand and Philippines indicate positive correlation between the child labour participation rate fertility. An interesting study made by Mead Cain in the village of Char Gopalpur of Bangladesh in , reveals that male children become net producers at an early age and more than cancel the costs they incure by 15 years. 8 Studies carried out in Philippines by Bougier, Evenson and Lindert conclude that in as affluent setting children are never assets. 9 Lindert holds that the net costs 10 percents are always higher than the benefits. 10 Notwithstanding the studies, it can not be conclusively proved that poor families need child labour to survive and child labour motivates high fertility in LDCs (less developed countries). Brody and Bodner, in their study of the urban working class, have shown that children worked in a variety of settings to contribute to their families sustenance. 14 Grub and Hogan assumed that children s employment precluded going to schools. 15 Srikantan finds strong association between illiteracy and work participation. He finds three reasons for child work participation such as competing demand made on children s time between school attendance and work participation and income of the parents bearing the cost of schooling and losing some income from the productive work of children. 11 Jodha and Singh dealing with child labour in dry agricultural lands in India point out that during three or four months of the monsoon season, children play a key role in augmenting overall income of the family without attending schools and in dry season they are engaged in animal grazing, harvesting minor crops family consumption and consequently their schooling is severely affected and finally they dropout. Pati, in a micro-study of 125 sample child workers in Bhubaneswar, points to the socio-economic aspects in relation to needs and aspiration and problems of child labour and observes that parent s attitude is very important in determining children s attendance at school. 12 The ILO has brought out a number of publications focusing on child labour. In one publication edited by Mendelievich is observed that child labour persists in inverse relation to the degree of economic development of a society and religion. 13 In 1985, the United Nation s seminar in Geneva recommended that states should review the legislation in the field of child labour with a view to prohibiting employment of children before 5 Supra n Ibid. 7 Ibid. 8 Supra n Supra n Supra n Pradeep Mehta, "Cashing in on Child Labor," Multinational Monitor, April 1994 p Ibid. 13 Ibid. 5

7 normal age and completion of primary schooling and banning sexual exploitation of children, night work in dangerous or unhealthy conditions and work involving degrading and cruel treatment. 14 The ILO study of 1963 observes that the greater the importance of agriculture and related activities the greater is the use of child labor. 15 The UNICEF, in 1966, period out that children are not only objects to be protected by appropriate social policies and developmental plans but also agents of future human resources who must be carefully prepared so that they are ready to contribute one day to their country s developmental efforts. 21 Another UNICEF study observes the obvious connection between well-being of children and the social and economic development of their societies. 16 A visual educational project sponsored by Family Planning Foundation and UNICEF bring out the glaring facts about child labor in India. According to the study, the major areas of concern for a social reformer on children should be in the field of poverty, illiteracy, school dropouts and social backwardness. 17 The NCAER study conducted by Vijaygopalan, based on 500 children working in carpet industry in Bhadati and Mirzapur belt of UP concludes, that a large family is the major cause of child labour (85% of the sample belong to large families and 50 percent to economically we aker sections). The study suggests that along with legal steps, suitable welfare measures should be initiated to ameliorate the economic conditions of the weaker sections of society. 18 Child labour is bound to prevail until rural poverty is tackled, the study observes. The operations Research Group (ORG) study reveals that 80 percent of the children work in rural sector and they work for seven hours or more without fixed working hours irrespective of jobs. It points out that the absence of leisure and recreation led to boredom among the working children leading the bad habits of smoking, drinking, gambling and addiction to drugs. 19 Gupta prepared a pedagogical course material on child labour for FES and AWDI giving all facts and figures on child labour in India covering carpet industry, glass, bangles, match and firework industries in India. 20 Singh and Pothen (1982) argue that millions of children live in the slums and they are unfortunate victims of exploitation. They consider slums as the cancer of urban community. Children who manage to survive often turn out to be social misfits and deviants. However outrageous the presence of child labour might be to liberal sentiments, Indians will have to live with the phenomenon as long as the lavel of the country s economical development remains what it is now. 21 Sharma and Mitter (1990) study child labour in informal sector taking 110 households of Patiala City. Their study shows that most of the children belong to landless families, most of the children work for 12 to 15 hours per day. The authors observe that child labour problem can hardly be solved by prohibiting the employment of children unless the poor households are provided with basic human needs. 22 Singh, studying the socio-economic perspective of child labour in India and interviewing 309 child workers and analyzing employer s attitude to child labour, observes that the prevailing 14 Supra n Supra n Supra n Ibid. 18 Ibid. 19 B.N. Juyal, Child Labour: The Twice Exploited (Varanasi: Gandhian Institute of Studies, 1985). 20 Ibid. 21 Ibid. 22 Supra n. 54 6

8 unemployment conditions create a nature apprehensive about the further means of living among the poor, and pleads for vocationalization of education for economic security. 23 Tripathy studies the exploitations of children in tribal regions of India and observes that it is neither possible nor feasible to stop the menace altogether under the existing socio-economic conditions of India. 24 Sinha (1991) studies the socio -economic geophysical conditions of Calcutta attracting inhabitants of surrounding districts, surveys 800 boy children working in various jobs in Calcutta city and concludes that poverty is the major cause of child labour. About percent of children left their villages due poverty, 3.12 percent of children are abandoned. 32 The study undertaken by Rath and Mahakud in western Orissan village comes to the conclusion that age and sex are the factors determining the nature of children s engagement in various mono-sexual and bisexual jobs rural India. 25 Sengupta considers child labour as a complex social problem. 26 Mohsini assets that poverty is the breeding ground for child labour. 27 The researchers and academicians in India abroad have produced excellent empirical and theoretical studies on child labour. But most regrettably in India research findings have seldom been utilized by those seeking to bring about legislative change and to improve the status of children in poor families. TABLE 2(B) INCREASE IN PERENTAGE OF THE NUMBER OF FULL TIME WORKERS [DERIVED FROM TABLE 2(A)] % Increase Full Time Workers Census Data based estimates(0-14yrs) NSS Data based estimates(5-14yrs) Census Data based estimates(non workers &non students yrs) MHRD &NSS Data based estimates(non workers &non students 5-14yrs) Census Data based estimates(total child workers) NSS Data based estimates(total child workers) According to the Census data based estimates (0-14yrs) number full time child workers increased in by 8.08 % and in decreased by 26.3%.This may be due to increasing poverty, lack of proper planning and implementation on the part of government, But in the next census we notice that it increases by 4.98 %. 23 Ibid. 24 Ibid. 25 Ibid. 26 Ibid. 27 Ibid. 7

9 Census data estimates of number of total child workers shows increased by 8.09% in and by 69.7% in , nearly eight times. This shows how tremendously child labour has increased, indicating government s inefficiency to tackle the problem of child labour. Census data based estimates (Non workers &non students 5-14yrs) shows that it has increased by 30.61% from 1951 to 1961; this may be the result of partition of India and Pakistan which caused a lot of displacement leaving millions of the children homeless. It then increases by 7.23% from , but then it starts decreasing and in and it has decreased to 0.06% and 9.06 % respectively. NSS data based estimates (5-14yrs) shows a decreasing trend after 1961, from 1951 to 61, it increased by 21% but then it went on decreasing and from 1981 to1991 it decreased by 13.7%. NSS data based estimates of total child workers shows a mixed pattern, from 1951 to 61 it increased by 17.29%, from by 22.78% but then it decreased by 13.97% from but again increased by 22.87% from 1981 to1991. Child marginal worker census estimates of 1981 to 1991 shows that the number of child labour has increased from by The number of marginal child workers has increased drastically from 1981 to 1991 (By 3.29 times). MHRD & NSS data based estimates of non workers & non students (5-14yrs) shows that it decreased by 22.4% from but it increased tremendously from by 55.85%, there was an increase of 25% from 1981to According to the N.S.S. data there are 12, 80,316 more full time child workers in India than the census data According to both the Census and the N.S.S data, the total number of child workers has increased over the years since 1951 but their figures vary greatly. (N.S.S. figures are greater than the Census figures by 12, 88,034) TABLE 3 WORKING CHILDREN BY TYPE OF WORKER RESIDENCE IN INDIA (1991) Working Children by Type of Worker Residence in India (1991) (In Million) Main Workers Marginal Workers Total Workers Location Male Female Person Male Female Person Male Female Person Rural Urban Total Note: Data relate to age group 0-14 years, Main Workers are those who work for 183 days or more in a year. Source: Registrar General of India, 1991 Census. 8

10 DATA may be reproduced for research, analysis, survey, review, studies and such other academic purposes with due acknowledgement. It was observed, from the above table, that nearly 83% of total main workers reside in rural areas. The above table clearly indicates that 87.6% male child main workers & 92.7% of female child main workers belong to rural sectors. There are 2.13 million children working as a marginal worker, Out of 2.13 million, 23% were male child & 77% were female child. The ratio between male and female marginal workers is 1: 3. There are more female in marginal sector, possibly, due to preference for male child labour in main sector. But, after analyzing the total workers (main worker marginal) in rural areas, it was found that out of million child worker, 53% were male and 47% were female child, the ratio between both is 1.14:1. Similarly 88.2% & 94% of total male & female workers resides in rural sectors i.e. 91% of total workers in rural areas & only 9% of them belong to urban sector. The possible reason can be that India being an agricultural economy, 70% of population engaged with agricultural jobs, though urban areas have more opportunity, but there is no job guarantee or job stability. More over the child labourers in rural areas are so poor and illiterate that they can t afford to go & adjust in urban set up. After analyzing the given data it was found, in rural area there were 8.13 million people were working as main worker. Out of 8.13 million, 61% people are male and 39% are female. The ratio between male & female main worker is 1.56:1. So, the possible reason might be that female are engaged in household works or are not allowed to work outside. It was found that, there were fewer children engaged as main workers than in rural areas. Out of 0.95 million children, 73% were Male and 27% were female child. Ratio between main workers in rural areas and main workers in urban areas is 8.56:1. Girls are not allowed to go for work in urban areas. Same was the case with marginal workers also. 94.3% of total male marginal workers & 97% of total female marginal workers reside in rural sectors. In total, 96% of total Marginal workers reside in rural areas & only 4% in urban areas. Out of 0.08 million children engages in the urban marginal sector, 37% were male & 63% were females. TABLE 4 STATE-WISE PERCENTAGE OF CHILD LABOUR BY SEX IN INDIA (1961, 1971, 1981 & 1991) State-wise Percentage of Child Labour by Sex in India (1961, 1971, 1981 & 1991) States Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Gujarat Haryana (9) (9)

11 Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Nagaland Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh West Bengal All India Note: Percentage from total child population. Source: Census of India 1961, 1971, 1981 & DATA may be reproduced for research, analysis, survey, review, studies and such other academic purposes with due acknowledgement. The above table shows a decreasing trend in child labour in India. In the year 1961, 9.4% of the total male child population and 6.6% of total female child population was engaged in child labour. This constituted 16% of the total child population. Over the years these figures have decreased possibly because of the increased awareness, N.G.O s initiatives and Government s interaction. According to the 1991 census, it was seen that only 4.5% of the total child population was engaged in child labour which was 2.9% of the total male child population and 1.6 of the total female child population. From 1961 to 1971 the states where the total male child population engaged in child labour decreased are Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Harayana, Himachal Pradesh (it decreased by nearly 3 times), Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Nagaland (nearly one-half), Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. In Nagaland, it decreased by nearly 50 %. Manipur was the only state where we find that male child population engaged in Child labour has increased in comparison to other states where it has decreased. Similarly, from 1961 to 1971, we note that total female child population engaged in child labour decreased.the states showing a decreasing trend are Andhra Pradesh, Assam (from 6.4 to 0.1), Bihar (from 5.9 to1.9), Gujarat, Hariyana (from 9 to0.6), Himachal Pradesh (it decreased by nearly 3 times),karnataka, Jammu & Kashmir (6.3 to0.9), Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Nagaland (nearly one half), Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. On comparing the data for the year 1971 and 1981, for total male child population engaged in child labour, it was found that most of the states showed the same decreasing pattern. It was seen that in Sikkim, child labour came down to 5.3 from But in Jammu & Kashmir it increased from 6.1 in 1971 to 6.8 in In Meghalaya it remained constant. 10

12 It is surprising to note that in many states total female child population engaged in child labour had increased in the 1981 census as compared to 1971.These states are Andhra Pradesh, Hariyana, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharastra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu & Tripura. InMeghalaya it remained constant. On comparing the data for the year 1981 and 1991, for total male child population engaged in child labour, it was found that in Bihar, Himachal Pradesh & Orissa it increased by 0.1 %. Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan also showed an increasing trend, while West Bengal, Gujarat and Punjab registered a decrease of 0.1%. Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu also showed a decrease in the male child labour. It remained constant in the states of Hariyana, Kerala and Madhya Pradesh. In case of the total female child population engaged in child labour, we find that from 1981 to 1991, it remained constant in the states of Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Bihar, Gujarat, Hariyana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh (by 3.5%) in particular has registered an increase, while there was a reduction in the % of female child labour in the states of Maharastra and Tamil Nadu. Currently, according to the available data, Andhra Pradesh has the highest % of female child laborers in India. Since 1961 Sikkim has had the highest % of female child labourers followed by Andhra Pradesh in 1971 and H.P. in 1961 but 1991 figures for Sikkim are not available. TABLE 5 STATE-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF WORKING CHILDREN IN INDIA (1971, 1981 & 1991 CENSUS) State-wise Distribution of Working Children in India (1971,1981 & 1991 Census) Workers 1981 Workers States/UTs Main Marginal Worker Workers Andhra Pradesh Assam * ** Bihar Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir ** ** ** Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Nagaland Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Total Workers 11

13 Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Andaman & Nicobar Islands Arunachal Pradesh Chandigarh Dadra & Nagar Haveli Delhi Daman & Diu Goa Lakshadweep Mizoram *** Pondicherry India Note: *: Includes figures of Mizo District also which then formed part of Assam. **: Census could not be conducted. ***: Census figures of 1971 in respect of Mizoram included under Assam. Figures for 1991 relates to workers of age group 5-14 years. Source: Annual Report , Ministry of Labour Govt. of India. In the state wise distribution of working child recorded in the three censuses , 1981 & 1991, number of working children is highest in the 1981 census. In the year 1971, number of working children is highest in Andhra Pradesh which constituted almost 26 % of the total working children in India. This was followed by Uttar Pradesh, which constituted almost 13%, Madhya Pradesh which constituted 19% of the total working children population in India respectively. It s lowest in Lakshadeep, then in Andaman & Nicobar owing to their small population, followed by Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Pondicherry. The all India figures showed an increase of about 21% in the 1981 census. In this census the situation continued to deteriorate with an increase in the number of total working children population in most states and in India as well. The highest increase was seen in J&K (266%). Distribution of working child continued to remain highest in Andhra Pradesh, and it rose by 20.51% from the previous census, Madhya Pradesh. rose by 52.71% and took the second position followed by Maharastra which rose by 57.61% leaving behind Uttar Pradesh in the 4 th position and it rose only by 8.14 %.Lakshadeep continued to be lowest and it further decreased by 42.26% from the previous census. Andaman & Nicobar remained in the second lowest position but it increased by 128.8%, followed by Chandigarh which rose by 82.87%, Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Pondicherry interchanged their position, Dadra & Nagar Haveli took the 4 th position there by rising by 16.54%, leaving behind Pondicherry which decreased by3.19%. According to the 1991 census, there was a decrease of % in the total children working force in India Most of the states also showed a decrease in the numbers. Andhra Pradesh continued to remain highest state of working children, though it decreased by % followed by Uttar Pradesh which also decreases by1.71%, Madhya Pradesh decreasing by 20.37% and Maharastra decreased by 31.4% from the previous year. It remained lowest in Lakshadeep, followed by Daman & Diu, Chandigarh, Andaman & Nicobar and Pondichery. 12

14 West Bengal is the only state showing a steady rise since 1971.The figures show an increase of about 18% in 1981 and about 17% in Most of the children workers work in the main sector in all the states (barring Mizoram) which means they work mostly throughout the year. Only in Mizoram there are more marginal child workers than main child workers. According to all India figures taken in the 1991 census, total number of main workers was nearly four times the total number of marginal workers. TABLE 6(A) MAJOR STATE/SEX-WISE CHILD MARGINAL WORKERS (5-14 YEARS) IN INDIA (CENSUS 1991) Major State/Sex-wise Child Marginal Workers (5-14 Years) in India (Census 1991) States Rural Urban Total Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Andhra Pradesh Bihar Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Source: Census of India. Year: Period of fiscal year in India is April to March, e.g. year shown as relates to April 1990 to March Units: (a) 1 Lakh (or Lac) = (b) 1 Crore (or Cr.) = Some part of the footnotes/units may not be applicable for this table. DATA may be reproduced for research, analysis, survey, review, studies and such other academic purposes with due acknowledgement. TABLE 6(B) PERCENTAGE CHILD MARGINAL WORKERS (5-14 YEARS) IN INDIA [DERIVED FROM TABLE 6(A)] % Child Marginal Workers (5-14 Years) in India States Rural Urban Total 13

15 Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Andhra Pradesh 23.23% 76.74% % 64.83% % 76.24% Bihar 21.77% 78.22% % 68.97% % 78% Gujarat 11.16% 88.83% % 68.85% % 88.11% Haryana 19.53% 64.34% % 50% % 79.90% Himachal Pradesh 34.58% 65.41% % 50% % 65.23% Karnataka 23.05% 76.94% % 61.48% % 76.46% Kerala 5o% 50% % 51.64% % 49.9% 6210 Madhya Pradesh 24.59% 75.40% % 66.10% % 75.16% Maharashtra 26.69% 73.30% % 49.69% % 72.35% Orissa 20.83% 79.16% % 63.27% % 78.94% Punjab 15.49% 84.50% % 46.39% % 83.08% Rajasthan 18.47% 81.53% % 76.16% % 81.41% Tamil Nadu 14.08% 85.91% % 73.16% % 85.05% Uttar Pradesh 26.47% 73.52% % 61.94% % 72.9% West Bengal 36.90% 63.09% % 45.19% % 62.35% In rural sector, we see that there were more female marginal workers than male. Total number child marginal workers is highest in the state of Rajasthan where female child marginal Workers are 4.41 times the male child marginal workers, and lowest in Kerala where male:female ratio of marginal child workers is almost 1:1. In the urban sector, the number of female marginal child workers is more than the number of male marginal child workers though the difference between the two is not so marked in this sector. Total number of child marginal workers is highest in Uttar Pradesh where female Child Marginal Workers are 62.7% more than Male Child Marginal Workers, followed by Maharastra where the ratio between male and female child marginal workers is almost 1:1. Child marginal workers figure is lowest in Himachal Pradesh where number of male and female Child Marginal Workers is in the ratio of 1:1. In West Bengal, Male child marginal workers are 21.2% more than Female child marginal workers. In Himachal Pradesh the ratio between male and female child marginal workers is exactly 1:1. In total also, there are more female marginal child workers than male with the highest ratio being in Gujarat where the female:male marginal child ratio is 7:1 followed by Tamil Nadu (ratio of female:male is 5.7:1) and Punjab (ratio being 5:1) The same kind of drift is seen in the rural sector with Gujarat having the highest female:male ratio in this regard (8:1) followed by Rajastan (6:1) and Punjab (5:1). In the urban sector the picture is a little different. Here the ratio of female:male marginal child workers is not so high with Rajasthan having the highest ratio (3:1) followed by Tamil Nadu (2.7:1) and Bihar (2:1). In Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Kerala the ratio of female: male marginal child workers is almost 1:1 while in states like Punjab and Maharashtra there are more male marginal child workers than female marginal child workers though the figures do not vary drastically. 14

16 TABLE 7 WORKING CHILDREN BY EMPLOYMENT STATUS, SEX, RESIDENCE AND INDUSTRY ( ) Working Children by Employment Status, Sex, Residence and Industry (1993 to 94) (In ' 000) Status Industry Rural Urban Total Male Female Person Male Female Person Male Female Person Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Self- Employe d Regular salaried/ Wage employee Casual Labour Total Workers Note: Data relates to age group 5-14 years. Principal as well as Subsidiary usual status workers. 0-Agriculture, 1-9 Non-Agriculture. Source: Statistics on Children in India, Hand Book 1998, National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development. 87% of the total child labour is found in the rural areas. Out of these 53% are males and 47% are females. Of these rural child workers 65% are self employed, 31% are casual workers while only 4 % are regular salaried workers which shows that child labourers find it difficult to find work as regular workers. Even among these few salaried workers most find work in the agricultural sector. Among the self employed rural child workers the number of male and female child workers is almost equal. As regular salaried employees, there are more male child workers in than female child workers in the agricultural sector (ratio of male:female is 7:1) but there are more female workers in the non - agricultural sector (ratio of female:male is 3:1). In spite of the above variations the % distribution of male and female child workers in the agricultural and non-agricultural areas remain the same though the number varies slightly. 15

17 Only 13% of the total child workers are employed in the urban areas. Out of these 62% are males and 48% are females. Of these urban child workers 47% are self employed, 26% are casual workers while only 27 % are regular salaried workers showing that even in the urban sector most are self - employed. In the urban sector, in all the various divisions there are more male child workers than female child workers showing that in all there is a predominance of male child workers in the urban section. There are 54% male and 46% female child workers in India. In total, we see than since most child workers are found in the rural areas, the general trend is also similar to that of the rural areas. Thus, 63% of the total child workers are self-employed while 30% are casual workers and the rest (7%) are regular salaried workers. In total, there are more female casual workers in the agricultural sector than males. This is the only sector where we find more females than males. TABLE 8(A) MAJOR STATE/SEX-WISE POPULATION, WORKERS AND PARTICIPATION RATE OF CHILDREN (5-14 YEARS) IN RURAL AREAS OF INDIA (CENSUS 1991) Major State/Sex-wise Population, Workers and Participation Rate of Children (5-14 Years) in Rural Areas of India (Census 1991) Child Population Child Workers Participation Rates States (5-14 yrs) (5-14 yrs) (5-14 yrs) Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Andhra Pradesh Bihar Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Source: Census of India. Year: Period of fiscal year in India is April to March, e.g. year shown as relates to April 1990 to March Units: (a) 1 Lakh (or Lac) = (b) 1 Crore (or Cr.) = Some part of the footnotes/units may not be applicable for this table. 16

18 DATA may be reproduced for research, analysis, survey, review, studies and such other academic purposes with due acknowledgement TABLE 8(B) MAJOR STATE -WISE RATIO BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE CHILDREN IN RURAL AREAS [DERIVED FROM TABLE 8(A)] Major State -wise Ratio Between Male (M) and Female (F) Children in Rural Areas States Ratio between Total M and Ratio between Total M and F Child Workers F Child Population Andhra Pradesh Bihar Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh West Bengal From the above table it was found that highest % of child labour in India is found in the state of Andhra Pradesh where 11.5 % of the total population of children is child worker. This is followed by Karnataka which shows an incidence of 9% and Madhya Pradesh which shows an incidence of 7%. The lowest incidence of child labour is found in Kerala with only 0.5% of the total child population engaged in child labour followed by Haryana (2%) and Himachal Pradesh (2.6%). Sex-wise, the state with the highest % of male child labourers is Andhra Pradesh again where 10% of the total male child population is child labour. This is followed by Karanataka where incidence of child labour is 9.8% and Madhya Pradesh where it is 8%. The lowest is again in Kerala (0.5%) followed by Himachal Pradesh (2%) and Haryana (3%). Sex-wise, the state with the highest % of female child labourers is Andhra Pradesh again where 12% of the total female child population is child labour. This is followed by Karanataka where incidence of child labour is 8.3% and Maharashtra where it is 7%. Kerala again shows the lowest % in this category with an incidence of 0.4% followed by Haryana (1%) and Punjab (0.5%). 17

19 According to the above table, the ratio between total male and female child population is highest in Uttar Pradesh followed by Haryana, Bihar and Punjab. Ratio between total male and female child workers is highest at Andhra Pradesh and lowest in Kerala. TABLE 9(A) MAJOR STATE/SEX-WISE POPULATION, WORKERS AND PARTICIPATION RATE OF CHILDREN IN URBAN AREAS OF INDIA ( ) Major State/Sex-Wise Population, Workers and Participation Rate of Children in Urban Areas Of India ( ) Child Population Child Workers Participation Rates States (5-14 yrs) (5-14 yrs) (5-14 yrs) Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Andhra Pradesh Bihar Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Source : Census of India. Year: Period of fiscal year in India is April to March, e.g. year shown as relates to April 1990 to March Units: (a) 1 Lakh (or Lac) = (b) 1 Crore (or Cr.) = Some part of the footnotes/units may not be applicable for this table. TABLE 9(B) MAJOR STATE -WISE RATIO BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE CHILDREN IN URBAN AREAS [DERIVED FROM TABLE 9(A)] Major State/Sex-wise Ratio between Male(M) and Female (F) Child Population and Child Workers in Urban Areas of India States Ratio Between Total M and F Ratio Between Total M and F 18

20 Child Population of Child Workers From the above table it was found that highest % of child labour in India is found in the state of Karnataka where 3.3 % of the total population of children is child worker. This is followed by Andhra Pradesh which shows an incidence of 3% and Tamil Nadu which shows an incidence of 2.5%. The lowest incidence of child labour is found in Kerala with only 0.4% of the total child population engaged in child labour followed by Himachal Pradesh (1%) and Haryana (1.1%). Sex-wise, the state with the highest % of male child labourers is Karnataka again where 4.5% of the total male child population is child labour. This is followed by Andhra Pradesh where incidence of child labour is 3.8% and Uttar Pradesh where it is 3.5%. The lowest is again in Kerala (0.5%) followed by Himachal Pradesh (1.3%) and Haryana (1.8%). Sex-wise, the state with the highest % of female child labourers is Karnataka again where 2.2% of the total female child population is child labour. This is followed by Andhra Pradesh where incidence of child labour is 2% and Tamil Nadu where it is 1.9%. Punjab shows the lowest % in this category with an incidence of 0.32% followed by Haryana (0.35%) and Kerala (0.4%). According to the above table, the ratio between total male and female child population is highest in Haryana, followed by Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Ratio between total male and female child workers is highest in Andhra Pradesh and lowest in Kerala. TABLE 10 MAJOR STATE/SEX-WISE POPULATION, WORKERS AND PARTICIPATION RATE OF CHILDREN IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS OF INDIA (CENSUS 1991) Major State/Sex-wise Population, Workers and Participation Rate of Children (5-14 Years) in Rural+Urban Areas of India (Census 1991) Child Population Child Workers Participation Rates States (5-14 yrs) (5-14 yrs) (5-14 yrs) 19

21 Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Andhra Pradesh Bihar Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Source : Census of India. Year: Period of fiscal year in India is April to March, e.g. year shown as relates to April 1990 to March Units: (a) 1 Lakh (or Lac) = (b) 1 Crore (or Cr.) = Some part of the footnotes/units may not be applicable for this table. TABLE 10(B) MAJOR STATE -WISE RATIO BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE CHILDREN IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS [DERIVED FROM TABLE 10(A)] Major State/Sex-wise Ratio between Male(M) and Female (F)Child Population and Child Workers in Rural +Urban Areas of India States Ratio Between Total M and F Child Popoulation Ratio Between Total M and F Child Workers

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